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==Life cycle and description==
==Life cycle and description==
[[File:Oak leaf tier moth eggs.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Five or more rough, oval shapes on a rough, irregular light grey and black background |Eggs are laid on twigs in June and hatch the following April]]
[[File:Oak leaf tier moth eggs.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Five or more rough, oval shapes on a rough, irregular light grey and black background |Eggs are laid on twigs in June and hatch the following April]]
Oak leaftier moths lay their [[Egg (biology)|eggs]] in June each year, typically as single eggs on rough-bark twigs, typically "second year branches".<ref name = "broomall">{{Cite book| title = A guide to common insects and diseases of forest trees in the northeastern United States |authors = [[United States Department of Agriculture]] Forest Service, Northeast, Area State Private Forest, Forest Insect and Disease Management. |location = [[Broomall, Pennsylvania]] |page = 123 | url = http://www.forestpests.org/northeast/oakleaftier.html | accessdate = 2009-11-15}} Note: this is published on the www.forestpests.org website with the title "Oak Leaftiers: ''Acleris semipurpurana'' (Kearfott)"</ref><ref name = "talerico"/> The eggs [[Overwintering|overwinter]] and hatch in spring of the next year. The [[larva]]e (or [[caterpillar]]s) emerge in April and initially eat the [[bud]]s of oak trees and young leaves inside them. When fully grown, the larvae are {{convert|12|mm|in}} long and are "dirty white to light green" with "a pale brown head and black to brown front legs".<ref name = "talerico" >{{cite journal |last1=Talerico |first1= R. L. |year= 1978|title= Major hardwood defoliators of the Eastern United States.|journal= [[United States Department of Agriculture]], Home and Garden Bulletin |volume= 224 |url= http://www.forestpests.org/hardwood/oakleaftiers.html |accessdate = 2009-10-31 }} Note: this is published on the www.forestpests.org website with the title "Oak leaftier: ''Acleris semipurpurana''"</ref> Other identifying characteristics in the larvae are a long head with a black bar found on the cheek or lower portion, and brown legs on the [[Thorax (insect anatomy)|thorax]]. The larvae tie leaves together with silk, which gives the insect its common name. The larvae feed and nest inside the tied or folded leaves until they are ready to pupate in mid to late May.<ref name = "talerico"/><ref name = "fs">{{Cite web| title = Oak Pests - A Guide to Major Insects, Diseases, Air Pollution, and Chemical Injury: Minor Defoliators | url = http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/foresthealth/pubs/oakpests/p14_15.html | publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]] Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Southern Region |accessdate = 2009-10-31 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091027030910/http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/foresthealth/pubs/oakpests/p14_15.html| archivedate= 27 October 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name = "oardc">{{Cite web| url = http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/rb1192/single.asp?ID=62 | title = The Lepidoptera of Wayne County, Ohio | publisher = [[Ohio State University]] OARDC |accessdate = 2009-10-31 }}</ref>
Oak leaftier moths lay their [[Egg (biology)|eggs]] in June each year, typically as single eggs on rough-bark twigs, typically "second year branches".<ref name = "broomall">{{Cite book| title = A guide to common insects and diseases of forest trees in the northeastern United States |authors = [[United States Department of Agriculture]] Forest Service, Northeast, Area State Private Forest, Forest Insect and Disease Management. |location = [[Broomall, Pennsylvania]] |page = 123 | url = http://www.forestpests.org/northeast/oakleaftier.html | accessdate = 2009-11-15}} Note: this is published on the www.forestpests.org website with the title "Oak Leaftiers: ''Acleris semipurpurana'' (Kearfott)"</ref><ref name = "talerico"/> The eggs [[Overwintering|overwinter]] and hatch in spring of the next year. The [[larva]]e (or [[caterpillar]]s) emerge in April and initially eat the [[bud]]s of oak trees and young leaves inside them. When fully grown, the larvae are {{convert|12|mm|in}} long and are "dirty white to light green" with "a pale brown head and black to brown front legs".<ref name="talerico">{{cite journal|last1=Talerico |first1=R. L. |year=1978 |title=Major hardwood defoliators of the Eastern United States. |journal=[[United States Department of Agriculture]], Home and Garden Bulletin |volume=224 |url=http://www.forestpests.org/hardwood/oakleaftiers.html |accessdate=2009-10-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119044715/http://www.forestpests.org/hardwood/oakleaftiers.html |archivedate=2008-11-19 |df= }} Note: this is published on the www.forestpests.org website with the title "Oak leaftier: ''Acleris semipurpurana''"</ref> Other identifying characteristics in the larvae are a long head with a black bar found on the cheek or lower portion, and brown legs on the [[Thorax (insect anatomy)|thorax]]. The larvae tie leaves together with silk, which gives the insect its common name. The larvae feed and nest inside the tied or folded leaves until they are ready to pupate in mid to late May.<ref name = "talerico"/><ref name = "fs">{{Cite web| title = Oak Pests - A Guide to Major Insects, Diseases, Air Pollution, and Chemical Injury: Minor Defoliators | url = http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/foresthealth/pubs/oakpests/p14_15.html | publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]] Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Southern Region |accessdate = 2009-10-31 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091027030910/http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/foresthealth/pubs/oakpests/p14_15.html| archivedate= 27 October 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name = "oardc">{{Cite web| url = http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/rb1192/single.asp?ID=62 | title = The Lepidoptera of Wayne County, Ohio | publisher = [[Ohio State University]] OARDC |accessdate = 2009-10-31 }}</ref>


The larvae leave the trees to pupate, descending to the ground on silken threads. The [[pupa]]e are commonly found in the [[leaf litter]] on the forest floor beneath the oak trees. After one or two weeks in the pupal stage, the adult moths emerge in late May or June. The moths are small with a [[wingspan]] of {{convert|12|mm|in}}; the wings have a characteristic bell shape. Wing color can vary considerably. Some forewings are yellow while others have dark brown or even purple markings. The adults mate and lay eggs - only one generation of moths is produced annually. ''Acleris semipurpurana'' was first described by Kearfott in 1909.<ref name = "broomall"/><ref name = "talerico"/><ref name = "fs"/><ref name = "oardc"/><ref name = "alert">{{Cite web| url = http://www.forestpests.org/acrobat/oakleaf.pdf | title = Pest Alert Oak leaftier and Oak leafroller | format = PDF| year = 1998 |author = United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service | accessdate = 2009-10-31 |publisher = www.forestpests.org }}</ref>
The larvae leave the trees to pupate, descending to the ground on silken threads. The [[pupa]]e are commonly found in the [[leaf litter]] on the forest floor beneath the oak trees. After one or two weeks in the pupal stage, the adult moths emerge in late May or June. The moths are small with a [[wingspan]] of {{convert|12|mm|in}}; the wings have a characteristic bell shape. Wing color can vary considerably. Some forewings are yellow while others have dark brown or even purple markings. The adults mate and lay eggs - only one generation of moths is produced annually. ''Acleris semipurpurana'' was first described by Kearfott in 1909.<ref name = "broomall"/><ref name = "talerico"/><ref name = "fs"/><ref name = "oardc"/><ref name = "alert">{{Cite web| url = http://www.forestpests.org/acrobat/oakleaf.pdf | title = Pest Alert Oak leaftier and Oak leafroller | format = PDF| year = 1998 |author = United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service | accessdate = 2009-10-31 |publisher = www.forestpests.org }}</ref>
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==Range and impact==
==Range and impact==
[[File:Oak leaf tier larva.jpg|thumb|left|alt= A green caterpillar upside down on a dark green leaf with lighter colored veins, against a black background. |A larva (or caterpillar) eating an oak leaf]]
[[File:Oak leaf tier larva.jpg|thumb|left|alt= A green caterpillar upside down on a dark green leaf with lighter colored veins, against a black background. |A larva (or caterpillar) eating an oak leaf]]
''Acleris semipurpurana'' is found in the [[eastern United States]] and adjoining portions of southeastern [[Canada]]. It has been found in US states ranging from [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Connecticut]] and [[Pennsylvania]] in the northeast to [[Minnesota]] and [[Texas]] in the west, as well as the Canadian province of [[Ontario]].<ref name = "talerico"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beckwith |first1= R. C. |date = November 1963 |title= An Oak Leaf Tier, ''Acleris semipurpurana'' (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Connecticut |journal= Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume= 56 |issue = 6 |pages = 741–744 |url= http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/aesa/1963/00000056/00000006/art00006 |accessdate = 2009-10-31 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url = http://nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/MNR/nhic/elements/el_report.cfm?elid=194238 | title = Natural Heritage Information Centre | publisher = [[Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources]] |accessdate = 2009-10-31 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/STEL02_197109.pdf | title = Forest Health in Ontario, 2006 | publisher = [[Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources]] |accessdate = 2009-11-01 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The oak leaftiers feed mainly trees in the [[List_of_Quercus_species#Section_Lobatae|''Lobatae'']] or red oak section of ''[[Quercus]]'' or oak trees: Specifically on [[Quercus velutina|eastern black oak]], [[Quercus rubra|northern red oak]], [[Quercus palustris|pin oak]], [[Quercus coccinea|scarlet oak]], and [[Quercus ilicifolia|scrub oak]].<ref name = "broomall"/><ref name = "talerico"/> Several species of moths are referred to with the common name oak leaftier, most from the ''Tortricidae'' family, but also from "three other minor families".<ref name="how to"/> Of these species ''Acleris semipurpurana'' is the most common and one of the most important for defoliation. In addition to the oak leaftiers, other pest species will often feed on the same trees, including ''[[Archips semiferanus]]'' and other oak leafrollers.<ref name="how to">{{Cite web| url = http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/howtos/ht_oakpests/oakpests.htm | title = How to Distinguish Oak Leaftiers From Leafrollers | date = December 1990 | author = Snowden, Parker | publisher = United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry | accessdate = 2009-10-31 }}</ref>
''Acleris semipurpurana'' is found in the [[eastern United States]] and adjoining portions of southeastern [[Canada]]. It has been found in US states ranging from [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Connecticut]] and [[Pennsylvania]] in the northeast to [[Minnesota]] and [[Texas]] in the west, as well as the Canadian province of [[Ontario]].<ref name = "talerico"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beckwith |first1= R. C. |date = November 1963 |title= An Oak Leaf Tier, ''Acleris semipurpurana'' (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Connecticut |journal= Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume= 56 |issue = 6 |pages = 741–744 |url= http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/aesa/1963/00000056/00000006/art00006 |accessdate = 2009-10-31 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/MNR/nhic/elements/el_report.cfm?elid=194238 |title=Natural Heritage Information Centre |publisher=[[Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources]] |accessdate=2009-10-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322222609/http://nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/MNR/nhic/elements/el_report.cfm?elid=194238 |archivedate=2012-03-22 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/STEL02_197109.pdf | title = Forest Health in Ontario, 2006 | publisher = [[Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources]] |accessdate = 2009-11-01 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The oak leaftiers feed mainly trees in the [[List_of_Quercus_species#Section_Lobatae|''Lobatae'']] or red oak section of ''[[Quercus]]'' or oak trees: Specifically on [[Quercus velutina|eastern black oak]], [[Quercus rubra|northern red oak]], [[Quercus palustris|pin oak]], [[Quercus coccinea|scarlet oak]], and [[Quercus ilicifolia|scrub oak]].<ref name = "broomall"/><ref name = "talerico"/> Several species of moths are referred to with the common name oak leaftier, most from the ''Tortricidae'' family, but also from "three other minor families".<ref name="how to"/> Of these species ''Acleris semipurpurana'' is the most common and one of the most important for defoliation. In addition to the oak leaftiers, other pest species will often feed on the same trees, including ''[[Archips semiferanus]]'' and other oak leafrollers.<ref name="how to">{{Cite web| url = http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/howtos/ht_oakpests/oakpests.htm | title = How to Distinguish Oak Leaftiers From Leafrollers | date = December 1990 | author = Snowden, Parker | publisher = United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry | accessdate = 2009-10-31 }}</ref>


The young larvae eat the buds and either destroy developing leaves, or cause leaves to develop with many holes in them. This can severely stress the tree's food reserves, and the older larvae can eat nearly all the remaining leaves, defoliating them.<ref name = "talerico"/> When trees are defoliated two or more years in a row, this leads to "branch dieback, loss of diameter growth, and tree decline".<ref name = "how to"/> The oak leaftier has caused "considerable tree mortality", especially in the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian]] region.<ref name = "broomall"/> Dead wood in affected trees is attacked by fungi such as the [[Armillariella mellea|shoestring root fungus]] and wood borers like the [[Agrilus bilineatus|twolined chestnut borer]].<ref name = "how to"/> A major outbreak occurred in the 1960s and 1970s in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, [[Virginia]], and [[West Virginia]].<ref name = "alert"/> [[Tiadaghton State Forest]] in north central Pennsylvania was especially hard hit.<ref name = "crown jewel">{{Cite book| title = The Crown Jewel of Pennsylvania: The State Forest System | first = R.R. | last = Thorpe | publisher = Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources and the U.S. Forest Service | year = 1997 | pages = 68–70 | oclc = 37033507}}</ref> Natural methods of pest control usually are sufficient to keep ''Croesia semipurpurana'' populations in check, but chemical [[pesticide]]s are sometimes needed.<ref name = "fs"/>
The young larvae eat the buds and either destroy developing leaves, or cause leaves to develop with many holes in them. This can severely stress the tree's food reserves, and the older larvae can eat nearly all the remaining leaves, defoliating them.<ref name = "talerico"/> When trees are defoliated two or more years in a row, this leads to "branch dieback, loss of diameter growth, and tree decline".<ref name = "how to"/> The oak leaftier has caused "considerable tree mortality", especially in the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian]] region.<ref name = "broomall"/> Dead wood in affected trees is attacked by fungi such as the [[Armillariella mellea|shoestring root fungus]] and wood borers like the [[Agrilus bilineatus|twolined chestnut borer]].<ref name = "how to"/> A major outbreak occurred in the 1960s and 1970s in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, [[Virginia]], and [[West Virginia]].<ref name = "alert"/> [[Tiadaghton State Forest]] in north central Pennsylvania was especially hard hit.<ref name = "crown jewel">{{Cite book| title = The Crown Jewel of Pennsylvania: The State Forest System | first = R.R. | last = Thorpe | publisher = Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources and the U.S. Forest Service | year = 1997 | pages = 68–70 | oclc = 37033507}}</ref> Natural methods of pest control usually are sufficient to keep ''Croesia semipurpurana'' populations in check, but chemical [[pesticide]]s are sometimes needed.<ref name = "fs"/>

Revision as of 12:38, 3 October 2016

Oak leaftier moth
A mottled yellow-brown moth with closed wings and long antennae on a black background
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Genus:
Species:
A. semipurpurana
Binomial name
Acleris semipurpurana
(Kearfott, 1909)
Synonyms
  • Tortrix albicomana var. semipurpurana Kearfott 1905
  • Tortrix semipurpurana
  • Argyrotoxa semipurpurana
  • Croesia semipurpurana
  • Tortrix dorsipurpurana Kearfott, 1907

Acleris semipurpurana is a species in the moth family Tortricidae, and one of several species of moth commonly known as oak leaftier or oak leaf tier. The larvae feed on the leaves of oak trees in the Eastern United States and southeastern Canada. It can be a major cause of defoliation in oak trees. The loss of leaves can kill or damage the affected trees, which are chiefly in the Lobatae or red oak section of Quercus or oaks.

Adult Acleris semipurpurana moths lay single eggs on oak tree branches in June; these overwinter and hatch the next April. The larvae eat tree buds and young leaves, then tie leaves together with silk (hence the name). They nest and eat inside the tied leaves, then pupate in the leaf litter on the floor in May or June. After a week or two the adult moths emerge, mate and lay the next generation of eggs.

Life cycle and description

Five or more rough, oval shapes on a rough, irregular light grey and black background
Eggs are laid on twigs in June and hatch the following April

Oak leaftier moths lay their eggs in June each year, typically as single eggs on rough-bark twigs, typically "second year branches".[1][2] The eggs overwinter and hatch in spring of the next year. The larvae (or caterpillars) emerge in April and initially eat the buds of oak trees and young leaves inside them. When fully grown, the larvae are 12 millimetres (0.47 in) long and are "dirty white to light green" with "a pale brown head and black to brown front legs".[2] Other identifying characteristics in the larvae are a long head with a black bar found on the cheek or lower portion, and brown legs on the thorax. The larvae tie leaves together with silk, which gives the insect its common name. The larvae feed and nest inside the tied or folded leaves until they are ready to pupate in mid to late May.[2][3][4]

The larvae leave the trees to pupate, descending to the ground on silken threads. The pupae are commonly found in the leaf litter on the forest floor beneath the oak trees. After one or two weeks in the pupal stage, the adult moths emerge in late May or June. The moths are small with a wingspan of 12 millimetres (0.47 in); the wings have a characteristic bell shape. Wing color can vary considerably. Some forewings are yellow while others have dark brown or even purple markings. The adults mate and lay eggs - only one generation of moths is produced annually. Acleris semipurpurana was first described by Kearfott in 1909.[1][2][3][4][5]

Range and impact

A green caterpillar upside down on a dark green leaf with lighter colored veins, against a black background.
A larva (or caterpillar) eating an oak leaf

Acleris semipurpurana is found in the eastern United States and adjoining portions of southeastern Canada. It has been found in US states ranging from New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Pennsylvania in the northeast to Minnesota and Texas in the west, as well as the Canadian province of Ontario.[2][6][7][8] The oak leaftiers feed mainly trees in the Lobatae or red oak section of Quercus or oak trees: Specifically on eastern black oak, northern red oak, pin oak, scarlet oak, and scrub oak.[1][2] Several species of moths are referred to with the common name oak leaftier, most from the Tortricidae family, but also from "three other minor families".[9] Of these species Acleris semipurpurana is the most common and one of the most important for defoliation. In addition to the oak leaftiers, other pest species will often feed on the same trees, including Archips semiferanus and other oak leafrollers.[9]

The young larvae eat the buds and either destroy developing leaves, or cause leaves to develop with many holes in them. This can severely stress the tree's food reserves, and the older larvae can eat nearly all the remaining leaves, defoliating them.[2] When trees are defoliated two or more years in a row, this leads to "branch dieback, loss of diameter growth, and tree decline".[9] The oak leaftier has caused "considerable tree mortality", especially in the Appalachian region.[1] Dead wood in affected trees is attacked by fungi such as the shoestring root fungus and wood borers like the twolined chestnut borer.[9] A major outbreak occurred in the 1960s and 1970s in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia.[5] Tiadaghton State Forest in north central Pennsylvania was especially hard hit.[10] Natural methods of pest control usually are sufficient to keep Croesia semipurpurana populations in check, but chemical pesticides are sometimes needed.[3]

References

  1. ^ a b c d A guide to common insects and diseases of forest trees in the northeastern United States. Broomall, Pennsylvania. p. 123. Retrieved 2009-11-15. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help) Note: this is published on the www.forestpests.org website with the title "Oak Leaftiers: Acleris semipurpurana (Kearfott)"
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Talerico, R. L. (1978). "Major hardwood defoliators of the Eastern United States". United States Department of Agriculture, Home and Garden Bulletin. 224. Archived from the original on 2008-11-19. Retrieved 2009-10-31. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) Note: this is published on the www.forestpests.org website with the title "Oak leaftier: Acleris semipurpurana"
  3. ^ a b c "Oak Pests - A Guide to Major Insects, Diseases, Air Pollution, and Chemical Injury: Minor Defoliators". United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Southern Region. Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-31. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b "The Lepidoptera of Wayne County, Ohio". Ohio State University OARDC. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
  5. ^ a b United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service (1998). "Pest Alert Oak leaftier and Oak leafroller" (PDF). www.forestpests.org. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
  6. ^ Beckwith, R. C. (November 1963). "An Oak Leaf Tier, Acleris semipurpurana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Connecticut". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 56 (6): 741–744. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
  7. ^ "Natural Heritage Information Centre". Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2009-10-31. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "Forest Health in Ontario, 2006" (PDF). Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2009-11-01. [dead link]
  9. ^ a b c d Snowden, Parker (December 1990). "How to Distinguish Oak Leaftiers From Leafrollers". United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
  10. ^ Thorpe, R.R. (1997). The Crown Jewel of Pennsylvania: The State Forest System. Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources and the U.S. Forest Service. pp. 68–70. OCLC 37033507.