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Coordinates: 52°38.54′N 52°48.55′E / 52.64233°N 52.80917°E / 52.64233; 52.80917
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{{Coord|52|38.54|N|52|48.55|E|region:RU_scale:12500_type:event|display=title}}
{{Coord|52|38.54|N|52|48.55|E|region:RU_scale:12500_type:event|display=title}}


The '''Totskoye nuclear exercise''' was a [[military exercise]] undertaken by the [[Soviet Army]] to explore defensive and offensive [[warfare]] during [[nuclear war]]. The exercise, under the [[code name]] "Snowball", involved an aerial detonation of a 30-40 [[Ton#Ton_of_TNT|kt]]<ref>[http://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/yadernye-ispytaniya_kn2_2006/go,142/ Memoirs of Colonel V. I. Levykin published in ''Nuclear Exercises'', V. II, 2006, p. 142]</ref> [[RDS-4]] nuclear bomb at 9:33.<ref name=Danilenko144/><ref>[http://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/yadernye-ispytaniya_kn2_2006/go,141/ Memoirs of Colonel V. I. Levykin published in ''Nuclear Exercises'', V. II, 2006, p. 141]</ref> The stated goal of the operation was military training for breaking through heavily fortified defensive lines of a military opponent using nuclear weapons.<ref>''[http://actualhistory.ru/tozk_nuclear Totskyoe exercise. Measures of safety (Russian)''] by Sergei Markov</ref><ref name=Exercises19/> An army of 45,000 soldiers marched through the area around the [[epicenter]] soon after the [[Nuclear explosion|nuclear blast]]. The exercise was conducted on September 14, 1954, under the command of [[Marshal of the Soviet Union|Marshal]] [[Georgy Zhukov]] to the north of [[Totskoye]] village in [[Orenburg Oblast]], Russia, in the South [[Ural (region)|Ural]] [[Military District]].
The '''Totskoye nuclear exercise''' was a [[military exercise]] undertaken by the [[Soviet Army]] to explore defensive and offensive [[warfare]] during [[nuclear war]]. The exercise, under the [[code name]] "Snowball", involved an aerial detonation of a 30-40 [[Ton#Ton_of_TNT|kt]]<ref>[http://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/yadernye-ispytaniya_kn2_2006/go,142/ Memoirs of Colonel V. I. Levykin published in ''Nuclear Exercises'', V. II, 2006, p. 142]</ref> [[RDS-4]] nuclear bomb at 9:33.<ref name=Danilenko144/><ref>[http://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/yadernye-ispytaniya_kn2_2006/go,141/ Memoirs of Colonel V. I. Levykin published in ''Nuclear Exercises'', V. II, 2006, p. 141]</ref> The stated goal of the operation was military training for breaking through heavily fortified defensive lines of a military opponent using nuclear weapons.<ref>''[http://actualhistory.ru/tozk_nuclear Totskyoe exercise. Measures of safety (Russian)''] by Sergei Markov</ref><ref name=Exercises19/> An army of 45,000 soldiers marched through the area around the [[epicenter]] soon after the [[Nuclear explosion|nuclear blast]]. The exercise was conducted on September 14, 1954, under the command of [[Marshal of the Soviet Union|Marshal]] [[Georgy Zhukov]] to the north of [[Totskoye]] village in [[Orenburg Oblast]], [[Russia]], in the South [[Ural (region)|Ural]] [[Military District]].


==History==
==History==
In mid-September 1954, [[nuclear bomb]]ing tests were performed in [[Totskoye range]] during the training exercise ''Snezhok'' ({{lang-ru|Снежок}}, ''Snowball'' or ''Light Snow'') with some 45,000 people, all Soviet soldiers and officers,<ref name=Exercises19/> who explored the explosion site of a bomb twice as powerful as the one dropped on [[Hiroshima]] nine years earlier. The participants were carefully selected from Soviet military servicemen, informed that they would take part in an exercise with the use of a new kind of weapons, sworn to secrecy and earned a salary for three months ahead.<ref>[http://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/yadernye-ispytaniya_kn2_2006/go,122/ Memoirs of M. A. Kutsenko, a participant of the operation Snowball, published in ''Nuclear Exercises'', V. II, 2006, p. 122]</ref> A delegation of high-ranking government officials and senior military officers arrived to the region on the eve of the exercise, which included First Secretary [[Nikita Khrushchev]], [[Nikolai Bulganin]], Generals [[Aleksandr Vasilevsky]], [[Konstantin Rokossovsky]], [[Ivan Konev]] and [[Rodion Malinovsky]].<ref name=Danilenko144/> The operation was commanded by Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov and initiated by the Soviet Ministry of Defense.<ref>[http://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/yadernye-ispytaniya_kn2_2006/go,18/ ''Nuclear Exercises'', V. II. 2006. P. 18]</ref> At 9:33&nbsp;a.m. on 14 September 1954, a Soviet [[Tupolev Tu-4|Tu-4 bomber]] dropped a {{convert|40|kt(TNT)|lk=in|adj=on}}<ref name=Exercises19/> atomic weapon - [[RDS-4|RDS-4 bomb]], which had been previously tested in 1951 at the [[Semipalatinsk Test Site]],<ref name=Exercises19/><ref>[http://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/yadernye-ispytaniya_kn2_2006/go,11/ ''Nuclear Exercises'', V. II, 2006, p. 11]</ref> - from {{convert|8,000|m|ft}}. The bomb exploded {{convert|350|m|ft}} above Totskoye range, {{convert|13|km|0}} from [[Totskoye]].<ref name=Exercises19/>
In mid-September 1954, [[nuclear bomb]]ing tests were performed in [[Totskoye range]] during the training exercise ''Snezhok'' ({{lang-ru|Снежок}}, ''Snowball'' or ''Light Snow'') with some 45,000 people, all Soviet soldiers and officers,<ref name=Exercises19/> who explored the explosion site of a bomb twice as powerful as the one dropped on [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Hiroshima]] nine years earlier. The participants were carefully selected from Soviet military servicemen, informed that they would take part in an exercise with the use of a new kind of weapons, sworn to secrecy and earned a salary for three months ahead.<ref>[http://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/yadernye-ispytaniya_kn2_2006/go,122/ Memoirs of M. A. Kutsenko, a participant of the operation Snowball, published in ''Nuclear Exercises'', V. II, 2006, p. 122]</ref> A delegation of high-ranking government officials and senior military officers arrived to the region on the eve of the exercise, which included First Secretary [[Nikita Khrushchev]], [[Nikolai Bulganin]], Generals [[Aleksandr Vasilevsky]], [[Konstantin Rokossovsky]], [[Ivan Konev]] and [[Rodion Malinovsky]].<ref name=Danilenko144/> The operation was commanded by Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov and initiated by the Soviet Ministry of Defense.<ref>[http://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/yadernye-ispytaniya_kn2_2006/go,18/ ''Nuclear Exercises'', V. II. 2006. P. 18]</ref> At 9:33&nbsp;a.m. on 14 September 1954, a Soviet [[Tupolev Tu-4|Tu-4 bomber]] dropped a {{convert|40|kt(TNT)|lk=in|adj=on}}<ref name=Exercises19/> atomic weapon - [[RDS-4|RDS-4 bomb]], which had been previously tested in 1951 at the [[Semipalatinsk Test Site]],<ref name=Exercises19/><ref>[http://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/yadernye-ispytaniya_kn2_2006/go,11/ ''Nuclear Exercises'', V. II, 2006, p. 11]</ref> - from {{convert|8,000|m|ft}}. The bomb exploded {{convert|350|m|ft}} above Totskoye range, {{convert|13|km|0}} from [[Totskoye]].<ref name=Exercises19/>


The exercise involved the [[270th Rifle Division]],<ref>V.I. Feskov et al., "The Soviet Army in the Cold War 1945–90", Tomsk, 2004, p. 94</ref> 320 planes, 600 [[tank]]s and [[self-propelled gun]]s, 600 [[armoured personnel carriers]], 500 artillery pieces and mortars, 320 airplanes and 6,000 automobiles.<ref name=Exercises19>[http://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/yadernye-ispytaniya_kn2_2006/go,19/ ''Nuclear Exercises'', V. II. 2006. P. 19]</ref>
The exercise involved the [[270th Rifle Division]],<ref>V.I. Feskov et al., "The Soviet Army in the Cold War 1945–90", Tomsk, 2004, p. 94</ref> 320 planes, 600 [[tank]]s and [[self-propelled gun]]s, 600 [[armoured personnel carriers]], 500 artillery pieces and mortars, 320 airplanes and 6,000 automobiles.<ref name=Exercises19>[http://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/yadernye-ispytaniya_kn2_2006/go,19/ ''Nuclear Exercises'', V. II. 2006. P. 19]</ref>

Revision as of 21:58, 21 November 2016

52°38.54′N 52°48.55′E / 52.64233°N 52.80917°E / 52.64233; 52.80917

The Totskoye nuclear exercise was a military exercise undertaken by the Soviet Army to explore defensive and offensive warfare during nuclear war. The exercise, under the code name "Snowball", involved an aerial detonation of a 30-40 kt[1] RDS-4 nuclear bomb at 9:33.[2][3] The stated goal of the operation was military training for breaking through heavily fortified defensive lines of a military opponent using nuclear weapons.[4][5] An army of 45,000 soldiers marched through the area around the epicenter soon after the nuclear blast. The exercise was conducted on September 14, 1954, under the command of Marshal Georgy Zhukov to the north of Totskoye village in Orenburg Oblast, Russia, in the South Ural Military District.

History

In mid-September 1954, nuclear bombing tests were performed in Totskoye range during the training exercise Snezhok (Russian: Снежок, Snowball or Light Snow) with some 45,000 people, all Soviet soldiers and officers,[5] who explored the explosion site of a bomb twice as powerful as the one dropped on Hiroshima nine years earlier. The participants were carefully selected from Soviet military servicemen, informed that they would take part in an exercise with the use of a new kind of weapons, sworn to secrecy and earned a salary for three months ahead.[6] A delegation of high-ranking government officials and senior military officers arrived to the region on the eve of the exercise, which included First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev, Nikolai Bulganin, Generals Aleksandr Vasilevsky, Konstantin Rokossovsky, Ivan Konev and Rodion Malinovsky.[2] The operation was commanded by Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov and initiated by the Soviet Ministry of Defense.[7] At 9:33 a.m. on 14 September 1954, a Soviet Tu-4 bomber dropped a 40-kilotonne (170 TJ)[5] atomic weapon - RDS-4 bomb, which had been previously tested in 1951 at the Semipalatinsk Test Site,[5][8] - from 8,000 metres (26,000 ft). The bomb exploded 350 metres (1,150 ft) above Totskoye range, 13 kilometres (8 mi) from Totskoye.[5]

The exercise involved the 270th Rifle Division,[9] 320 planes, 600 tanks and self-propelled guns, 600 armoured personnel carriers, 500 artillery pieces and mortars, 320 airplanes and 6,000 automobiles.[5]

Following the explosion, a Li-2 airplane was put to use on a reconnaissance mission to report the movement of a radioactive cloud produced by the blast,[10] and the most dangerous areas were explored and marked by special reconnaissance troops.[11] After the reconnaissance was complete and the Soviet command gained enough information on the level of radiation, the army moved in. Much attention was paid to personal safety: the participants were provided with personal protective equipment, tinted glasses or lenses for gas masks and had individual radiation dosimeters.[12] Gamma-roentgenometers measured the level of radiation exposure in the epicentre, dosimeters were used to estimate the radiation dose deposited in an individual wearing or a vehicle after the troops completed their task, and the troops received a 'chemical alert' signal if the radiation was too high.[13] The soldiers wore gas masks, protective suits and respirators,[11] special gloves and capes[13] and moved around the territory in armoured personnel carriers, holding the distance of 400[10]-600 metres from the hypocentre and avoiding the most dangerous areas of the explosion site.[2] A relatively low level of radiation, strong wind and the extensive use of personal protective equipment allowed them to move 400-500 metres from the epicentre, whereas tanks and armoured personnel carriers could safely get even closer.[10]

Deputy Defense Minister Georgy Zhukov witnessed the blast from an underground nuclear bunker. The planes were ordered to bomb the explosion site five minutes after the blast, and three hours later (after the demarcation of the radioactive zone) the armored vehicles were ordered to practice the taking of a hostile area after a nuclear attack.[5]

The residents of villages (Bogdanovka, Fyodorovka and others) that were situated around 6 km (4 mi) from the epicenter of the future explosion were offered temporary evacuation outside the 50 km (31 mi) radius and given instructions. They were evacuated by the military and temporarily accommodated in military tents. During the exercise, the residents received daily payment, while their property was insured. Those of them who decided not to return after the operation was complete, were provided with newly built four-room furnished houses near the Samarka river or obtained financial compensation.[2] The nearest villages were generally not affected by the blast,[2] except for a number of houses located less than 8 km (5.0 mi) from the explosion site that caught fire and burned down.[10] Their owners received new housing.[14]

A few days after the explosion, Soviet scientists received detailed reports on the test and began to study the impact of the nuclear blast on model houses, shelters, vehicles, vegetation and experimental animals that had been affected by the explosion.[15] On 17 September 1954, the Soviet newspaper Pravda published a report on the exercise: "In accordance with the plan of scientific and experimental works, a test of one of the types of nuclear weapons has been conducted in the Soviet Union in the last few days. The purpose of the test was to examine the effects of nuclear explosion. Valuable results have been obtained that will help Soviet scientists and engineers to successfully solve the task of protecting the country from nuclear attack".[16] These results were discussed at a large scientific conference at the Kuybyshev Military Academy in Moscow and for many years served as the basis for the Soviet program of defense against nuclear warfare.[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ Memoirs of Colonel V. I. Levykin published in Nuclear Exercises, V. II, 2006, p. 142
  2. ^ a b c d e Memoirs of Lieutenant-Colonel N. V. Danilenko published in Nuclear Exercises, V. II, 2006, p. 144
  3. ^ Memoirs of Colonel V. I. Levykin published in Nuclear Exercises, V. II, 2006, p. 141
  4. ^ Totskyoe exercise. Measures of safety (Russian) by Sergei Markov
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Nuclear Exercises, V. II. 2006. P. 19
  6. ^ Memoirs of M. A. Kutsenko, a participant of the operation Snowball, published in Nuclear Exercises, V. II, 2006, p. 122
  7. ^ Nuclear Exercises, V. II. 2006. P. 18
  8. ^ Nuclear Exercises, V. II, 2006, p. 11
  9. ^ V.I. Feskov et al., "The Soviet Army in the Cold War 1945–90", Tomsk, 2004, p. 94
  10. ^ a b c d Nuclear Exercises, V. II. 2006. P. 41
  11. ^ a b Memoirs of Colonel V. I. Levykin published in Nuclear Exercises, V. II, 2006, p. 142
  12. ^ Memoirs of Colonel Professor M. P. Arkhipov published in Nuclear Exercises, V. II, 2006, p. 132
  13. ^ a b Nuclear Exercises, V. II. 2006. P. 68
  14. ^ Nuclear Exercises, V. II, 2006, p. 65
  15. ^ Memoirs of Colonel V. I. Levykin published in Nuclear Exercises, V. II, 2006, p. 142
  16. ^ Pravda, 17 September 1954
  17. ^ Memoirs of Colonel V. I. Levykin published in Nuclear Exercises, V. II, 2006, p. 143
  • "Nuclear Testing in the USSR. Volume 2. Soviet Nuclear Testing Technologies. Environmental Effects. Safety Provisions. Nuclear Test Sites", Begell-House, Inc., New York, 1998
  • A.A. Romanyukha, E.A. Ignatiev, D.V. Ivanov and A.G. Vasilyev, "The Distance Effect on the Individual Exposures Evaluated from the Soviet Nuclear Bomb Test in 1954 at Totskoye Test Site in 1954", Radiation Protection Dosimetry 86:53-58 (1999) online abstract
  • Генерал-лейтенант С.А. Зеленцов. Тоцкое войсковое учение (научно-публицистическая монография) (in Russian). Retrieved 2011-03-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Wm. Robert Johnston (2005-05-05). "Totsk nuclear test, 1954". Retrieved 2011-03-05.
  • In the zone of nuclear blast (Russian) by General of Aviation Ostroumov
  • Truth about the testing site of death (Russian), a publication by Moskovskii Komsomolets
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