Mobile ad hoc network

Please check whether this article should be merged with the articles Smart phone ad hoc network, Wireless ad hoc network and Wireless mesh network.

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET), also known as wireless ad hoc network or ad hoc wireless network, is a continuously self-configuring, infrastructure-less network of mobile devices connected wirelessly.

Each device in a MANET is free to move independently in any direction, and will therefore change its links to other devices frequently. Each must forward traffic unrelated to its own use, and therefore be a router. The primary challenge in building a MANET is equipping each device to continuously maintain the information required to properly route traffic. Such networks may operate by themselves or may be connected to the larger Internet. They may contain one or multiple and different transceivers between nodes. This results in a highly dynamic, autonomous topology.

MANETs are a kind of wireless ad hoc network (WANET) that usually has a routable networking environment on top of a Link Layer ad hoc network. MANETs consist of a peer-to-peer, self-forming, self-healing network. MANETs circa 2000-2015 typically communicate at radio frequencies (30 MHz - 5 GHz)

The growth of laptops and 802.11/Wi-Fi wireless networking have made MANETs a popular research topic since the mid-1990s. Many academic papers evaluate protocols and their abilities, assuming varying degrees of mobility within a bounded space, usually with all nodes within a few hops of each other. Different protocols are then evaluated based on measures such as the packet drop rate, the overhead introduced by the routing protocol, end-to-end packet delays, network throughput, ability to scale, etc.

Types

• Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are used for communication between vehicles and roadside equipment. Intelligent vehicular ad hoc networks (InVANETs) are a kind of artificial intelligence that helps vehicles to behave in intelligent manners during vehicle-to-vehicle collisions, accidents.
• Smart phone ad hoc networks (SPANs) leverage the existing hardware (primarily Bluetooth and Wi-Fi) in commercially available smart phones to create peer-to-peer networks without relying on cellular carrier networks, wireless access points, or traditional network infrastructure. SPANs differ from traditional hub and spoke networks, such as Wi-Fi Direct, in that they support multi-hop relays and there is no notion of a group leader so peers can join and leave at will without destroying the network.
• Internet-based mobile ad-hoc networks (iMANETs) is a type of wireless ad hoc network that supports Internet protocols such as TCP/UDP and IP. The network uses a network-layer routing protocol to link mobile nodes and establish routes distributedly and automatically.
• Hub-Spoke MANET - Multiple sub-MANETs may be connected in a classic Hub-Spoke VPN to create a geographically distributed MANET. In such type of networks normal ad hoc routing algorithms does not apply directly. One implementation of this is Persistent System's CloudRelay.
• Military or tactical MANETs are used by military units with emphasis on data rate, real-time requirement, fast re-routing during mobility, data security, radio range, and integration with existing systems. Common radio waveforms include the US Army's JTRS SRW.

Applications

Mobile ad hoc networks can be used in many applications, ranging from sensors for environment, vehicular ad hoc communications, road safety, health, home, peer-to-peer messaging, disaster rescue operations, air/land/navy defense, weapons, robots, etc. See the application section in wireless ad hoc networks.

Simulations

There are several ways to study MANETs. One solution is the use of simulation tools like OPNET, NetSim, NS2, OMNeT++ and NS3. A comparative study of various simulators for VANETs reveal that factors such as constrained road topology, multi-path fading and roadside obstacles, traffic flow models, trip models, varying vehicular speed and mobility, traffic lights, traffic congestion, drivers' behavior, etc., have to be taken into consideration in the simulation process to reflect realistic conditions.

Data monitoring and mining

MANETS can be used for facilitating the collection of sensor data for data mining for a variety of applications such as air pollution monitoring and different types of architectures can be used for such applications. It should be noted that a key characteristic of such applications is that nearby sensor nodes monitoring an environmental feature typically register similar values. This kind of data redundancy due to the spatial correlation between sensor observations inspires the techniques for in-network data aggregation and mining. By measuring the spatial correlation between data sampled by different sensors, a wide class of specialized algorithms can be developed to develop more efficient spatial data mining algorithms as well as more efficient routing strategies. Also, researchers have developed performance models for MANET by applying queueing theory.

See also

• Wireless ad hoc network
• wireless mesh network
• Smart phone ad hoc network
• smart meter
• AmbientTalk, an experimental programming language for MANETs
• Backpressure routing
• Delay-tolerant networking
• Data mining
• List of ad hoc routing protocols
• Mobile wireless sensor network
• Wireless community network
• Wireless mesh network
• Wireless sensor networks

Further reading

• Satyajeet, D.; Deshmukh, A. R.; Dorle, S. S. (January 2016). "Article: Heterogeneous Approaches for Cluster based Routing Protocol in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET)" (PDF). International Journal of Computer Applications, Published by Foundation of Computer Science (FCS), New York, USA. 134 (12): 1–8. doi:10.5120/ijca2016908080.
• Royer, E.; Chai Keong Toh (April 1999). "A Review of Current Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks". IEEE Personal Communications. 6 (2): 46–55. doi:10.1109/98.760423.
• Mauve, M.; Widmer, J.; Hartenstein, H. (December 2001). "A Survey on Position-Based Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks". IEEE Network. 1 (6): 30–39. doi:10.1109/65.967595.
• Djenouri, D.; Kheladi, L.; Badache, N. (4th quarter 2005). "A Survey of Security Issues in Mobile Ad hoc and Sensor Networks". IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials. 7 (4). {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
• Maihöfer, C. (2nd quarter 2004). "A Survey on Geocast Routing Protocols". IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials. 6 (2). {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
• Aneja, Nagender; Gambhir, Sapna (2013). "Ad-hoc-Social-Network-A-Comprehensive-Survey" (PDF). IJSER.
• Jhaveri, Rutvij H.; Patel, Narendra M. (November 2015). "Mobile Ad-hoc Networking with AODV: A Review". International Journal of Next-Generation Computing. 6 (3): 165–191.
• Jhaveri, Rutvij H.; Patel, Narendra M. (2015). "A Sequence Number Based Bait Detection Scheme to Thwart Grayhole Attack in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks". Wireless Networks-The Journal of Mobile Communication, Computation and Information. 21 (8): 2781–2798. doi:10.1007/s11276-015-0945-9.
• Cano, Jose; Cano, Juan-Carlos; Toh, Chai-Keong; Calafate, Carlos T.; Manzoni, Pietro (2010). "EasyMANET: an extensible and configurable platform for service provisioning in MANET environments". IEEE Communications Magazine. 48 (12): 159–167. doi:10.1109/mcom.2010.5673087.
• Shabbir, Abdul; Kumar, Anasuri Sunil (January 2012). "An Efficient Authentication Protocol for Security in MANETs" (PDF). IJCCT. 3 (1): 71–74.
• Kahn, Robert E. (January 1977). "The Organization of Computer Resources into a Packet Radio Network". IEEE Transactions on Communications. COM-25 (1): 169–178. doi:10.1109/tcom.1977.1093714.
• Jubin, J.; Tornow, J. D. (January 1987). "The DARPA Packet Radio Network Protocols". Proceedings of the IEEE. 75 (1). doi:10.1109/proc.1987.13702.
• Schacham, N.; Westcott, J. (January 1987). "Future directions in packet radio architectures and protocols". Proceedings of the IEEE. 75 (1): 83–99. doi:10.1109/PROC.1987.13707.

External links

• IETF MANET group
• IEEE Award for pioneering wireless ad hoc networks
• NIST MANET and Sensor Network Security project
• Wireless Ad Hoc Networks Bibliography
• Hybrid Ad Hoc Mesh Networks in Military
• IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society – for VANETs
• Smart Multi-Grid Wifi Mesh: Integrated wifi mesh network provides metering, traffic safety, wifi access to communities in US.