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In August 1998, a [[12-inch single]] of "All Is Full of Love", containing a remix by German [[Intelligent dance music|IDM]] duo [[Funkstörung]], was released through [[FatCat Records]] as a limited release.<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010428063307/http://www.bjork.com/websense/grapefly/funkstorung/|url=http://www.bjork.com/websense/grapefly/funkstorung/|title=:funkstörung remix Björk|archivedate=28 April 2001|date=24 August 1998|publisher=bjork.com|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="websense">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000815074801/http://www.bjork.com/websense/grapewire/grapewire99.htm|url=http://www.bjork.com/websense/grapewire/grapewire99.htm|title=The Grapewire of 1999|archivedate=15 August 2000|date=1999|publisher=bjork.com|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> This remix had been previously distributed as a [[B-side]] for "[[Hunter (Björk song)|Hunter]]" (1998),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/hunter-mw0000576950|title=Hunter&nbsp;– Björk|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> and another remix of the song had been released as a B-side of "[[Jóga]]" in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/j%C3%B3ga-mw0000738481|title=Jóga&nbsp;– Björk|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> In January 1999, it was announced that the track would be released later that year as a single and that its music video would be shot soon.<ref name="websense" /> It was atypical to release a single for promoting an album released two years before, but Björk purposely decided to do this so that the music video was more of a short film than a marketing move.<ref name="makingof" /> The original release date for the single was 2 May 1999, but was later extended out two weeks to 17 May. To coincide with this announcement, Funkstörung's remix was made available again and an official logo for the release was unveiled.<ref name="websense" />
In August 1998, a [[12-inch single]] of "All Is Full of Love", containing a remix by German [[Intelligent dance music|IDM]] duo [[Funkstörung]], was released through [[FatCat Records]] as a limited release.<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010428063307/http://www.bjork.com/websense/grapefly/funkstorung/|url=http://www.bjork.com/websense/grapefly/funkstorung/|title=:funkstörung remix Björk|archivedate=28 April 2001|date=24 August 1998|publisher=bjork.com|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="websense">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000815074801/http://www.bjork.com/websense/grapewire/grapewire99.htm|url=http://www.bjork.com/websense/grapewire/grapewire99.htm|title=The Grapewire of 1999|archivedate=15 August 2000|date=1999|publisher=bjork.com|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> This remix had been previously distributed as a [[B-side]] for "[[Hunter (Björk song)|Hunter]]" (1998),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/hunter-mw0000576950|title=Hunter&nbsp;– Björk|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> and another remix of the song had been released as a B-side of "[[Jóga]]" in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/j%C3%B3ga-mw0000738481|title=Jóga&nbsp;– Björk|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> In January 1999, it was announced that the track would be released later that year as a single and that its music video would be shot soon.<ref name="websense" /> It was atypical to release a single for promoting an album released two years before, but Björk purposely decided to do this so that the music video was more of a short film than a marketing move.<ref name="makingof" /> The original release date for the single was 2 May 1999, but was later extended out two weeks to 17 May. To coincide with this announcement, Funkstörung's remix was made available again and an official logo for the release was unveiled.<ref name="websense" />


The music video was released that April, although the premiere of the single was pushed back to June.<ref name="websense" /> "All Is Full of Love" was released as two 12-inch singles, two [[CD single]]s, a [[DVD single]], and a [[box set]], which included the CD singles and the music video in [[VHS]] format.<ref name="websense" /> Some publications regard the single as the first DVD single release.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indian.co.uk/pages/about-us|title=About Us|date=December 2013|publisher=[[One Little Indian]]|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/may04/articles/businessend.htm|title=Business End|work=[[Sound on Sound]]|publisher=SOS Publications Group|date=May 2004|accessdate=29 January 2015|quote=More recently he has produced both the first DVD single (Bjork's 'All Is Full Of Love')&nbsp;...}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, it was also made available as two different [[Promotional recording|promotional singles]] in 1999, and as two [[VHS single]]s.<ref name="77island" /> B-sides include remixes by [[Mike Paradinas|μ-Ziq]], Funkstörung, [[Plaid (band)|Plaid]], [[Guy Sigsworth]], [[Mark Stent]] and [[Howie B]].<ref name="77island">{{cite web |url=http://77island.bjork.info/allisfulloflove.htm|title=All Is Full of Love releases|date=|publisher=77ísland. Official Björk discography|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> The single's artwork consists of shots from the music video and features the official logo, which can be seen in the video as well. The song was also included as the opening track of the singer's 2002 [[compilation album]] ''[[Greatest Hits (Björk album)|Greatest Hits]]'', whose songs were selected by fans through a survey, in which the single was the second most voted song, coming after "[[Hyperballad]]" (1996).<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321001923/http://bjork.com/news/?id=276;year=2002|url=http://bjork.com/news/?id=276;year=2002|title=All Is Full of Webvoting|date=9 August 2000|archivedate=21 March 2008|publisher=bjork.com|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref>
The music video was released that April, although the premiere of the single was pushed back to June.<ref name="websense" /> "All Is Full of Love" was released as two 12-inch singles, two [[CD single]]s, a [[DVD single]], and a [[box set]], which included the CD singles and the music video in [[VHS]] format.<ref name="websense" /> Some publications regard the single as the first DVD single release.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indian.co.uk/pages/about-us|title=About Us|date=December 2013|publisher=[[One Little Indian]]|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/may04/articles/businessend.htm|title=Business End|work=[[Sound on Sound]]|publisher=SOS Publications Group|date=May 2004|accessdate=29 January 2015|quote=More recently he has produced both the first DVD single (Bjork's 'All Is Full Of Love')&nbsp;...}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, it was also made available as two different [[Promotional recording|promotional singles]] in 1999, and as two [[VHS single]]s.<ref name="77island" /> B-sides include remixes by [[Mike Paradinas|μ-Ziq]], Funkstörung, [[Plaid (band)|Plaid]], [[Guy Sigsworth]], [[Mark Stent]] and [[Howie B]].<ref name="77island">{{cite web |url=http://77island.bjork.info/allisfulloflove.htm|title=All Is Full of Love releases|date=|publisher=77ísland. Official Björk discography|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> The single's artwork consists of shots from the music video and features the official logo, which can be seen in the video as well. The song was also included as the opening track of the singer's 2002 [[compilation album]] ''[[Greatest Hits (Björk album)|Greatest Hits]]'', whose songs were selected by fans through a survey, in which the single was the second most voted song, coming after "[[Hyperballad]]" (1996).<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321001923/http://bjork.com/news/?id=276%3Byear%3D2002 |url=http://bjork.com/news/?id=276;year=2002 |title=All Is Full of Webvoting |date=9 August 2000 |archivedate=21 March 2008 |publisher=bjork.com |accessdate=29 January 2015 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>


==Critical reception==
==Critical reception==
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In 2008, [[MTV2]] ranked the music video as number one on their list "Greatest Music Videos Ever".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtvblogs.co.uk/mtv-two/ta-da-greatest-video-ever-40-1/455|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007120947/http://www.mtvblogs.co.uk/mtv-two/ta-da-greatest-video-ever-40-1/455|title=Ta da&nbsp;– Greatest Video Ever|publisher=MTV Blogs|archivedate=7 October 2011|date=15 August 2008|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> In 2011, "All Is Full of Love" was placed at number 14 in [[MusicRadar]]'s list of the 30 best music videos of all time,<ref name="musicradar" /> and was placed in ''Time''{{'}}s list of The 30 All-TIME Best Music Videos.<ref name="time"/> The video was also listed as the fifth-greatest of all time by ''[[NME]]'',<ref name="NME" /> and the ninth top music video of the decade by Pitchfork Media.<ref name="pitchfork" /> In addition, "All Is Full of Love" has been included in various [[art exhibitions]] and [[Art museum|museums]], including ''DEAF04 Exhibition'' in the V2_Institute for the Unstable Media in [[Rotterdam]],<ref name="unstablemedia" /> ''Chris Cunningham'' in [[MoMA PS1]] in New York City,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://momaps1.org/exhibitions/view/46|title=MoMA PS1: Exhibitions: Chris Cunningham|date=5 January 2000|accessdate=15 April 2011|work=The Seattle Times|publisher=The Seattle Times Company}}</ref> the 49th [[Venice Biennale]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CmpQAAAAMAAJ&q=%22all+is+full+of+love%22&dq=%22all+is+full+of+love%22|title=La Biennale di Venezia: 49. Esposizione internazionale d'arte : platea dell'umanità, Volumen 1|publisher=Electa|date=2001|page=|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|isbn=|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> ''While Interwoven Echoes Drip into a Hybrid Body&nbsp;– an Exhibition about Sound, Performance and Sculpture'' in the Migros Museum für Gegenwartskunst in Zürich,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.migrosmuseum.ch/en/exhibitions/exhibition-details/?tx_museumplus%5Bexhib%5D=120|title=While Interwoven Echoes Drip into a Hybrid Body&nbsp;– an Exhibition about Sound, Performance and Sculpture|date=|accessdate=27 November 2014|work=|publisher=Migros Museum für Gegenwartskunst}}</ref> and ''This Is Not a Love Song'' in La Virreina Centre de la Imatge in Barcelona.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://screen-projects.com/dossier/ThisIsNotaLoveSong-eng.pdf|title=This Is Not a Love Song: Touring Exhibition Dossier|date=|accessdate=November 27, 2014|work=|publisher=Screen-Projects}}</ref> The music video was also on permanent exhibition at the [[Museum of Modern Art]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gigwise.com/photos/79857/7/robot-rock-the-best-droids-in-music-of-all-time|title=Robot rock: the best droids in music of all time|accessdate=27 November 2014|date=27 February 2013|publisher=[[Gigwise]]|last=Carroll|first=Grace}}</ref>
In 2008, [[MTV2]] ranked the music video as number one on their list "Greatest Music Videos Ever".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtvblogs.co.uk/mtv-two/ta-da-greatest-video-ever-40-1/455|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007120947/http://www.mtvblogs.co.uk/mtv-two/ta-da-greatest-video-ever-40-1/455|title=Ta da&nbsp;– Greatest Video Ever|publisher=MTV Blogs|archivedate=7 October 2011|date=15 August 2008|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> In 2011, "All Is Full of Love" was placed at number 14 in [[MusicRadar]]'s list of the 30 best music videos of all time,<ref name="musicradar" /> and was placed in ''Time''{{'}}s list of The 30 All-TIME Best Music Videos.<ref name="time"/> The video was also listed as the fifth-greatest of all time by ''[[NME]]'',<ref name="NME" /> and the ninth top music video of the decade by Pitchfork Media.<ref name="pitchfork" /> In addition, "All Is Full of Love" has been included in various [[art exhibitions]] and [[Art museum|museums]], including ''DEAF04 Exhibition'' in the V2_Institute for the Unstable Media in [[Rotterdam]],<ref name="unstablemedia" /> ''Chris Cunningham'' in [[MoMA PS1]] in New York City,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://momaps1.org/exhibitions/view/46|title=MoMA PS1: Exhibitions: Chris Cunningham|date=5 January 2000|accessdate=15 April 2011|work=The Seattle Times|publisher=The Seattle Times Company}}</ref> the 49th [[Venice Biennale]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CmpQAAAAMAAJ&q=%22all+is+full+of+love%22&dq=%22all+is+full+of+love%22|title=La Biennale di Venezia: 49. Esposizione internazionale d'arte : platea dell'umanità, Volumen 1|publisher=Electa|date=2001|page=|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|isbn=|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> ''While Interwoven Echoes Drip into a Hybrid Body&nbsp;– an Exhibition about Sound, Performance and Sculpture'' in the Migros Museum für Gegenwartskunst in Zürich,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.migrosmuseum.ch/en/exhibitions/exhibition-details/?tx_museumplus%5Bexhib%5D=120|title=While Interwoven Echoes Drip into a Hybrid Body&nbsp;– an Exhibition about Sound, Performance and Sculpture|date=|accessdate=27 November 2014|work=|publisher=Migros Museum für Gegenwartskunst}}</ref> and ''This Is Not a Love Song'' in La Virreina Centre de la Imatge in Barcelona.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://screen-projects.com/dossier/ThisIsNotaLoveSong-eng.pdf|title=This Is Not a Love Song: Touring Exhibition Dossier|date=|accessdate=November 27, 2014|work=|publisher=Screen-Projects}}</ref> The music video was also on permanent exhibition at the [[Museum of Modern Art]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gigwise.com/photos/79857/7/robot-rock-the-best-droids-in-music-of-all-time|title=Robot rock: the best droids in music of all time|accessdate=27 November 2014|date=27 February 2013|publisher=[[Gigwise]]|last=Carroll|first=Grace}}</ref>


Chris Cunningham served as a model for a character in the novel ''[[Pattern Recognition (novel)|Pattern Recognition]]'' (2003) by [[William Gibson]], in which a fictitious music video director who puts "robot girls in his video" makes a clip characterized by the following words: "No sci-fi kitsch for Damien. Dreamlike things in the dawn half-light, their small breasts gleaming, white plastic shining faints as old marble", as a reference to "All Is Full of Love".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKXMvInfbyEC&dq=%22all+is+full+of+love%22|title=Rewind, Play, Fast Forward: The Past, Present and Future of the Music Video|publisher=Transcript-Verlag|date=2010|page=8|last=Keazor|first=Henry|last2=Wübbena|first2=Thorsten |isbn=978-3-8376-1185-4|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> In 2004, similarities were noted between the design of the robots in the music video and those in the film ''[[I, Robot (film)|I, Robot]]'', raising accusations of [[plagiarism]] by fans.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040724060506/http://www.lowculture.com/archives/002088.html|url=http://www.lowculture.com/archives/002088.html|archivedate=24 July 2004|title=Twentieth Century Fox, meet award-winning director Chris Cunningham|accessdate=27 November 2014|date=10 June 2004|publisher=lowculture.com|last=|first=}}</ref><ref name="eonline">{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040815233100/http://www.eonline.com/News/Items/0,1,14531,00.html|url=http://www.eonline.com/News/Items/0,1,14531,00.html|archivedate=15 August 2004|title=The Björk-"I, Robot" Connection?|accessdate=27 November 2014|date=16 July 2004|publisher=[[E! News]]|last=Joal|first=Ryan}}</ref> [[E! News]] contacted Cunningham and [[20th Century Fox]]—the studio behind the film—but neither of them returned calls for comment.<ref name="eonline" /> According to Tymon Smith of ''[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]]'', 2015 American film ''[[Chappie (film)|Chappie]]'' "ends with a rip off" of the music video.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2015/03/13/chappie-a-mix-of-hodge-podge-messiness|title='Chappie' a mix of 'hodge-podge messiness'|accessdate=13 March 2015|date=13 March 2015|publisher=''[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]]''|last=Smith|first=Tymon}}</ref> It also was an inspiration for the opening title sequence of the television series [[Westworld (TV series)|Westworld]].<ref>http://www.artofthetitle.com/title/westworld/</ref><ref>https://qz.com/811513/westworlds-uncanny-intricate-opening-credits-sequence-wants-to-disorient-you/</ref>
Chris Cunningham served as a model for a character in the novel ''[[Pattern Recognition (novel)|Pattern Recognition]]'' (2003) by [[William Gibson]], in which a fictitious music video director who puts "robot girls in his video" makes a clip characterized by the following words: "No sci-fi kitsch for Damien. Dreamlike things in the dawn half-light, their small breasts gleaming, white plastic shining faints as old marble", as a reference to "All Is Full of Love".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKXMvInfbyEC&dq=%22all+is+full+of+love%22|title=Rewind, Play, Fast Forward: The Past, Present and Future of the Music Video|publisher=Transcript-Verlag|date=2010|page=8|last=Keazor|first=Henry|last2=Wübbena|first2=Thorsten |isbn=978-3-8376-1185-4|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> In 2004, similarities were noted between the design of the robots in the music video and those in the film ''[[I, Robot (film)|I, Robot]]'', raising accusations of [[plagiarism]] by fans.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040724060506/http://www.lowculture.com/archives/002088.html|url=http://www.lowculture.com/archives/002088.html|archivedate=24 July 2004|title=Twentieth Century Fox, meet award-winning director Chris Cunningham|accessdate=27 November 2014|date=10 June 2004|publisher=lowculture.com|last=|first=}}</ref><ref name="eonline">{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040815233100/http://www.eonline.com/News/Items/0%2C1%2C14531%2C00.html |url=http://www.eonline.com/News/Items/0,1,14531,00.html |archivedate=15 August 2004 |title=The Björk-"I, Robot" Connection? |accessdate=27 November 2014 |date=16 July 2004 |publisher=[[E! News]] |last=Joal |first=Ryan |deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[E! News]] contacted Cunningham and [[20th Century Fox]]—the studio behind the film—but neither of them returned calls for comment.<ref name="eonline" /> According to Tymon Smith of ''[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]]'', 2015 American film ''[[Chappie (film)|Chappie]]'' "ends with a rip off" of the music video.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2015/03/13/chappie-a-mix-of-hodge-podge-messiness|title='Chappie' a mix of 'hodge-podge messiness'|accessdate=13 March 2015|date=13 March 2015|publisher=''[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]]''|last=Smith|first=Tymon}}</ref> It also was an inspiration for the opening title sequence of the television series [[Westworld (TV series)|Westworld]].<ref>http://www.artofthetitle.com/title/westworld/</ref><ref>https://qz.com/811513/westworlds-uncanny-intricate-opening-credits-sequence-wants-to-disorient-you/</ref>


==Live performances==
==Live performances==
[[File:Björk2001.jpg|thumb|Björk performing at [[Radio City Music Hall]] during her [[Vespertine World Tour]] in 2001.]]
[[File:Björk2001.jpg|thumb|Björk performing at [[Radio City Music Hall]] during her [[Vespertine World Tour]] in 2001.]]
Björk first performed "All Is Full of Love" live in July 1997, playing the whole album for a press conference and presentation concert concerning ''Homogenic'' at the Old Truman Building, an old beer factory in London, wearing a pink dress designed by [[Hussein Chalayan]], which she would later sport in the video for "[[Bachelorette (song)|Bachelorette]]" (1997) and photoshoots.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Maio|first=Luis|date=18 July 1998|title=The Women In Fire|url=http://nsd.dyndns.org/tempest/bjork-homogenic.html |journal= [[Público (Portugal)|Público]]|publisher=|volume= |issue= |pages=|doi= |accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref> The song was part of the set list for her [[Homogenic Tour]], on which Björk embarked with [[Mark Bell (British musician)|Mark Bell]] and Icelandic String Octet from late 1997 to early 1999. "All Is Full of Love" was also performed during the [[Vespertine World Tour]] in 2001, which featured ''Vespertine'' collaborators [[Matmos]] and [[Zeena Parkins]], an Inuit choir, and an orchestra.<ref name="grapewire2001tour">{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123042400/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=123;year=2001#news|url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=123;year=2001|archivedate=23 November 2005|title=Grapewire 2001: Closeup of the tour at hand|date=4 August 2001|accessdate=19 March 2015|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> During the tour, the singer performed in concert halls and opera houses in order to "have the best acoustics possible" and avoid the "appalling acoustics" of stadiums and rock venues.<ref name="grapewire2001tour" /> The track was the most performed of the tour, alongside "Frosti" and "[[Pagan Poetry]]".<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129105307/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=201;year=2001#news|url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=201;year=2001|archivedate=29 November 2005|title=Grapewire 2001: Fun figures on songs sung this year|date=30 December 2001|accessdate=19 March 2015|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> Björk's concert at the [[Royal Opera House]] of 16 December 2001, which included a performance of the song, was broadcast on [[BBC Four]] and released as the DVD ''[[Live at Royal Opera House]]'' in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129155600/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=212;year=2002#news|url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=212;year=2002|archivedate=29 November 2005|title=Grapewire 2002: Royal Opera House Concert Broadcast in March|date=19 January 2002|accessdate=19 March 2015|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127234845/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=270;year=2002#news|url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=270;year=2002|archivedate=27 November 2005|title=Grapewire 2002: The Royal Concert Release on DVD|date=6 June 2002|accessdate=19 March 2015|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> A live version of the track can also be found on the tour documentary DVD ''[[Minuscule (DVD)|Minuscule]]'' of 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123115712/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=447;year=2003#news|url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=447;year=2003|archivedate=23 November 2005|title=Grapewire 2003: Tour peek and Minuscule|date=31 October 2003|accessdate=19 March 2015|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> A Vespertine Tour live version of the song was released through ''Vespertine Live'', a live album of the tour included in the box set ''[[Live Box]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129145240/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=394;year=2003#news|url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=394;year=2003|archivedate=29 November 2005|title=Grapewire 2003: DVD's coming up & Live Box|date=22 May 2003|accessdate=19 March 2015|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref>
Björk first performed "All Is Full of Love" live in July 1997, playing the whole album for a press conference and presentation concert concerning ''Homogenic'' at the Old Truman Building, an old beer factory in London, wearing a pink dress designed by [[Hussein Chalayan]], which she would later sport in the video for "[[Bachelorette (song)|Bachelorette]]" (1997) and photoshoots.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Maio|first=Luis|date=18 July 1998|title=The Women In Fire|url=http://nsd.dyndns.org/tempest/bjork-homogenic.html |journal= [[Público (Portugal)|Público]]|publisher=|volume= |issue= |pages=|doi= |accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref> The song was part of the set list for her [[Homogenic Tour]], on which Björk embarked with [[Mark Bell (British musician)|Mark Bell]] and Icelandic String Octet from late 1997 to early 1999. "All Is Full of Love" was also performed during the [[Vespertine World Tour]] in 2001, which featured ''Vespertine'' collaborators [[Matmos]] and [[Zeena Parkins]], an Inuit choir, and an orchestra.<ref name="grapewire2001tour">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123042400/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=123%3Byear%3D2001 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=123;year=2001 |archivedate=23 November 2005 |title=Grapewire 2001: Closeup of the tour at hand |date=4 August 2001 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> During the tour, the singer performed in concert halls and opera houses in order to "have the best acoustics possible" and avoid the "appalling acoustics" of stadiums and rock venues.<ref name="grapewire2001tour" /> The track was the most performed of the tour, alongside "Frosti" and "[[Pagan Poetry]]".<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129105307/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=201%3Byear%3D2001 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=201;year=2001 |archivedate=29 November 2005 |title=Grapewire 2001: Fun figures on songs sung this year |date=30 December 2001 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> Björk's concert at the [[Royal Opera House]] of 16 December 2001, which included a performance of the song, was broadcast on [[BBC Four]] and released as the DVD ''[[Live at Royal Opera House]]'' in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129155600/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=212%3Byear%3D2002 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=212;year=2002 |archivedate=29 November 2005 |title=Grapewire 2002: Royal Opera House Concert Broadcast in March |date=19 January 2002 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127234845/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=270%3Byear%3D2002 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=270;year=2002 |archivedate=27 November 2005 |title=Grapewire 2002: The Royal Concert Release on DVD |date=6 June 2002 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> A live version of the track can also be found on the tour documentary DVD ''[[Minuscule (DVD)|Minuscule]]'' of 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123115712/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=447%3Byear%3D2003 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=447;year=2003 |archivedate=23 November 2005 |title=Grapewire 2003: Tour peek and Minuscule |date=31 October 2003 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> A Vespertine Tour live version of the song was released through ''Vespertine Live'', a live album of the tour included in the box set ''[[Live Box]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129145240/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=394%3Byear%3D2003 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=394;year=2003 |archivedate=29 November 2005 |title=Grapewire 2003: DVD's coming up & Live Box |date=22 May 2003 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref>


The [[Headliner (performances)|headliner]] of the 2002 [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival]], Björk opened the set with the track, wearing a white [[Comme des Garçons]] dress.<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426102620/http://www.bjork.com/facts/gigography/details/02-04-27/index.htm|url=http://www.bjork.com/facts/gigography/details/02-04-27/index.htm|archivedate=26 April 2006|title=gigOgraphy: 2002: Coachella Festival 2002|accessdate=20 March 2015|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> This performance was included on the 2006 video documentary ''Coachella''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0001026283|title=Coachella [DVD]|publisher=AllMusic|access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref> The song was also part of the set list of the [[Greatest Hits Tour (Björk)|Greatest Hits Tour]] (2003),<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618205054/http://bjork.com/facts/gigography/2003.htm|url=http://bjork.com/facts/gigography/2003.htm|archivedate=18 June 2006|title=gigOgraphy: 2003|accessdate= 4 December 2014|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> which once again featured the Icelandic String Octet, but with the addition of Vespertine World Tour collaborators Matmos and Zeena Parkins.<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918131114/http://bjork.com/news/?id=379;year=2003#news|url=http://bjork.com/news/?id=379;year=2003|archivedate=18 September 2010|title=Grapewire 2003: Björk&Matmos&Zeena&Octet&nbsp;– Live in concert|date=20 May 2003|accessdate= 4 December 2014|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> It was one of the most played songs of the tour.<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123115507/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=440;year=2003#news|url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=440;year=2003|archivedate=23 November 2005|title=Grapewire 2003: Fun figures on songs sung this tour|date=10 October 2003|accessdate=19 March 2015|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> Björk's performance of the song in New York City during the tour was included in the 2005 documentary film ''[[Screaming Masterpiece]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051220082116/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=548;year=2005#news|url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=548;year=2005|archivedate=20 December 2005|title=Grapewire 2005: Inez & Vinoodh show off, Screaming Masterpiece awarded|date=5 October 2005|accessdate=19 March 2015|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> "All Is Full of Love" was also performed during the [[Volta Tour]] (2007–08),<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328064127/http://bjork.com/facts/gigography/volta-summary.htm|url=http://bjork.com/facts/gigography/volta-summary.htm|archivedate=28 March 2010|title=gigOgraphy: Volta Tour summary|accessdate= 4 December 2014|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> a tour she undertook with Mark Bell, [[Jónas Sen]], [[Damian Taylor]], [[Chris Corsano]], and a 10-piece female [[Brass section|brass band]].<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101034632/http://bjork.com/news/?id=624;year=2007#news|url=http://bjork.com/news/?id=624;year=2007|archivedate=1 January 2010|title=News: Volta Concerts Start in Reykjavik|date=11 April 2007|accessdate= 4 December 2014|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> Several of the concerts were part of festivals, including [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival|Coachella]], [[Glastonbury Festival|Glastonbury]], and [[Rock en Seine]], among others. A live performance of the track during the tour was included in the box set ''[[Voltaïc]]'' (2009), specifically the CD ''Songs from the Volta Tour Performed Live at the Olympic Studios''.<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106061856/http://www.bjork.com/special/voltaic/|url=http://www.bjork.com/special/voltaic/|archivedate=6 January 2010|title=Voltaïc|date=2009|accessdate= 4 December 2014|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> The track was also performed a few times during Björk's [[Biophilia Tour]] (2011–13).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bjork.com/#/past/gigography/2013/387|title=gigography|publisher=bjork.com|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref> The song was performed only once on the 2015 [[Vulnicura#Tour|Vulnicura Tour]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bjork played 2 shows at King's Theatre (pics, setlists), showing virtual reality "Stonemilker" vid @ MoMA PS1 & Rough Trade|url=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/bjork-played-2/|date=23 March 2015|accessdate=20 September 2016|publisher=[[BrooklynVegan]]}}</ref>
The [[Headliner (performances)|headliner]] of the 2002 [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival]], Björk opened the set with the track, wearing a white [[Comme des Garçons]] dress.<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426102620/http://www.bjork.com/facts/gigography/details/02-04-27/index.htm|url=http://www.bjork.com/facts/gigography/details/02-04-27/index.htm|archivedate=26 April 2006|title=gigOgraphy: 2002: Coachella Festival 2002|accessdate=20 March 2015|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> This performance was included on the 2006 video documentary ''Coachella''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0001026283|title=Coachella [DVD]|publisher=AllMusic|access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref> The song was also part of the set list of the [[Greatest Hits Tour (Björk)|Greatest Hits Tour]] (2003),<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618205054/http://bjork.com/facts/gigography/2003.htm|url=http://bjork.com/facts/gigography/2003.htm|archivedate=18 June 2006|title=gigOgraphy: 2003|accessdate= 4 December 2014|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> which once again featured the Icelandic String Octet, but with the addition of Vespertine World Tour collaborators Matmos and Zeena Parkins.<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918131114/http://bjork.com/news/?id=379%3Byear%3D2003 |url=http://bjork.com/news/?id=379;year=2003 |archivedate=18 September 2010 |title=Grapewire 2003: Björk&Matmos&Zeena&Octet&nbsp;– Live in concert |date=20 May 2003 |accessdate=4 December 2014 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> It was one of the most played songs of the tour.<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123115507/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=440%3Byear%3D2003 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=440;year=2003 |archivedate=23 November 2005 |title=Grapewire 2003: Fun figures on songs sung this tour |date=10 October 2003 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> Björk's performance of the song in New York City during the tour was included in the 2005 documentary film ''[[Screaming Masterpiece]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051220082116/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=548%3Byear%3D2005 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=548;year=2005 |archivedate=20 December 2005 |title=Grapewire 2005: Inez & Vinoodh show off, Screaming Masterpiece awarded |date=5 October 2005 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> "All Is Full of Love" was also performed during the [[Volta Tour]] (2007–08),<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328064127/http://bjork.com/facts/gigography/volta-summary.htm|url=http://bjork.com/facts/gigography/volta-summary.htm|archivedate=28 March 2010|title=gigOgraphy: Volta Tour summary|accessdate= 4 December 2014|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> a tour she undertook with Mark Bell, [[Jónas Sen]], [[Damian Taylor]], [[Chris Corsano]], and a 10-piece female [[Brass section|brass band]].<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101034632/http://bjork.com/news/?id=624%3Byear%3D2007 |url=http://bjork.com/news/?id=624;year=2007 |archivedate=1 January 2010 |title=News: Volta Concerts Start in Reykjavik |date=11 April 2007 |accessdate=4 December 2014 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> Several of the concerts were part of festivals, including [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival|Coachella]], [[Glastonbury Festival|Glastonbury]], and [[Rock en Seine]], among others. A live performance of the track during the tour was included in the box set ''[[Voltaïc]]'' (2009), specifically the CD ''Songs from the Volta Tour Performed Live at the Olympic Studios''.<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106061856/http://www.bjork.com/special/voltaic/|url=http://www.bjork.com/special/voltaic/|archivedate=6 January 2010|title=Voltaïc|date=2009|accessdate= 4 December 2014|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> The track was also performed a few times during Björk's [[Biophilia Tour]] (2011–13).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bjork.com/#/past/gigography/2013/387 |title=gigography |publisher=bjork.com |accessdate=20 September 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305223747/http://bjork.com/ |archivedate=5 March 2007 }}</ref> The song was performed only once on the 2015 [[Vulnicura#Tour|Vulnicura Tour]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bjork played 2 shows at King's Theatre (pics, setlists), showing virtual reality "Stonemilker" vid @ MoMA PS1 & Rough Trade|url=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/bjork-played-2/|date=23 March 2015|accessdate=20 September 2016|publisher=[[BrooklynVegan]]}}</ref>


==Usage in media and cover versions==
==Usage in media and cover versions==

Revision as of 18:28, 30 June 2017

"All Is Full of Love"
Song

"All Is Full of Love" is a song by Icelandic musician Björk, taken from her third studio album Homogenic. Written by herself, the lyrics are inspired by the presence of love in the advent of spring, and Norse mythology's Ragnarök. The more popular version of the track, the original mix solely produced by Björk, was used in the accompanying music video, but did not appear on the album. The version used for the record is a remix by Howie B and has a minimalist approach, with it placing emphasis on the singer's vocals. The video version features a combination of electronic beats and string instruments. A remix by the German IDM duo Funkstörung was released as a single in the summer of 1998. "All Is Full of Love" subsequently received a full single release in 7 June 1999 to coincide with the premiere of its music video.

While some music critics declared that the song was one of the highlights on Homogenic, the single performed moderately on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 24. In the United States, it became a dance hit. The song and its music video were released two years after the release of the album for artistic merit rather than promotional purposes. "All Is Full of Love" was included as the opening track on compilation album Greatest Hits (2002), whose tracks were selected by fans through a survey. Some regard "All Is Full of Love" as the first DVD single release.

The accompanying music video for the single was directed by Chris Cunningham and depicts the assembling of a robot with Björk's features, and her passionately kissing another robot in front of an ethereal and sterile backdrop. The song's visual garnered acclaim from critics and is commonly regarded as one of the best music videos of all time and a milestone in computer animation. The subject of much analysis and scrutiny, it was on permanent display at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City and has been included in various art exhibitions. Björk has performed "All Is Full of Love" in five of her tours, with the most recent being the Vulnicura Tour. It is one of the singer's most idiosyncratic songs, and has been covered by various artists.

Background and composition

Album version
The album version "[builds] quietly from a warm hexadecimal hum" and "accrues momentum as Björk simultaneously frees herself from the burden of expectation until cascades of shimmering, opal-hued harpsichord notes emerge from a curtain of glimmering white noise".[1]
Video version
The same fragment, but of the video track version. It features an "austere trip-hop production"[2] and richer instrumentation, differing from the ambience of Howie B's version.
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"All Is Full of Love", the closing track of Homogenic, was the album's last song to be written and recorded. Produced by Björk, the original version of the song was replaced "at the last minute" by Howie B's version.[3] It was inspired by the spring while producing the album in Málaga, Spain. After living in the mountains among other people for six months, Björk felt lonely, but a morning walk in April inspired her to write the track. She had a rough winter and then she realized it was spring after she could hear the birds singing. She wrote and recorded the song in half a day.[4]

In keeping with Homogenic's theme as a tribute to Björk's native Iceland, the track was inspired by Icelandic mythology, such as the Ragnarök.[4] The previous track, "Pluto", stands for death and destruction, whereas "All Is Full of Love" stands for a new beginning.[4] Björk also called it a song about "believing in love" and expressed that "love isn't just about two persons. It's everywhere around you. Even if you're not getting love from Person A, it doesn't mean there's not love there."[3] However, she also described it as "taking the piss", considering it the most "sugary song" ever.[3] As the song opposes the rest of Homogenic's "macho" aesthethic, Björk has said it could have been included on Vespertine.[4]

The lyrics begin with a promise of protection and caretaking: "You'll be given love / You'll be taken care of / You'll have to trust it".[5][6] The song moves towards a more reproachful tone as Björk sings, "You just ain't receiving / Your phone is off the hook / Your doors are shut",[5] tempered by the recognition that you have to "twist your head around you" because "love is all around you".[7] This is musically effected by Björk's vocals as she sings the lyric "All is full of love" in counterpoint with herself.[7]

The album version of the track does not have drum accompaniment and portrays an ambient song.[8] It does not have Homogenic's characteristic electronic beats,[9] focusing instead on "[creating] an intimacy between the growing dynamics of the instrumentation and Bjork's impressive vocal abilities."[10] It uses a long reverb, which results in a wash of sound that suggests a very large space suggestive of the "heavenly" environment envisaged by the singer for the track.[11] According to Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine, the song has a soft pulse with intervals that build up to an electronic orchestration of industrial beats.[12] David Browne of Entertainment Weekly called it a "moony lullaby" and compared it to the music of Enya.[13] In his review for Spin, James Hunter wrote that the track is one of the times Björk "dips her toe into the warm lake of tradition" and noted its "rockish minor-key verses traipse off into her gospel."[14]

The video version of the song is a midtempo[15] trip hop ballad with soul influences.[16] In opposition to the sonically minimalist mix included on the album, this version has been described as "lushly produced"[15] and includes "fluttering harps and shivering strings."[16] Reportedly the best known and the most preferred version by Björk's fans and herself, it is further known under the names of "Mark Stent Mix" and "Video Mix".[3]

Release

In August 1998, a 12-inch single of "All Is Full of Love", containing a remix by German IDM duo Funkstörung, was released through FatCat Records as a limited release.[17][18] This remix had been previously distributed as a B-side for "Hunter" (1998),[19] and another remix of the song had been released as a B-side of "Jóga" in 1998.[20] In January 1999, it was announced that the track would be released later that year as a single and that its music video would be shot soon.[18] It was atypical to release a single for promoting an album released two years before, but Björk purposely decided to do this so that the music video was more of a short film than a marketing move.[21] The original release date for the single was 2 May 1999, but was later extended out two weeks to 17 May. To coincide with this announcement, Funkstörung's remix was made available again and an official logo for the release was unveiled.[18]

The music video was released that April, although the premiere of the single was pushed back to June.[18] "All Is Full of Love" was released as two 12-inch singles, two CD singles, a DVD single, and a box set, which included the CD singles and the music video in VHS format.[18] Some publications regard the single as the first DVD single release.[22][23] In the United Kingdom, it was also made available as two different promotional singles in 1999, and as two VHS singles.[24] B-sides include remixes by μ-Ziq, Funkstörung, Plaid, Guy Sigsworth, Mark Stent and Howie B.[24] The single's artwork consists of shots from the music video and features the official logo, which can be seen in the video as well. The song was also included as the opening track of the singer's 2002 compilation album Greatest Hits, whose songs were selected by fans through a survey, in which the single was the second most voted song, coming after "Hyperballad" (1996).[25]

Critical reception

Both versions of "All Is Full of Love" received acclaim from music critics. In a review for Homogenic, Phares from AllMusic described the track as a "reassuring finale".[26] Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine called it a "sublime rebirth",[12] and Tiny Mix Tapes commented that "the album ends on an optimistic note" with the "exquisite" song.[27] In a retrospective review, Music Tech described the song as "hauntingly-beautiful."[28] Entertainment Weekly's David Browne was less enthusiastic, considering it "the weakest track" of the album.[13]

In a review for the DVD single, Alex Castle of IGN gave the music a score of 9 out of 10, writing "the thing sounds fantastic" and that the song is "pretty good". However, he admitted that he "would probably not have been particularly impressed" if he hadn't seen the music video.[15] James Oldham of NME described it as "magnificent, sultry, pneumatic trip-soul ballad, which gently blooms into a magical garden of fluttering harps and shivering strings." He also added that the track "is no mere soundtrack" for the video.[16] AllMusic's Heather Phares gave the DVD single four out of five stars, considering it "a necessary addition to the collections of dedicated Bjork fans".[29] Douglas Wolk of CMJ New Music Monthly also gave the single a positive review, commending its B-sides and writing it "was hardly the most striking piece at the time—but the tune turns out to have been something of a sleeper."[30]

Recognition

Norwegian magazine Panorama ranked "All Is Full of Love" at number four on its list of Singles of the Year.[31] Blender included the track on two lists: "Standout Tracks from the 500 CDs You Must Own" and "The 1001 Greatest Songs to Download Right Now!", both published in 2003.[31] The staff members of Slant Magazine placed "All Is Full of Love" at number 59 on their list of "The 100 Best Singles of the 1990s", writing: "Though it has been as oft-remixed as any other Björk single from the landmark Homogenic set, no version quite achieves the ethereal effect that the album mix of the song does. Coming off the tail-end of "Pluto," a sonic threnody for a suicidal fan, Björk's open-source, beat-free echo chamber is both absolution and resurrection".[1] The track was also included on Quintessence Editions' "1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die: And 10,001 You Must Download".[32]

Music video

Background and development

The music video for "All Is Full of Love" was directed by Chris Cunningham. Björk was impressed by Cunningham's original music videos for IDM musicians Autechre, Squarepusher, and Aphex Twin, and by his clear lines, science fiction inclinations, and discordant imagery.[33] This resulted in the singer contacting him to meet at his London office; she brought Chinese Kama Sutra as an guide to what she wanted.[4] Cunningham had also associated the track with sex upon hearing it, but could not figure out how to make the video explicit yet broadcastable.[4] Regarding this, the singer confessed, "I think the only thing I said was that I thought it was very white [...] and I'm trying to describe some sort of a heaven. But I wanted also to have the other level there, there would be lust, it wouldn't be just clean". She complemented saying she mentioned that the video should be "white" and "frozen", and then it "melts because of love" and "making love".[21]

A drawing of a cyborg smiling and of two robots kissing
Concept art by Chris Cunningham. Initially, the two protagonist robots would unfold like a flower as they mated, but the team could not manage to materialize this thought.

When Cunningham first heard the track, he wrote down the words "milk", "sexual", "surgery", and "white porcelain"; they outline what would become the music video. Concerning this, Cunningham added that it was like Karma Sutra meeting Industrial Robotics and that because of the surreal nature of the images, they could be "sexually suggestive" as they liked.[34] Initially, it was planned that during the visual's ending, the robots would unfold like a flower as they mated, revealing an abstract life form made from the two artificial forms.[34] However, the team could not manage to materialize this thought.[4]

The robots were designed by Cunningham and were built in full-size by Paul Catling — who had also sculpted the masks for Aphex Twin's "Windowlicker" (1999) — in clay in two hours. He also worked with Julian Caldow in set design, which was created by Chris Oddy.[4] The treatment described the set as an "elegant" and "white environment" with "a Japanese feel to it".[4] However, the music video's director was dissatisfied with the result and relied heavily on post-production. On the shoot they were used two main robot arms, but during its post production, a third and fourth robot arm were created in computer-generated imagery.[4]

The video was shot at Bray Studios and Greenford Studios, and post-production was handled by Glasswork using the software programs Softimage and Flame. Cunningham said that every shot in the clip had four layers. He reportedly first shot the set and the props doing nothing for about 21 seconds, and then removed the robot and replaced it with Björk, who had her face painted white and wore a blue suit. Using a mix of the master shot and a live feed of Björk in frame, the production team tried to match up her face and the robot body as much as possible.[34] Only the singer's eyes and mouth were used, with the rest of the robot representing 3D animation traced from her real head.[4] Cunningham has described the filming process as an unpleasant experience:

I always think that my strength is [...] sculpting stuff up in [post-production] and then, a lot of the time things are pretty ramshackle while they're shot. And I think that with the video that was the most extreme example of that, I mean it really was a disaster [...] In the Avid, looking at this stuff, it just looked awful and I actually had a panic attack when I went to the telecine to look at the rushes. I just thought "this is a fucking disaster, [...] so cheap and nasty. At it was only when Glassworks started doing the computer graphics that [...] I started to realise how the video was gonna be made completely with the computer graphic addition.[21]

Björk left Cunningham alone to work for the video, refusing to see the product until it was finished, explaining that "when you come across someone as special as Chris you just go humble", which Cunningham said made the work much easier.[34]

Synopsis

A screenshot from the music video
In the music video's climax, the two robots passionately kiss, contrasting with the ethereal sterility of the room and the rendered movements of the machines.[35]

The video begins with a journey through a dark environment wrought with cables and a faint pulsating light. The sequence has been described as "womb-like, voyeuristic, as if the black box of technology is about to open up".[36] The camera follows these cables to an ethereal, white room where a robot with Björk's features lies in a fetal position. As the room lightens up, two mechanical arms begin to assemble the robot, which opens its eyes and begins to sing the song. Pistons pumping white fluids, as well as drilling and penetrative motions are seen, featuring a "clear" sexual subtext.[37]

Now sitting upright, the robot looks up to see another robotic Björk as the machines stop the assembly. It smiles and extends its hand to the sitting robot, joining in the song. In the climax of the video,[35] the robots passionately kiss and embrace while the machines assemble their backs and light comes and goes. The images of the kissing robots are interposed with shots of white fluid washing over robotic parts and the mechanical arms assembling them. According to the Institute for the Unstable Media, "as the music fades and the pulsating beat becomes more dominant, we are once again drawn in the womb-like dark space, making it clear to us that we sampled a glimpse of a black-boxed kingdom".[36]

Reception

The music video was greeted with widespread critical acclaim. Music journalist Mark Pytlik wrote the visual "marked an unquestionable creative apex for Björk's visual work, a perfect synthesis of form and content".[33] IGN gave the video a score of 9/10, writing it is an "utterly gorgeous sight to behold" and "just about perfect".[15] Time's Craig Duff called it a milestone in computer animation and stated that "no robot had expressed the sensuality that director Chris Cunningham imbues in a Björk-bot in the video".[6] MusicRadar considered the music video to be "one of the most visually striking promos of Björk's career."[38] NME also praised the "All Is Full of Love" clip as one of Björk's best, and particularly commended the wide angle shot of the cyborgs kissing as the chorus kicks in.[39] Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine dubbed it "the perfect pre-millennial precursor to our current gadget-assisted culture of self-love" and also wrote, "When it was released, I thought it looked cool and stressed the importance of loving yourself. Now I think it's a terrifying and sealed-off nightmare wherein you find out that you are the only person who will ever love you."[40] Writing for Pitchfork Media, Scott Plagenhoef considered that "the strongest single images from any video of the 1990s come from [the clip]", also calling it "strange and moving".[41] CMJ New Music Monthly's Douglas Wolk called the video "magnificent" and praised it for "[bringing] out the beauty of the song".[30]

Recognition and legacy

Replicas of the music video's robots on the Björk retrospective at MoMA, New York City.

The music video has won various awards and accolades. It won the Jury Prize at ArtFutura Festival of 1999,[42] Best Video in the 2000 Fantasporto,[43] Best Video at the 2000 Australian Effects and Animation Festival and Best Art Direction in a Video and Best Special Effects in a Video at the Music Week Awards.[34] Other awards received at festivals include the second place of the Prix PIXEL-INA Best Script in the 2000 Imagina,[44] and the music video award at the London Effects and Animation Festival.[34] At the D&AD Awards, the video was awarded prizes in Video Direction, Cinematography, Animation, and Special Effects.[45] Furthermore, at the MVPA Awards, Cunningham received the award for Best Direction of a Female Artist in a Music Video.[46] Björk won two awards at the MTV Video Music Awards in 2000: Breakthrough Video and Best Special Effects in a Video.[47] The music video also received the Best Special Effects in a Music Video and Best 3D Animation Music Video during the 2000 International Monitor Awards.[34] Particularly, the visual won various nominations: Best Video at the 1999 Ericcson Muzik Awards,[34] Best Short Form Music Video at the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards,[48] and Best Alternative Video, Best Cinematography, and Best Editing in a Video at the 2000 Music Week Awards.[34]

In 2008, MTV2 ranked the music video as number one on their list "Greatest Music Videos Ever".[49] In 2011, "All Is Full of Love" was placed at number 14 in MusicRadar's list of the 30 best music videos of all time,[38] and was placed in Time's list of The 30 All-TIME Best Music Videos.[6] The video was also listed as the fifth-greatest of all time by NME,[39] and the ninth top music video of the decade by Pitchfork Media.[41] In addition, "All Is Full of Love" has been included in various art exhibitions and museums, including DEAF04 Exhibition in the V2_Institute for the Unstable Media in Rotterdam,[36] Chris Cunningham in MoMA PS1 in New York City,[50] the 49th Venice Biennale,[51] While Interwoven Echoes Drip into a Hybrid Body – an Exhibition about Sound, Performance and Sculpture in the Migros Museum für Gegenwartskunst in Zürich,[52] and This Is Not a Love Song in La Virreina Centre de la Imatge in Barcelona.[53] The music video was also on permanent exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.[54]

Chris Cunningham served as a model for a character in the novel Pattern Recognition (2003) by William Gibson, in which a fictitious music video director who puts "robot girls in his video" makes a clip characterized by the following words: "No sci-fi kitsch for Damien. Dreamlike things in the dawn half-light, their small breasts gleaming, white plastic shining faints as old marble", as a reference to "All Is Full of Love".[55] In 2004, similarities were noted between the design of the robots in the music video and those in the film I, Robot, raising accusations of plagiarism by fans.[56][57] E! News contacted Cunningham and 20th Century Fox—the studio behind the film—but neither of them returned calls for comment.[57] According to Tymon Smith of The Times, 2015 American film Chappie "ends with a rip off" of the music video.[58] It also was an inspiration for the opening title sequence of the television series Westworld.[59][60]

Live performances

Björk performing at Radio City Music Hall during her Vespertine World Tour in 2001.

Björk first performed "All Is Full of Love" live in July 1997, playing the whole album for a press conference and presentation concert concerning Homogenic at the Old Truman Building, an old beer factory in London, wearing a pink dress designed by Hussein Chalayan, which she would later sport in the video for "Bachelorette" (1997) and photoshoots.[61] The song was part of the set list for her Homogenic Tour, on which Björk embarked with Mark Bell and Icelandic String Octet from late 1997 to early 1999. "All Is Full of Love" was also performed during the Vespertine World Tour in 2001, which featured Vespertine collaborators Matmos and Zeena Parkins, an Inuit choir, and an orchestra.[62] During the tour, the singer performed in concert halls and opera houses in order to "have the best acoustics possible" and avoid the "appalling acoustics" of stadiums and rock venues.[62] The track was the most performed of the tour, alongside "Frosti" and "Pagan Poetry".[63] Björk's concert at the Royal Opera House of 16 December 2001, which included a performance of the song, was broadcast on BBC Four and released as the DVD Live at Royal Opera House in 2002.[64][65] A live version of the track can also be found on the tour documentary DVD Minuscule of 2003.[66] A Vespertine Tour live version of the song was released through Vespertine Live, a live album of the tour included in the box set Live Box (2003).[67]

The headliner of the 2002 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, Björk opened the set with the track, wearing a white Comme des Garçons dress.[68] This performance was included on the 2006 video documentary Coachella.[69] The song was also part of the set list of the Greatest Hits Tour (2003),[70] which once again featured the Icelandic String Octet, but with the addition of Vespertine World Tour collaborators Matmos and Zeena Parkins.[71] It was one of the most played songs of the tour.[72] Björk's performance of the song in New York City during the tour was included in the 2005 documentary film Screaming Masterpiece.[73] "All Is Full of Love" was also performed during the Volta Tour (2007–08),[74] a tour she undertook with Mark Bell, Jónas Sen, Damian Taylor, Chris Corsano, and a 10-piece female brass band.[75] Several of the concerts were part of festivals, including Coachella, Glastonbury, and Rock en Seine, among others. A live performance of the track during the tour was included in the box set Voltaïc (2009), specifically the CD Songs from the Volta Tour Performed Live at the Olympic Studios.[76] The track was also performed a few times during Björk's Biophilia Tour (2011–13).[77] The song was performed only once on the 2015 Vulnicura Tour.[78]

Usage in media and cover versions

"All Is Full of Love" was used in the 1999 film Stigmata, directed by Rupert Wainwright. It was subsequently included on the official soundtrack, Stigmata: Music From The MGM Motion Picture Soundtrack.[79] The Funkstörung mix of the song was also included on the soundtrack for the 2000 Christopher Nolan film, Memento.[80] The track was further used for the 1998 French film Those Who Love Me Can Take the Train, directed by Patrice Chéreau.[81]

In 2001, American indie rock band The Microphones covered the song and added it on their 2001 studio album, Blood.[82] "All Is Full of Love" was also covered by Death Cab for Cutie and was released on their 2002 The Stability EP.[8] The Vitamin String Quartet, a musical group widely known for its series of tributes to popular music acts, covered the track as part of their 2005 tribute to the singer entitled, Violently: The String Quartet Tribute To Bjork.[83] The song was also sampled in Kerli's "Love Is Dead" from her 2008 album of the same name.[84]

Track listings

Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from the liner notes of Homogenic and the single's physical release.[92][93]

Charts

The song performed moderately on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 24.[94] In the United States, it became a hit on the Dance/Electronic Singles Sales chart, reaching number eight.[95]

Chart (1999) Peak
position
UK Singles (OCC)[94] 24
US Dance/Electronic Singles Sales (Billboard)[95] 8

References

Notes
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Bibliography
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