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{{distinguish|The College of New Jersey}}
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{{Use American English|date=April 2016}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Princeton University
| image = Princeton shield.svg
| image_size = 140px
| caption =
| latin_name = Universitas Princetoniensis
| motto = {{lang|la|Dei Sub Numine Viget}} ([[Latin]])<ref name="motto"/>
| mottoeng = Under God's Power She Flourishes<ref name="motto">{{cite book |url=https://www.princeton.edu/pub/profile/PU-profile-2015-16.pdf |title=Princeton Profile |edition=2015-16 |publisher=Princeton |access-date=October 12, 2015 }}{{self-published source|date=October 2015}}</ref>
| established = 1746
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| endowment = $23.8 billion (2017)<ref>As of October 9, 2017. {{cite web |url=https://www.princeton.edu/news/2017/10/09/princeton-endowment-earns-125-percent-return|title=Princeton endowment earns 12.5 percent return|publisher=Princeton University |year=2017}}</ref>
| president = [[Christopher L. Eisgruber]]
| students = 8,181 (Fall 2016)<ref name=CDS>{{cite web |url=https://registrar.princeton.edu/university_enrollment_sta/CDS_2016-2017.pdf |publisher=Princeton University |title=Common Data Set 2016-2017}}</ref>
| undergrad = 5,400 (Fall 2016)<ref name=CDS/>
| postgrad = 2,781 (Fall 2016)<ref name=CDS/>
| faculty = 1,238<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.princeton.edu/main/about/facts/ |title=Facts & Figures |publisher=Princeton University |access-date=March 10, 2017}}</ref>
| staff = 1,103
| city = [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]]
| state = [[New Jersey]]
| country = [[United States|U.S.]]
| coor = {{coord|40.343|-74.657|region:US-NJ_type:edu|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{cite gnis|879497|Princeton University}}</ref>
| campus = [[Suburb]]an, [[college town]] {{convert|500|acre|km2}}<br />(Princeton)<ref name="motto"/>
| former_names = College of New Jersey<br /><small>(1746–1896)</small>
| sporting_affiliations = [[NCAA Division I]]<br />[[Ivy League|Ivy&nbsp;League]], [[ECAC Hockey]], [[Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges|EARC]], [[Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association|EIVA]]<br />[[Middle Atlantic Intercollegiate Sailing Association|MAISA]]
| colors = Orange and Black<ref>{{cite manual|title=Guide to Princeton University's Graphic Identity|url=http://trademrk.princeton.edu/secure/uisg/UniversitySG.pdf#page=12|publisher=Princeton University Trademark Licensing|date=December 15, 2010|accessdate=March 14, 2017}}</ref><br />{{color box|#EE7F2D}}&nbsp;{{color box|#000000}}
| athletics_nickname = [[Princeton Tigers|Tigers]]
| academic_affiliations = [[Association of American Universities|AAU]]<br />[[Universities Research Association|URA]]<br />[[National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities|NAICU]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naicu.edu/member_center/members.asp |title=Member Directory |publisher=NAICU |at=P (list by institution) |access-date=October 12, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109231238/http://www.naicu.edu/member_center/members.asp |archivedate=November 9, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
| website = {{URL|princeton.edu}}
| logo = Princeton logo.svg
| logo_size = 250
}}
'''Princeton University ''' is a [[private university|private]] [[Ivy League]] [[Doctoral university|research university]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], [[New Jersey]]. Founded in 1746 in [[Elizabeth, New Jersey|Elizabeth]] as the {{anchor|College of New Jersey}} College of New Jersey, Princeton is the [[List of Colonial Colleges|fourth-oldest institution]] of [[higher education in the United States]] and one of the nine [[colonial colleges]] chartered before the [[American Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.princeton.edu/pr/facts/revolution.html |title=Princeton in the American Revolution| publisher =Princeton University, Office of Communications |accessdate=May 7, 2007 | quote = the fourth college to be established in British North America.}}</ref>{{Efn | name=founding | Princeton is the fourth institution of higher learning to obtain a collegiate charter, conduct classes, or grant degrees, based upon dates that do not seem to be in dispute. Princeton and the [[University of Pennsylvania]] both claim the fourth oldest founding date and the University of Pennsylvania once claimed 1749 as its founding date, making it fifth oldest, but in 1899 its trustees adopted a resolution which asserted 1740 as the founding date.<ref>{{Citation | publisher = [[University of Pennsylvania]] | url = http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0902/thomas.html | title = Building Penn's Brand | newspaper = Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/older.shtml |type=FAQ |title=Princeton vs. Penn: Which is the Older Institution? |publisher=Princeton |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030319132644/http://www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/older.shtml |archivedate=March 19, 2003 |date=February 5, 2003 }}</ref> To further complicate the comparison of founding dates, a [[Log College]] was operated by [[William Tennent|William]] and [[Gilbert Tennent]], the Presbyterian ministers, in [[Bucks County, Pennsylvania]], from 1726 until 1746 and it was once common to assert a formal connection between it and the College of New Jersey, which would justify Princeton pushing its founding date back to 1726. However, Princeton has never done so and a Princeton historian says that the facts "do not warrant" such an interpretation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Log College |url=http://etcweb1.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/log_college.html |publisher=Princeton |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051117052303/http://etcweb1.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/log_college.html |archivedate=November 17, 2005 |date=1978 }}</ref> [[Columbia University]] was chartered and began collegiate classes in 1754. Columbia considers itself to be the fifth institution of higher learning in the United States, based upon its charter date of 1754 and Penn's charter date of 1755.<ref>{{Citation | title = History | url = http://www.columbia.edu/content/history.html | publisher = Columbia}}</ref>}} The institution moved to [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]] in 1747, then to the current site nine years later, where it was renamed Princeton University in 1896.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.princeton.edu/pr/pub/ph/05/03.htm|title="Princeton's History" — Parent's Handbook, 2005–06 | publisher =Princeton University|date=August 2005 |accessdate=September 20, 2006 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060904214124/http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pub/ph/05/03.htm | archivedate = September 4, 2006}}</ref>

Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the [[humanities]], [[social sciences]], [[natural science]]s and [[engineering]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.princeton.edu/main/about/|title= About Princeton | publisher = Princeton University, Office of Communications| accessdate= January 28, 2010}}</ref> It offers professional degrees through the [[Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs]], the [[Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science|School of Engineering and Applied Science]], the [[Princeton University School of Architecture|School of Architecture]] and the [[Bendheim Center for Finance]]. The university has ties with the [[Institute for Advanced Study]], [[Princeton Theological Seminary]] and the [[Westminster Choir College]] of [[Rider University]].{{Efn | Princeton Theological Seminary and Westminster Choir College maintain [[cross-registration]] programs with the university.}} Princeton has the largest [[List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment|endowment per student]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statisticbrain.com/college-endowment-rankings/|title= College Endowment Rankings | accessdate= April 28, 2013}}</ref> From 2001 to 2018, Princeton University was ranked either first or second among national universities by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'', holding the top spot for 16 of those 18 years.<ref name="dailyprincetonian.com">[http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2010/08/16/26201/ ''The Daily Princetonian'', August 16, 2010.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820034033/http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2010/08/16/26201/ |date=August 20, 2010 }}</ref>

As of 2017, [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation|63 Nobel laureates]], [[List of Fields Medal winners by university affiliation|14 Fields Medalists]] and [[List of Turing Award laureates by university affiliation|10 Turing Award laureates]] have been affiliated with Princeton University as alumni, faculty members or researchers. In addition, Princeton has been associated with 21 [[National Medal of Science]] winners, 5 [[Abel Prize]] winners, 5 [[National Humanities Medal]] recipients, 209 [[Rhodes Scholars]], 139 [[Gates Cambridge Scholarships|Gates Cambridge Scholars]] and 126 [[Marshall Scholars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics|title=Statistics|publisher=}}</ref> Two U.S. Presidents, 12 U.S. Supreme Court Justices (three of whom currently serve on the court) and numerous living billionaires and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princeton's alumni body. Princeton has also graduated many prominent members of the [[U.S. Congress]] and the [[U.S. Cabinet]], including eight Secretaries of State, three Secretaries of Defense and two of the past five Chairs of the [[Federal Reserve]].

==History==
{{main article|History of Princeton University}}
[[File:US 1956 3c Nassau Hall.jpg|thumb|left|A commemorative 3-cent stamp from 1956 celebrating the bicentennial of [[Nassau Hall]]]]

[[The Old Side-New Side Controversy|New Light]] [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]] founded the College of New Jersey in 1746 in order to train ministers.<ref name = Princeton>{{cite web | title = Princeton University 250th Anniversary Celebration Collection|url= http://findingaids.princeton.edu/collections/AC180/#description |work= Library Finding Aids|publisher= Princeton University |accessdate= 11 November 2012}}</ref> The college was the educational and religious capital of Scots-Irish America. In 1754, trustees of the College of New Jersey suggested that, in recognition of Governor [[Jonathan Belcher]]'s interest, Princeton should be named as Belcher College. Belcher replied: "What a name that would be!"<ref>{{cite book|title=Princeton Alumni Weekly |date=1933 |page=487|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uhJbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA487&lpg=PA487&dq=jonathan+belcher++++princeton++what+the+hell+of&source=bl&ots=_0vYwy0gtt&sig=6_AUl6-04_GJUFx8PIDz3_R7hDU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAGoVChMI7NO0-KC9xwIVAx8eCh0Yfwbj#v=onepage&q=jonathan%20belcher%20%20%20%20princeton%20%20what%20the%20hell%20of&f=false}}</ref> In 1756, the college moved to Princeton, New Jersey. Its home in Princeton was [[Nassau Hall]], named for the royal [[House of Orange-Nassau]] of [[William III of England]].

Following the untimely deaths of Princeton's first five [[President of Princeton University|presidents]], [[John Witherspoon]] became president in 1768 and remained in that office until his death in 1794. During his presidency, Witherspoon shifted the college's focus from training ministers to preparing a new generation for leadership in the new American nation. To this end, he tightened academic standards and solicited investment in the college.<ref>{{Citation | first = Jeffry H | last = Morrison | title = John Witherspoon and the Founding of the American Republic | year = 2005}}</ref> Witherspoon's presidency constituted a long period of stability for the college, interrupted by the [[American Revolution]] and particularly the [[Battle of Princeton]], during which British soldiers briefly occupied Nassau Hall; American forces, led by [[George Washington]], fired [[cannon]] on the building to rout them from it.

[[File:John Witherspoon3.jpg|thumb|[[John Witherspoon]], President of the College (1768-94), signer of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]]]

In 1812, the eighth president the College of New Jersey, Ashbel Green (1812–23), helped establish the [[Princeton Theological Seminary]] next door.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/green/|title=Ashbel Green – The Presidents of Princeton University|first=Princeton|last=University|publisher=|accessdate=June 29, 2015}}</ref> The plan to extend the theological curriculum met with "enthusiastic approval on the part of the authorities at the College of New Jersey".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ptsem.edu/index.aspx?menu1_id=2030&menu2_id=2031&id=1264|title=Princeton Theological Seminary|publisher=|accessdate=June 29, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519161941/http://www.ptsem.edu/index.aspx?menu1_id=2030&menu2_id=2031&id=1264|archivedate=May 19, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Today, Princeton University and Princeton Theological Seminary maintain separate institutions with ties that include services such as cross-registration and mutual library access.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/pts.shtml|title=FAQ Princeton Theological Seminary|date=April 24, 2012|accessdate=October 13, 2015|website=Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library|publisher = Princeton|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519161425/http://www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/pts.shtml|archivedate = May 19, 2015}}{{Self-published source|date = October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.princeton.edu/gradschool/academics/exchange|title = Partnerships, Exchanges, and Cross-Registration|date = April 15, 2014 |website = Princeton University Graduate School|publisher = Princeton |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607132452/http://www.princeton.edu/gradschool/academics/exchange|archivedate=June 7, 2014}}{{Self-published source|date = October 2015}}</ref>

Before the construction of Stanhope Hall in 1803, Nassau Hall was the college's sole building. The cornerstone of the building was laid on September 17, 1754.<ref>{{cite book |last=Oberdorfer |first=Don |authorlink=Don Oberdorfer |publisher=Trustees of Princeton University |date=1995 |isbn=0-691-01122-2 |title=Princeton University: The First 250 Years|page=24|edition=First}}</ref> During the summer of 1783, the [[Continental Congress]] met in Nassau Hall, making Princeton the [[United States capital|country's capital]] for four months. Over the centuries and through two redesigns following major fires (1802 and 1855), Nassau Hall's role shifted from an all-purpose building, comprising office, dormitory, library, and classroom space; to classroom space exclusively; to its present role as the administrative center of the University. The class of 1879 donated twin [[lion sculpture]]s that flanked the entrance until 1911, when that same class replaced them with tigers.<ref name=apc-nassau-hall/> Nassau Hall's bell rang after the hall's construction; however, the fire of 1802 melted it. The bell was then recast and melted again in the fire of 1855.<ref name="apc-nassau-hall" />

[[File:Princeton University, 1906.jpg|thumb|left|A Birds-eye view of campus in 1906]]

[[James McCosh]] took office as the college's president in 1868 and lifted the institution out of a low period that had been brought about by the [[American Civil War]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = McCosh, James|last = Leitch|first = Alexander|publisher = Princeton University Press|year = 1978|isbn = 9780691046549|location = Princeton, New Jersey|pages = |url = http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/mccosh_james.html|oclc = 4193433|work = A Princeton Companion}}</ref> During his two decades of service, he overhauled the curriculum, oversaw an expansion of inquiry into the sciences, and supervised the addition of a number of buildings in the [[High Victorian Gothic]] style to the campus.<ref name=":0" /> McCosh Hall is named in his honor.<ref name=apc-nassau-hall />

In 1879, the first thesis for a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] Ph.D. was submitted by James F. Williamson, Class of 1877.

In 1896, the college officially changed its name from the College of New Jersey to Princeton University to honor the town in which it resides.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Armstrong|first1=April|title=When Did the College of New Jersey Change to Princeton University?|url=https://blogs.princeton.edu/mudd/2015/07/when-did-the-college-of-new-jersey-change-to-princeton-university/|website=Mudd Manuscript Library Blog|publisher=Princeton University|accessdate=6 July 2016}}</ref> During this year, the college also underwent large expansion and officially became a university. In 1900, the Graduate School was established.<ref name="chronology">{{cite book |last=Oberdorfer |first=Don |authorlink=Don Oberdorfer |publisher=Trustees of Princeton University |date=1995 |isbn=0-691-01122-2 |title=Princeton University: The First 250 Years|pages=268–269|edition=First|chapter=A Princeton Chronology}}</ref>

In 1902, [[Woodrow Wilson]], graduate of the Class of 1879, was elected the 13th president of the university.<ref name="chronology"/> Under Wilson, Princeton introduced the preceptorial system in 1905, a then-unique concept in the US that augmented the standard lecture method of teaching with a more personal form in which small groups of students, or precepts, could interact with a single instructor, or preceptor, in their field of interest.

[[File:Thomas Mann with Albert Einstein, Princeton 1938.jpg|thumb|[[Albert Einstein]] and [[Thomas Mann]] at Princeton, 1938]]

In 1906, the reservoir [[Lake Carnegie]] was created by [[Andrew Carnegie]].<ref name="chronology"/> A collection of historical photographs of the building of the lake is housed at the [[Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library]] on Princeton's campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://findingaids.princeton.edu/getEad?eadid=AC065&kw=ac065 | archive-url = https://archive.is/20120709045520/http://findingaids.princeton.edu/getEad?eadid=AC065&kw=ac065 | dead-url = yes | archive-date = July 9, 2012 | title = Historical Photograph Collection, Lake Carnegie Construction Photographs, circa 1905–1907 | work = Finding Aids | publisher = Princeton | accessdate = February 19, 2012 }}</ref> On October 2, 1913, the [[Princeton University Graduate College]] was dedicated.<ref name="chronology"/> In 1919 the School of Architecture was established.<ref name="chronology"/> In 1933, [[Albert Einstein]] became a lifetime member of the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] with an office on the Princeton campus. While always independent of the university, the Institute for Advanced Study occupied offices in Jones Hall for 6 years, from its opening in 1933, until their own campus was finished and opened in 1939. This helped start an incorrect impression that it was part of the university, one that has never been completely eradicated.

===Coeducation at Princeton University===
{{main article|Coeducation at Princeton University}}

{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
| align = left
| total_width = 300

| image1 = Michelle Obama official portrait headshot.jpg
| width1 = 300 | height1 = 350
| caption1 = Former [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Michelle Obama]], Class of 1985

| image2 = Sonia Sotomayor in SCOTUS robe.jpg
| width2 = 300 | height2 = 350
| caption2 = [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Justice]] [[Sonia Sotomayor]], Class of 1976

}}

In 1969, Princeton University first admitted women as undergraduates. In 1887, the university actually maintained and staffed a [[sister college]], [[Evelyn College for Women]], in the town of Princeton on Evelyn and Nassau streets. It was closed after roughly a decade of operation. After abortive discussions with [[Sarah Lawrence College]] to relocate the women's college to Princeton and merge it with the University in 1967, the administration decided to admit women and turned to the issue of transforming the school's operations and facilities into a female-friendly campus. The administration had barely finished these plans in April 1969 when the admissions office began mailing out its acceptance letters. Its five-year coeducation plan provided $7.8 million for the development of new facilities that would eventually house and educate 650 women students at Princeton by 1974. Ultimately, 148 women, consisting of 100 freshmen and transfer students of other years, entered Princeton on September 6, 1969 amidst much media attention. Princeton enrolled its first female graduate student, Sabra Follett Meservey, as a PhD candidate in [[Turkish history]] in 1961. A handful of undergraduate women had studied at Princeton from 1963 on, spending their junior year there to study "critical languages" in which Princeton's offerings surpassed those of their home institutions. They were considered regular students for their year on campus, but were not candidates for a Princeton degree.

As a result of a 1979 lawsuit by Sally Frank, [[Eating club (Princeton University)|Princeton's eating clubs]] were required to go coeducational in 1991, after [[Tiger Inn]]'s appeal to the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] was denied.<ref>{{Citation | publisher = Associated Press | title = Princeton Eating Club Loses Bid to Continue Ban on Women | newspaper = The Los Angeles Times | date = January 23, 1991 | page = A4}}</ref> In 1987, the university changed the gendered lyrics of "Old Nassau" to reflect the school's co-educational student body.<ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/01/nyregion/princeton-song-goes-coed.html | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 1987-03-01 | title = Princeton song goes coed}}</ref> In 2009-11, Princeton professor [[Nannerl O. Keohane]] chaired a committee on undergraduate women's leadership at the university, appointed by President [[Shirley M. Tilghman]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S30/05/88Q71/index.xml|title=Princeton University - Presidential committee makes recommendations to strengthen student leadership|publisher=|accessdate=June 29, 2015}}</ref>

==Campus==
[[File:Washington Road Elm Allée (east side).jpg|thumb|The eastern side of the [[Washington Road Elm Allée]], one of the entrances to the campus]]

The main campus sits on about {{convert|500|acre|km2}} in [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]]. In 2011, the main campus was named by [[Travel+Leisure]] as one of the most beautiful in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/americas-most-beautiful-college-campuses/14 |title=America's most beautiful college campuses|work=Travel+Leisure|date= September 2011 |publisher=Travelandleisure.com |accessdate=2014-02-16}}</ref> The James Forrestal Campus is split between nearby [[Plainsboro Township, New Jersey|Plainsboro]] and [[South Brunswick, New Jersey|South Brunswick]]. The University also owns some property in [[West Windsor Township, New Jersey|West Windsor Township]].<ref name="motto"/>{{rp|44}} The campuses are situated about one hour from both New York City and [[Philadelphia]].

The first building on campus was [[Nassau Hall]], completed in 1756 and situated on the northern edge of campus facing Nassau Street.<ref name=apc-nassau-hall>{{cite web |url= http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/nassau_hall.html |title=A Princeton Companion: Nassau Hall | first =Alexander | last = Leitch |publisher = Princeton University Press | year= 1979 |accessdate= Jun 2, 2011}}</ref> The campus expanded steadily around Nassau Hall during the early and middle 19th century.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://etcweb.princeton.edu/Campus/chap2.html | title=Princeton University: An Interactive Campus History. Chapter II: The College Expands: 1802–1846 |publisher=Princeton University |accessdate=Jun 2, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://etcweb.princeton.edu/Campus/chap3.html |title = Princeton University: An Interactive Campus History. Chapter III: Princeton at Mid-Century, 1846–1868 | publisher= Princeton University |accessdate= Jun 2, 2011}}</ref> The [[James McCosh|McCosh]] presidency (1868–88) saw the construction of a number of buildings in the [[High Victorian Gothic]] and [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque Revival]] styles; many of them are now gone, leaving the remaining few to appear out of place.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://etcweb.princeton.edu/Campus/chap4.html | title= Princeton University: An Interactive Campus History. Chapter IV: The McCosh Presidency, 1868–1888 |publisher=Princeton University |accessdate= Jun 2, 2011}}</ref> At the end of the 19th century Princeton adopted the [[Collegiate Gothic]] style for which it is known today.<ref name= pu-aich-chap5>{{cite web | url= http://etcweb.princeton.edu/Campus/chap5.html |title= Princeton University: An Interactive Campus History. Chapter V: The Rise of the Collegiate Gothic |publisher=Princeton University |accessdate=Jun 2, 2011}}</ref> Implemented initially by [[William Appleton Potter]]<ref name=pu-aich-chap5 /> and later enforced by the University's supervising architect, [[Ralph Adams Cram]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://etcweb.princeton.edu/Campus/chap6.html |title=Princeton University: An Interactive Campus History. Chapter VI: Spires and Gargoyles, The Princeton Campus 1900–1917 |publisher=Princeton University |accessdate=Jun 2, 2011}}</ref> the Collegiate Gothic style remained the standard for all new building on the Princeton campus through 1960.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://etcweb.princeton.edu/Campus/chap7.html |title=Princeton University: An Interactive Campus History. Chapter VII: Princeton Between the Wars, 1919–1939 |publisher=Princeton University |accessdate=Jun 2, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://etcweb.princeton.edu/Campus/chap8.html |title=Princeton University: An Interactive Campus History. Chapter VIII: Princeton at Mid-Century: Campus Architecture, 1933–1960 |publisher=Princeton University |accessdate=Jun 2, 2011}}</ref> A flurry of construction in the 1960s produced a number of new buildings on the south side of the main campus, many of which have been poorly received.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://etcweb.princeton.edu/Campus/chap9.html |title=Princeton University: An Interactive Campus History. Chapter IX: The Sixties |publisher=Princeton University |accessdate=Jun 2, 2011}}</ref> Several prominent architects have contributed some more recent additions, including [[Frank Gehry]] (Lewis Library),<ref>{{cite news |author=Lack |url = http://dailyprincetonian.com/news/2008/09/lewis-library-makes-a-grand-debut/|title = Lewis Library makes a grand debut|date = September 11, 2008|newspaper = [[Dly. Princetonian|The Daily Princetonian]]|accessdate = October 16, 2015|first = Kelly}}</ref> [[I. M. Pei]] (Spelman Halls),<ref>{{cite web |last=Leitch |first=Alexander |url=http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/spelman_halls.html |title=A Princeton Companion: Spelman Halls |year=1978 |publisher=Princeton University Press |accessdate=Jun 2, 2011}}</ref> [[Demetri Porphyrios]] ([[Whitman College, Princeton University|Whitman College]], a Collegiate Gothic project),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln.projectview&upload_id=1751 |title=Old is new at Princeton |publisher=''World Architecture News'' |date=Dec 19, 2007 |accessdate=Jun 2, 2011}}</ref> [[Robert Venturi]] ([[Frist Campus Center]], among several others),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.princeton.edu/frist/iconography/q5.shtml |title=Frist Campus Center Iconography |publisher=Princeton University |accessdate=Jun 2, 2011}}</ref> and [[Rafael Viñoly]] ([[Carl Icahn]] Laboratory).<ref>{{cite news |last=Pearson |first=Clifford A. |url=http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/bts/archives/universities/03_CarlIcahn/overview.asp |title=Carl Icahn Laboratory |magazine=Architectural Record |date=Nov 2003 |accessdate=Jun 2, 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Italian Renaissance Princeton, NJ.JPG|thumb|left|[[Alexander Hall (Princeton University)|Alexander Hall]], the main concert hall on campus]]

A group of 20th-century sculptures scattered throughout the campus forms the Putnam Collection of Sculpture. It includes works by [[Alexander Calder]] (''Five Disks: One Empty''), [[Jacob Epstein]] (''Albert Einstein''), [[Henry Moore]] (''[[Oval with Points]]''), [[Isamu Noguchi]] (''White Sun''), and [[Pablo Picasso]] (''Head of a Woman'').<ref>{{cite web |last=Leitch |first=Alexander |url=http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/putnam_collection_sculpture.html |title=A Princeton Companion: Putnam Collection of Sculpture |accessdate=Jun 2, 2011}}</ref> [[Richard Serra]]'s ''[[The Hedgehog and the Fox (sculpture)|The Hedgehog and The Fox]]'' is located between Peyton and Fine halls next to Princeton Stadium and the Lewis Library.<ref>{{cite web|last=Peterson|first=Megan|title=Princeton sculpture enriches beauty and character of campus|url=https://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S30/81/71I92/index.xml?section=featured|work=Princeton University website|accessdate=November 30, 2011}}</ref>

At the southern edge of the campus is [[Lake Carnegie (New Jersey)|Lake Carnegie]], an artificial lake named for [[Andrew Carnegie]]. Carnegie financed the lake's construction in 1906 at the behest of a friend who was a Princeton alumnus.<ref>{{cite web |last=Leitch |first=Alexander |url=http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/carnegie_lake.html |title=A Princeton Companion: Carnegie Lake |year=1978 |accessdate=Jun 2, 2011}}</ref> Carnegie hoped the opportunity to take up rowing would inspire Princeton students to forsake [[American football|football]], which he considered "not gentlemanly."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carnegie/sfeature/p_campus.html |title=The Richest Man in the World: Andrew Carnegie. Philanthropy 101: Scourge of the Campus |publisher=PBS American Experience |accessdate=Jun 2, 2011}}</ref> The Shea Rowing Center on the lake's shore continues to serve as the headquarters for Princeton rowing.<ref name=rowing-recruiting>{{cite web |url=http://crew.princeton.edu/content/recruiting |title=Princeton University Rowing: Recruiting Information |publisher=Princeton University |accessdate=Jun 2, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720031359/http://crew.princeton.edu/content/recruiting |archivedate=July 20, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

===Cannon Green===

[[File:Cannon Green Princeton c1909.jpg|thumb|Cannon Green ca. 1909, with East Pyne, Whig and Clio Halls]]

Buried in the ground at the center of the lawn south of Nassau Hall is the "Big Cannon," which was left in Princeton by British troops as they fled following the [[Battle of Princeton]]. It remained in Princeton until the [[War of 1812]], when it was taken to [[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hageman |first=John Frelinghuysen |title=History of Princeton and Its Institutions |volume=1 |year=1879 |edition=2nd |publisher=J. B. Lippincott & Co. |location=Philadelphia |page=139}}</ref> In 1836 the cannon was returned to Princeton and placed at the eastern end of town. It was removed to the campus under cover of night by Princeton students in 1838 and buried in its current location in 1840.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hageman |first=John Frelinghuysen |title=History of Princeton and Its Institutions |volume=2 |year=1879 |edition=2nd |publisher=J. B. Lippincott & Co. |location=Philadelphia |pages=317–8}}</ref>

A second "Little Cannon" is buried in the lawn in front of nearby [[American Whig-Cliosophic Society|Whig Hall]]. This cannon, which may also have been captured in the Battle of Princeton, was stolen by students of [[Rutgers University]] in 1875. The theft ignited the [[Rutgers-Princeton Cannon War]]. A compromise between the presidents of Princeton and Rutgers ended the war and forced the return of the Little Cannon to Princeton.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hageman |first=John Frelinghuysen |title=History of Princeton and Its Institutions|volume=2|year=1879|edition=2nd|publisher=J. B. Lippincott & Co.|location=[[Philadelphia]]|pages=318–9}}</ref> The protruding cannons are occasionally painted scarlet by Rutgers students who continue the traditional dispute.<ref>{{cite news |author=Carroll |url = http://dailyprincetonian.com/news/2006/10/vandals-spraypaint-campus-rutgers-red/|title = Vandals spraypaint campus Rutgers red|newspaper = [[Dly. Princetonian|The Daily Princetonian]]|date = October 5, 2006|accessdate = October 16, 2015|first = Kate}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.scarletknights.com/trads/tradition.html|title = Official Athletic Site|publisher = CBS Interactive|accessdate = October 16, 2015|website = scarletknights.com|at = The Cannon War|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151002033521/http://www.scarletknights.com/trads/tradition.html|archivedate = October 2, 2015|df = mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dear Mr. Mudd: Whose Cannon Is It?|url=https://blogs.princeton.edu/mudd/2015/11/dear-mr-mudd-whose-cannon-is-it/|website=Mudd Manuscript Library Blog|accessdate=21 December 2015}}</ref>

In years when the Princeton football team beats the teams of both [[Harvard University]] and [[Yale University]] in the same season, Princeton celebrates with a bonfire on Cannon Green. This occurred in 2012, ending a five-year drought. The next bonfire happened on November 24, 2013, and was broadcast live over the Internet.<ref name="2013bonfire">{{cite web |url=https://www.princeton.edu/odus/bonfire/ |title=Bonfire - Office of the Dean of Undergraduate Students - Bonfire |publisher=Princeton.edu |date=2013-11-26 |accessdate=2014-02-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221220421/https://www.princeton.edu/odus/bonfire/ |archivedate=February 21, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

===Buildings===

====Nassau Hall====
{{main article |Nassau Hall}}
[[File:Nassau Hall, Princeton University-LCCN2008679655.tif|thumb|upright=1.3|Nassau Hall (1756) in a 1903 photo, the campus's oldest building, original home of the [[New Jersey Legislature]], and capital of the [[United States]] in the summer of 1783]]

Nassau Hall is the oldest building on campus. Begun in 1754 and completed in 1756,<ref name = apc-nassau-hall /> it was the first seat of the [[New Jersey Legislature]] in 1776,<ref>{{cite news|url = http://dailyprincetonian.com/multimedia/2003/07/nassau-hall-national-history-center-of-campus/|title = Nassau Hall: National history, center of campus|date = July 14, 2003|first = Ryan|last = Bradner|newspaper = [[Dly. Princetonian|The Daily Princetonian]]|accessdate = October 16, 2015|at = In the beginning|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222152929/http://dailyprincetonian.com/multimedia/2003/07/nassau-hall-national-history-center-of-campus/|archivedate = December 22, 2015|df = mdy-all}}</ref> was involved in the battle of Princeton in 1777,<ref name= apc-nassau-hall /> and was the seat of the [[Congress of the Confederation]] (and thus capitol of the United States) from June 30, 1783, to November 4, 1783.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/buildings/section8 |title=Buildings of the Department of State: Nassau Hall, Princeton, NJ | publisher =US State Department |accessdate=Jun 3, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Architecture of Nassau Hall|url=https://blogs.princeton.edu/mudd/2015/06/a-brief-history-of-the-architecture-of-nassau-hall/|website=Mudd Manuscript Library Blog|accessdate=21 December 2015}}</ref> It now houses the office of the university president and other administrative offices, and remains the symbolic center of the campus.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.princeton.edu/~paw/web_exclusives/more/more_18b.html | first = Sean | last = Wilentz |title=Nassau Hall, Princeton, New Jersey |date=May 16, 2001 |accessdate=Jun 3, 2011 |magazine = Princeton Alumni Weekly}}</ref> The front entrance is flanked by two bronze tigers, a gift of the Princeton Class of 1879.<ref name=apc-nassau-hall /> Commencement is held on the front lawn of Nassau Hall in good weather.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.princeton.edu/commencement/ |title= Commencement Information – Overview | publisher =Office of the Vice President & Secretary, Princeton University |accessdate= Jun 3, 2011}}</ref> In 1966, Nassau Hall was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/nj/Mercer/state2.html |title=New Jersey – Mercer County | publisher =National Register of Historic Places |accessdate=Jun 3, 2011}}</ref>

====Residential colleges====
{{refimprove|section|date=October 2017}}<!--4 paragraphs have no citations-->
[[File:Princeton (6035183309).jpg|left|thumb|Holder Hall and tower of [[Rockefeller College]]]]
[[File:Stronghold Princeton University New Jersey USA Jazz-Face Mod.jpg|thumb|Blair Hall, the western portion of which is part of [[Mathey College]]]]
[[File:Walker Hall, Wilson College, Princeton University, Princeton NJ.jpg|thumb|left|Walker Hall, part of [[Wilson College, Princeton University|Wilson College]]]]
[[File:Entrance, Butler College, Princeton University, Princeton NJ.jpg|thumb|[[Butler College]]]]
[[File:Forbes College from College Rd West.jpg|thumb|left|[[Forbes College]] in winter from the golf course]]
[[File:Princeton University Whitman College.JPG|thumb|[[Whitman College, Princeton University|Whitman College]]]]

Princeton has six undergraduate [[residential college]]s, each housing approximately 500 freshmen, sophomores, some juniors and seniors, and a handful of junior and senior [[Resident assistant|resident advisers]]. Each college consists of a set of dormitories, a dining hall, a variety of other amenities—such as study spaces, libraries, performance spaces, and darkrooms—and a collection of administrators and associated faculty. Two colleges, [[Wilson College, Princeton University|Wilson College]] and [[Forbes College, Princeton University|Forbes College]] (formerly Princeton Inn College), date to the 1970s; three others, [[Rockefeller College|Rockefeller]], [[Mathey College|Mathey]], and [[Butler College|Butler]] Colleges, were created in 1983 following the Committee on Undergraduate Residential Life (CURL) report, which suggested the institution of residential colleges as a solution to an allegedly fragmented campus social life. The construction of [[Whitman College, Princeton University|Whitman College]], the university's sixth residential college, was completed in 2007.

Rockefeller and Mathey are located in the northwest corner of the campus; Princeton brochures often feature their Collegiate Gothic architecture. Like most of Princeton's Gothic buildings, they predate the residential college system and were fashioned into colleges from individual dormitories.

Wilson and Butler, located south of the center of the campus, were built in the 1960s. Wilson served as an early experiment in the establishment of the residential college system. Butler, like Rockefeller and Mathey, consisted of a collection of ordinary dorms (called the "New New Quad") before the addition of a dining hall made it a residential college. Widely disliked for their edgy modernist design, including "waffle ceilings", the dormitories on the Butler Quad were demolished in 2007. Butler is now reopened as a four-year residential college, housing both [[Upperclassman|under- and upperclassmen]].

Forbes is located on the site of the historic Princeton Inn, a gracious hotel overlooking the Princeton golf course. The Princeton Inn, originally constructed in 1924, played regular host to important symposia and gatherings of renowned scholars from both the university and the nearby [[Institute for Advanced Study]] for many years.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite book|title = A Princeton Companion|last = Leitch|first = Alexander|publisher = Princeton University Press|year = 1978|isbn = 9780691046549|location = Princeton, New Jersey|chapter = West, Andrew Fleming|oclc = 4193433|chapter-url = http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/west_andrew.html}}{{Self-published inline|date = October 2015}}</ref> Forbes currently houses over 400 undergraduates and a number of resident graduate students in its residential halls.

In 2003, Princeton broke ground for a sixth college named [[Whitman College, Princeton University|Whitman College]] after its principal sponsor, [[Meg Whitman]], who graduated from Princeton in 1977. The new dormitories were constructed in the [[Collegiate Gothic]] architectural style and were designed by architect [[Demetri Porphyrios]]. Construction finished in 2007, and Whitman College was inaugurated as Princeton's sixth residential college that same year.

The precursor of the present college system in America was originally proposed by university president Woodrow Wilson in the early 20th century. For over 800 years, however, the collegiate system had already existed in Britain at Cambridge and Oxford Universities. Wilson's model was much closer to Yale's present system, which features four-year colleges. Lacking the support of the [[Trustees of Princeton University|trustees]], the plan languished until 1968. That year, Wilson College was established to cap a series of alternatives to the eating clubs. Fierce debates raged before the present residential college system emerged. The plan was first attempted at Yale, but the administration was initially uninterested; an exasperated alum, [[Edward Harkness]], finally paid to have the college system implemented at Harvard in the 1920s, leading to the oft-quoted aphorism that the college system is a Princeton idea that was executed at Harvard with funding from Yale.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/TNEQ_a_00090#.VGSgkJOsUk8 |first=Benjamin |last=Sacks |title=Harvard's "Constructed Utopia" and the Culture of Deception: The Expansion toward the Charles River, 1902-1932 |publisher=The New England Quarterly | date= June 2011 | accessdate =November 13, 2014}}</ref>

Princeton has one graduate residential college, known simply as the Graduate College, located beyond Forbes College at the outskirts of campus. The far-flung location of the GC was the spoil of a squabble between Woodrow Wilson and then-Graduate School Dean [[Andrew Fleming West]]. Wilson preferred a central location for the College; West wanted the graduate students as far as possible from the campus. Ultimately, West prevailed.<ref name = "autogenerated1" /> The Graduate College is composed of a large [[Collegiate Gothic]] section crowned by [[Cleveland Tower]], a local landmark that also houses a world-class [[carillon]]. The attached New Graduate College departs in its design from Collegiate Gothic; it is reminiscent of the former dormitories of Butler College, the newest of the five pre-Whitman residential colleges.

====McCarter Theatre====
[[File:McCarter Theater2.JPG|thumb|McCarter Theater]]
{{main article|McCarter Theatre}}

The Tony-award-winning<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.tonyawards.com/p/tonys_search?start=0&year=1994&award=Regional+Theatre+Award&lname=&fname=&show= | title =The American Theatre Wing's Tony Awards – Official Website by IBM |publisher=Tony awards | date= May 1, 2000 |accessdate=February 19, 2012}}</ref> [[McCarter Theatre]] was built by the [[Princeton Triangle Club]], a student performance group, using club profits and a gift from Princeton University alumnus Thomas McCarter. Today, the Triangle Club performs its annual freshmen revue, fall show, and Reunions performances in McCarter. McCarter is also recognized as one of the leading regional theaters in the United States.

====Art Museum====
{{main article|Princeton University Art Museum}}

[[File:Art Museum Princeton.JPG|thumb|left|The Art Museum]]

The [[Princeton University Art Museum]] was established in 1882 to give students direct, intimate, and sustained access to original works of art that complement and enrich instruction and research at the university. This continues to be a primary function, along with serving as a community resource and a destination for national and international visitors.

Numbering over 92,000 objects, the collections range from ancient to contemporary art and concentrate geographically on the [[Mediterranean]] regions, Western Europe, China, the United States, and Latin America. There is a collection of [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[Artifact (archaeology)|antiquities]], including [[ceramics (art)|ceramics]], marbles, bronzes, and Roman mosaics from faculty excavations in [[Antioch]]. [[Medieval]] Europe is represented by sculpture, metalwork, and stained glass. The collection of Western European paintings includes examples from the early [[Renaissance]] through the 19th century, with masterpieces by Monet, Cézanne, and Van Gogh, and features a growing collection of 20th-century and contemporary art, including iconic paintings such as Andy Warhol's Blue Marilyn.

One of the best features of the museums is its collection of Chinese art, with important holdings in bronzes, tomb figurines, painting, and [[calligraphy]]. Its collection of [[pre-Columbian]] art includes examples of Mayan art, and is commonly considered to be the most important collection of pre-Columbian art outside of Latin America. The museum has collections of old master prints and drawings and a comprehensive collection of over 27,000 original photographs. African art and Northwest Coast Indian art are also represented. The Museum also oversees the outdoor Putnam Collection of Sculpture.

====University Chapel====
{{main article|Princeton University Chapel}}

[[File:Pu-chapel-crucifixion.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Crucifixion]] window]]
[[File:Princeton University Chapel 2003.jpg|thumb|Princeton University Chapel]]

The [[Princeton University Chapel]] is located on the north side of campus, near Nassau Street. It was built between 1924 and 1928, at a cost of $2.3 million,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://etcweb.princeton.edu/Campus/text_univchapel.html |first=Sara |last=Bush |title=The University Chapel |publisher=Princeton University | accessdate =Jun 6, 2011}}</ref> approximately ${{inflation|US|2.3|1928|r=1}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}} dollars. Ralph Adams Cram, the University's supervising architect, designed the Chapel, which he viewed as the crown jewel for the Collegiate Gothic motif he had championed for the campus.<ref name = milliner-pip /> At the time of its construction, it was the second largest university chapel in the world, after [[King's College Chapel, Cambridge]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,881074,00.html |title=Religion: Princeton's chapel |magazine=Time |date=Jun 11, 1928 |accessdate=Jun 6, 2011}}</ref> It underwent a two-year, $10 million restoration campaign between 2000 and 2002.<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.princeton.edu/paw/archive_new/PAW01-02/11-0313/features1.html |first=Kathryn Federici |last = Greenwood |title=Features: Chapel gets facelift and a new dean |magazine=Princeton Alumni Weekly |date=Mar 13, 2002}}</ref>

Measured on the exterior, the Chapel is {{convert|277|ft|m|0}} long, {{convert|76|ft|m|0}} wide at its [[transepts]], and {{convert|121|ft|m|0}} high.<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Stillwell |title=The Chapel of Princeton University |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=1971 |page=11 | ref = harv}}</ref> The exterior is [[Pennsylvania]] [[sandstone]], with [[Indiana]] [[limestone]] used for the trim.<ref name=stone-world-2006>{{cite news |first=Michelle |last=Stinnard |title=Restoration secures chapel at Ivy League campus |magazine=Stone World |date=Feb 10, 2006 |url=http://www.stoneworld.com/CDA/Archives/34eb208f75559010VgnVCM100000f932a8c0____ |accessdate=Jun 7, 2011}}</ref> The interior is mostly limestone and [[Aquia Creek sandstone]]. The design evokes an [[Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England|English church of the Middle Ages]].{{Sfn | Stillwell | 1971 | pp = 7–9}} The extensive iconography, in [[stained glass]], stonework, and wood carvings, has the common theme of connecting religion and scholarship.<ref name= milliner-pip>{{cite news |first=Matthew J. |last=Milliner |title=''Primus inter pares'': Albert M. Friend and the argument of the Princeton University Chapel |journal=The Princeton University Library Chronicle |volume=70 | number =3 | pages =470–517 |date=Spring 2009}}</ref>

The Chapel seats almost 2,000.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.princeton.edu/pub/profile/profile200910/attractions/facilities/|publisher = Princeton University|title = Open Facilities – A Princeton Profile|accessdate = Jun 10, 2011}}{{Dead link|date = October 2012<!--based on archive.org-->}}{{Self-published inline|date = October 2015|certain = yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.princeton.edu/~oktour/virtualtour/spanish/Info05-Chapel.htm|title = Chapel Architecture and Features|date = |accessdate = October 16, 2015|website = Orange Key Virtual Tour|publisher = Princeton|last = |first = }}{{Self-published inline|certain = yes|date = October 2015}}</ref> It hosts weekly [[Ecumenicism|ecumenical Christian]] services,<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.princeton.edu/religiouslife/chapel/ |title=University Chapel | publisher =Princeton University Office of Religious Life | accessdate = Jun 7, 2011}}</ref> daily Roman Catholic [[Eucharist in the Catholic Church|mass]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://theaquinasinstitute.blogspot.com/p/schedule.html|title=Schedule and Events|accessdate=Jun 7, 2011|last=The Aquinas Institute|type= blog |website = The Aquinas Institute: Princeton University's Catholic Chaplaincy|publisher = Blogger|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110830185123/http://theaquinasinstitute.blogspot.com/p/schedule.html|archivedate = August 30, 2011|at = Holy Mass Schedule}}
</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Prayer |url = http://princetoncatholic.org/prayer/|website = Princeton University's Catholic Campus Ministry|accessdate = October 17, 2015|publisher = The Aquinas Institute|at = Sacraments}}</ref> and several annual special events.

====Murray-Dodge Hall====
[[File:Murray-Dodge.jpg|thumb|Murray-Dodge Hall]]

Murray-Dodge Hall houses the Office of Religious Life (ORL),<ref>{{Cite web|title = Murray-Dodge Hall|url = http://religiouslife.princeton.edu/people-places/murray-dodge-hall|website = Religious LIfe|accessdate = October 17, 2015|quote = Beginning August 24, 2015, the Office of Religious Life is moving temporarily to Green Hall...while Murray-Dodge Hall is renovated.|publisher = Princeton}}{{Self-published source|date = October 2015}}</ref> the Murray Dodge Theater, the Murray-Dodge Café,<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://religiouslife.princeton.edu/people-places/murray-dodge-caf%C3%A9|title = Office of Religious Life Café|accessdate = October 17, 2015|website = Religious Life|publisher = Princeton University}}{{Self-published source|date = October 2015}}</ref> the Muslim Prayer Room and the Interfaith Prayer Room.<ref>{{cite web|publisher = Princeton University|title = Places of Peace|url = http://religiouslife.princeton.edu/people-places/places-peace |accessdate = October 17, 2015|website = Religious Life}}{{Self-published source|date = October 2015}}</ref> The ORL houses the office of the Dean of Religious Life, [[Alison Boden]],<ref>{{cite web |work = Religious LIfe|title = Deans of Religious Life|url = http://religiouslife.princeton.edu/people-places/deans-religious-life|publisher = Princeton|accessdate = October 17, 2015}}{{Self-published source|date = October 2015}}</ref> and a number of university chaplains, including the country's first Hindu chaplain, Vineet Chander; and one of the country's first Muslim chaplains, [[Sohaib Sultan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hindu and Muslim life coordinators named|url=https://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S21/75/14I60/index.xml?section=newsreleases|work=Princeton University News|accessdate=15 February 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104200342/http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S21/75/14I60/index.xml?section=newsreleases|archivedate=November 4, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

====Apartment facilities====
Princeton university has several apartment facilities for graduate students and their dependents. They are Lakeside Apartments, Lawrence Apartments, and Stanworth Apartments.<ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.princeton.edu/pub/ghcl/apartment/ | title = Apartment housing | publisher = Princeton University | accessdate = February 10, 2012}}</ref>

===Sustainability===
Published in 2008, Princeton's Sustainability Plan highlights three priority areas for the University's Office of Sustainability: reduction of greenhouse gas emissions; conservation of resources; and research, education, and civic engagement.<ref name="Princeton University adopts its Sustainability Plan in February 2008">{{cite web |title = Princeton University adopts its Sustainability Plan in February 2008|publisher = Princeton University|url = https://www.princeton.edu/sustainability/plan/|accessdate = June 8, 2009|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081115032109/http://www.princeton.edu/sustainability/plan/|archivedate = November 15, 2008|website = Sustainability at Princeton}}{{Self-published inline|date = October 2015|certain = yes}}</ref> Princeton has committed to reducing its carbon dioxide emissions to 1990 levels by 2020,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = All Goals and Key Progress|url = http://sustain.princeton.edu/progress/all|website = Sustainability at Princeton|accessdate = October 17, 2015|at = |publisher = Princeton University}}{{Self-published inline|date = October 2015|certain = yes}}</ref>{{Rp|Energy}} without the purchase of [[Carbon offset|offsets]].<ref name="Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions">{{cite web|title=Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions |publisher=Princeton University |url=https://www.princeton.edu/sustainability/plan-in-action/greenhouse-gas-reduction/ |accessdate=June 8, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205062113/http://www.princeton.edu/sustainability/plan-in-action/greenhouse-gas-reduction/ |archivedate=December 5, 2008 }}{{Self-published inline|date = October 2015|certain = yes}}</ref> The University published its first Sustainability Progress Report in November 2009.<ref name="Report on Sustainability 2009">{{cite web |title = Report on Sustainability 2009|publisher = Princeton University|url = https://www.princeton.edu/reports/sustainability2009/|accessdate = April 15, 2010|website = Princeton University Reports|date = October 27, 2010}}</ref> The University has adopted a green purchasing policy and recycling program that focuses on paper products, construction materials, lightbulbs, furniture, and electronics.{{Refimprove inline|date = October 2015}}<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|Purchasing}}<ref name="Green Purchasing at Princeton">{{cite web|title=Green Purchasing at Princeton |publisher=Princeton University |url=https://www.princeton.edu/sustainability/plan-in-action/resource-conservation/purchasing |accessdate=June 8, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224081156/http://www.princeton.edu/sustainability/plan-in-action/resource-conservation/purchasing/ |archivedate=December 24, 2009 }}</ref> Its dining halls have set a goal to purchase 75% sustainable food products by 2015.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|Food}} The student organization "Greening Princeton" seeks to encourage the University administration to adopt environmentally friendly policies on campus.<ref name="Green is the New Orange: Princeton Conserves">{{Cite news|url = http://dailyprincetonian.com/street/2007/03/green-is-the-new-orange-princeton-conserves/|title = Green is the new orange: Princeton conserves|last = Osellame|first = Julia|date = March 29, 2007|work = [[Dly. Princetonian|The Daily Princetonian]]|access-date = October 18, 2015|via = |deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160101104829/http://dailyprincetonian.com/street/2007/03/green-is-the-new-orange-princeton-conserves/|archivedate = January 1, 2016|df = mdy-all}}</ref>

==Organization==
The Trustees of Princeton University, a 40-member board, is responsible for the overall direction of the University. It approves the operating and capital budgets, supervises the investment of the University's endowment and oversees campus real estate and long-range physical planning. The trustees also exercise prior review and approval concerning changes in major policies, such as those in instructional programs and admission, as well as tuition and fees and the hiring of faculty members.

With an endowment of $22.15 billion, Princeton University is among the wealthiest universities in the world. Ranked in 2010 as the [[List of US colleges and universities by endowment|third]] largest endowment in the United States, the university had the greatest per-student endowment in the world (over $2 million for undergraduates) in 2011.<ref name="CNBC">{{cite news |title = Colleges with the Biggest Endowment Per Student|year = 2011|work = CNBC.com|url = https://www.cnbc.com/id/41834274/Colleges_with_the_Biggest_Endowment_Per_Student?slide=11|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130531100005/http://www.cnbc.com/id/41834274/Colleges_with_the_Biggest_Endowment_Per_Student?slide=11|archive-date = May 31, 2013 |others = Praefcke, Andreas (photo credit)}}</ref> Such a significant endowment is sustained through the continued donations of its alumni and is maintained by investment advisers.<ref name="newsweek">{{cite news |title = Endowment Climbs Past $13 Billion|work = [[Dly. Princetonian|The Daily Princetonian]]|url = http://dailyprincetonian.com/news/2006/10/endowment-climbs-past-13-billion/|date = October 27, 2006|first = Jennifer|last = Epstein}}</ref> Some of Princeton's wealth is invested in its art museum, which features works by [[Claude Monet]], [[Vincent van Gogh]], [[Jackson Pollock]], and [[Andy Warhol]] among other prominent artists.

==Academics==

[[File:University Library, Princeton University-LCCN2008679653.tif|thumb|left|East Pyne Hall, home to several departments in the [[humanities]], in a 1903 photo when it served as the University library]]

Undergraduates fulfill general education requirements, choose among a wide variety of elective courses, and pursue departmental concentrations and interdisciplinary certificate programs. Required independent work is a hallmark of undergraduate education at Princeton. Students graduate with either the Bachelor of Arts (A.B.) or the Bachelor of Science in Engineering (B.S.E.).

The [[graduate school]] offers advanced degrees spanning the [[humanities]], [[social sciences]], [[natural sciences]], and engineering. [[Doctorate|Doctoral education]] is available in most disciplines.<ref name="degree programs">{{cite web |url = http://www.princeton.edu/main/academics/departments/|title = Departments & Programs|publisher = Princeton University|accessdate = October 19, 2015|date = October 1, 2015}}{{Self-published source|date = October 2015}}</ref> It emphasizes original and independent scholarship whereas master's degree programs in architecture, engineering, finance, and public affairs and public policy prepare candidates for careers in public life and professional practice.

===Undergraduate===

[[File:McCosh 50 (front).jpg|thumb|McCosh 50, the largest lecture hall on campus]]

Undergraduate courses in the humanities are traditionally either seminars or lectures held 2 or 3 times a week with an additional discussion seminar that is called a "precept." To graduate, all A.B. candidates must complete a senior thesis and, in most departments, one or two extensive pieces of independent research that are known as "junior papers." Juniors in some departments, including architecture and the creative arts, complete independent projects that differ from written research papers. A.B. candidates must also fulfill a three or four semester foreign language requirement and distribution requirements with a total of 31 classes. B.S.E. candidates follow a parallel track with an emphasis on a rigorous science and math curriculum, a computer science requirement, and at least two semesters of independent research including an optional senior thesis. All B.S.E. students must complete at least 36 classes. A.B. candidates typically have more freedom in course selection than B.S.E. candidates because of the fewer number of required classes. Nonetheless, in the spirit of a [[liberal arts]] education, both enjoy a comparatively high degree of latitude in creating a self-structured curriculum.

Undergraduates agree to adhere to an academic integrity policy called the Honor Code, established in 1893. Under the Honor Code, faculty do not proctor examinations; instead, the students proctor one another and must report any suspected violation to an Honor Committee made up of undergraduates. The Committee investigates reported violations and holds a hearing if it is warranted. An acquittal at such a hearing results in the destruction of all records of the hearing; a conviction results in the student's suspension or expulsion.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.princeton.edu/honor/about_us/|title = About Us|publisher = Princeton University|accessdate = October 19, 2015|at = Role of Honor Committee|website = Honor Committee|date = May 19, 2015}}{{Self-published source|date = October 2015}}</ref> The signed pledge required by the Honor Code is so integral to students' academic experience that the [[Princeton Triangle Club]] performs a song about it each fall.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.princeton.edu/studentguide/academics_101/honor_code/|title = Honor Code|publisher = Princeton University|accessdate = June 1, 2011 |website = The Student Guide to Princeton|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100615074938/http://www.princeton.edu/studentguide/academics_101/honor_code/|archivedate = June 15, 2010}}{{Self-published source|date = October 2015}} {{Dead link |date=December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vNf_W6wE68|title = Honor Code|type = YouTube video|year = 2008|others = music and lyrics by Peter Mills|access-date = October 23, 2015}}</ref> Out-of-class exercises fall under the jurisdiction of the Faculty-Student Committee on Discipline.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.princeton.edu/odus/standards/discipline/|title = Committee on Discipline|publisher = Princeton University|accessdate = October 23, 2015|website = ODUS: Office of the Dean of Undergraduate Students|date = August 25, 2015}}{{Self-published source|date = October 2015}}</ref> Undergraduates are expected to sign a pledge on their written work affirming that they have not [[Plagiarism|plagiarized]] the work.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.princeton.edu/pr/pub/integrity/pages/sources/|title = Acknowledging Your Sources|publisher = Princeton University|accessdate = October 23, 2015|date = August 2011|website = Academic Integrity}}{{Self-published source|date = October 2015}}</ref>

====Admissions and financial aid====

{| style="float:right; font-size:85%; margin:10px" "text-align:center; font-size:85%; margin:auto;" class="wikitable"
|+ ''Fall first-year statistics''
|-
! &nbsp;
!2017!! 2016<ref name=CDS/> !! 2015<ref>[https://registrar.princeton.edu/university_enrollment_sta/CDS2015-16.pdf]</ref>!! 2014<ref>[https://registrar.princeton.edu/university_enrollment_sta/common_cds2014.pdf]</ref>!! 2013<ref>[https://registrar.princeton.edu/university_enrollment_sta/common_cds2013.pdf]</ref>
|-align="center"
! Applicants
|31,056
| 29,303 || 27,290 || 26,641 || 26,498
|-align="center"
! Admits
|1,890
| 1,911 || 1,948 || 1,983 || 1,963
|-align="center"
! Admit rate
|6.1%
| 6.5% || 7.1% || 7.4% || 7.4%
|-align="center"
! Enrolled
|1,308
| 1,306 || 1,319 || 1,312 || 1,285
|-align="center"
! SAT range
|
| 2100-2380 || 2100-2380 || 2100-2400 || 2120-2390
|-align="center"
! ACT range
|
| 32-35 || 32-35 || 31-35 || 31-35
|}
[[File:West College Princeton.jpg|thumb|left|Morrison Hall, formerly known as West College, home to the undergraduate admissions office]]

Princeton's undergraduate program is highly selective, admitting 6.1% of undergraduate applicants in the 2016-2017 admissions cycle (for the Class of 2021).<ref name=CDS/> The middle 50% range of [[SAT]] scores were 690-790 for critical reading, 710-800 for math, and 700-790 for writing.<ref name=CDS/> The middle 50% range of the [[ACT (test)|ACT]] Composite score was 32-35.<ref name=CDS/>

In September 2006, the university announced that all applicants for the Class of 2012 would be considered in a single pool, effectively ending the school's [[early decision]] program.<ref>{{cite web |author=Staff |url = https://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S15/86/07G08/|title = Princeton to end early admission|date = September 18, 2006|accessdate = October 25, 2015|publisher = Princeton University}}{{Self-published source|date = October 2015}}</ref> In February 2011, following decisions by the [[University of Virginia]] and [[Harvard University]] to reinstate their early admissions programs, Princeton announced it would institute an [[early action]] program, starting with applicants for the Class of 2016.<ref>{{cite web |author=Staff |url = https://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S29/85/15K32/index.xml|title = Princeton to reinstate early admission program|date = February 24, 2011|accessdate = October 25, 2015 |publisher = Princeton University}}{{Self-published source|date = October 2015}}</ref> In 2011, [[American City Business Journals|''The Business Journal'']] rated Princeton as the most selective college in the Eastern United States in terms of admission selectivity.<ref>{{cite news |author=Thomas |url = http://www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/on-numbers/scott-thomas/2011/12/princeton-is-most-selective-college-in.html|title = Princeton is the most selective college in the Eastern US|publisher = [[Bus. J.|The Business Journal]]|date = December 12, 2011|accessdate = October 25, 2015 |first = G. Scott}}</ref>

In 2001, expanding on earlier reforms, Princeton became the first university to eliminate [[Student loan|loans]] for all students who qualify for [[Student financial aid (United States)|financial aid]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Clark |first=Jane Bennett |url=http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/CollegeAndFamily/CutCollegeCosts/TheBestValuesInPrivateColleges.aspx |title=Private Colleges |date=Nov 9, 2010 |publisher=MSN Money |accessdate=June 1, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227154420/http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/CollegeAndFamily/CutCollegeCosts/TheBestValuesInPrivateColleges.aspx |archivedate=December 27, 2009 }}</ref> All demonstrated need is met with combinations of grants and campus jobs. In addition, all admissions are [[Need-blind admission|need-blind]].<ref name="princeton-in-brief">{{cite web|url = https://www.princeton.edu/pr/admissions/u/brief/faq|title = Questions and Answers|date = April 28, 2009|website = Princeton in Brieif|publisher = Princeton University|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100427020657/http://www.princeton.edu/pr/admissions/u/brief/faq|archivedate = April 27, 2010|at = International Students}}{{Self-published source|date = October 2015}} {{Dead link |date=December 2016}}</ref> ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' and ''[[Princeton Review]]'' both cite Princeton as the university that has the fewest of graduates with debt even though 60% of incoming students are on some type of [[Student financial aid (United States)|financial aid]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/lst_natudoc_brief.php|title=America's Best Colleges 2008: Least Debt: National Universities |work=U.S. News & World Report |year=2008|accessdate=February 10, 2008}}</ref> ''[[Kiplinger]]'' magazine in 2016 ranked Princeton as the best value among private universities, noting that the average graduating debt is $8,557.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kiplinger.com/tool/college/T014-S001-kiplinger-s-best-values-in-private-colleges/index.php?table=prv_univ |title=Kiplinger's Best College Values: Private Universities |work=Kiplinger |date=December 2016}}</ref>

====Grade deflation policy====
[[File:Einstein_classroom.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.8|Room 302 is a lecture hall at [[Frist Campus Center]] restored to its condition when [[Albert Einstein]] taught there]]

In 2004, Nancy Weiss Malkiel, the Dean of the College, implemented a grade deflation policy to curb the number of A-range grades undergraduates received.<ref name="On grade deflation">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2009/12/02/24601/|publisher=''The Daily Princetonian''|title=On grade deflation|year=2009|accessdate=June 24, 2010}}</ref> Malkiel's argument was that an A was beginning to lose its meaning as a larger percentage of the student body received them.<ref name="On grade deflation"/> While the number of A's has indeed decreased under the policy, many argue that this is hurting Princeton students when they apply to jobs or graduate school.<ref name="On grade deflation"/> Malkiel has said that she sent pamphlets to inform institutions about the policy so that they consider Princeton students equally,<ref name="On grade deflation"/> but students argue that Princeton graduates can apply to other institutions that know nothing about it. They argue further that as other schools purposefully inflate their grades,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/22/business/22law.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1277406249-7I3hc765HdqNtR0HmzFjDw|work=New York Times|title=In Law Schools, Grades Go Up, Just Like That|accessdate=June 24, 2010 | first=Catherine | last=Rampell | date=June 21, 2010}}</ref> Princeton students' GPAs will look low by comparison. Further, studies have shown that employers prefer high grades even when they are inflated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bakadesuyo.com/does-obvious-grade-inflation-hurt-students|publisher=Barking up the wrong tree|title=Does Obvious Grade Inflation Hurt Students|year=2010|accessdate=June 24, 2010}}</ref> The policy remained in place even after Malkiel stepped down at the end of the 2010–2011 academic term. The policy deflates grades only relative to their previous levels; indeed, as of 2009, or five years after the policy was instituted, the average graduating GPA saw a marginal decrease, from 3.46 to 3.39.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/31/education/31princeton.html?_r=1|work=New York Times|title=At Princeton University, Grumbling About Grade Deflation|accessdate=January 28, 2011 | first=Lisa | last=Foderaro | date=January 29, 2010}}</ref>

In August 2014, a faculty committee tasked by Dean of the College [[Valerie Smith (academic)|Valerie Smith]] to review the effectiveness of grade deflation found not only that the 35% target was both often misinterpreted as a hard quota and applied inconsistently across departments, but also that grades had begun to decline in 2003, the year before the policy was implemented.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mulvaney|first1=Nicole|title=No more A quotas: Faculty committee recommends Princeton University change its grading policy |url=http://www.nj.com/mercer/index.ssf/2014/08/no_more_a_quotas_faculty_committee_recommends_princeton_university_change_its_grading_policy.html|accessdate=5 June 2015 |work=nj.com|date=7 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S42/45/30C97/index.xml?section=topstories|title=Princeton University - Valerie Smith appointed president of Swarthmore College|website=www.princeton.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-04-29|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316001345/http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S42/45/30C97/index.xml?section=topstories|archivedate=March 16, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The committee concluded that the observed lower grades since 2003 were the result of discussions and increased awareness during and since the implementation of the deflation policy, and not the deflation targets themselves, so recommended removing the numerical targets while charging individual departments with developing consistent standards for grading.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report from the Ad Hoc Committee to Review Policies Regarding Assessment and Grading |url=https://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S40/73/33I92/PU_Grading_Policy_Report_2014_Aug.pdf|accessdate=5 June 2015|date=5 August 2014}}</ref> In October 2014, following a faculty vote, the numerical targets were removed as recommended by the committee.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Windemuth|first1=Anna|title=After faculty vote, grade deflation policy officially dead |url=http://dailyprincetonian.com/news/2014/10/breaking-after-faculty-vote-grade-deflation-policy-officially-dead/|accessdate=5 June 2015|work=The Daily Princetonian|date=6 October 2014}}</ref>

===Graduate===
[[File:ClevelandTowerWatercolor20060829.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Cleveland Tower dominates the skyline of the [[Princeton University Graduate College|Graduate College]]]]

The Graduate School has about 2,600 students in 42 academic departments and programs in social sciences, engineering, natural sciences, and humanities. In 2012–13, it received over 11,000 applications for admission and awarded 319 Ph.D. degrees and 170 final master's degrees. Princeton has no [[medical school]], [[law school]], [[business school]], or [[school of education]]. (A short-lived [[Princeton Law School]] folded in 1852.) It offers professional graduate degrees in architecture, engineering, finance, and public policy, the last through the [[Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs]], founded in 1930 as the School of Public and International Affairs and renamed in 1948 after university president (and U.S. President) [[Woodrow Wilson]].

===Libraries===

[[File:Firestone Library Princeton front.jpg|thumb|left|[[Princeton University Library|Firestone Library]], the largest of Princeton's libraries]]

The [[Princeton University Library]] system houses over eleven million holdings<ref>{{cite web|url=http://firestone.princeton.edu|title=Firestone Library|publisher=Princeton University|accessdate=July 30, 2006}}</ref> including seven million bound volumes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/ala/aboutala/offices/library/libraryfactsheet/alalibraryfactsheet22.cfm |title=The Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing By Volumes Held – ALA Library Fact Sheet Number 22 |publisher=American Library Association |date=May 2009 |accessdate=August 12, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413193236/http://www.ala.org/ala/aboutala/offices/library/libraryfactsheet/alalibraryfactsheet22.cfm |archivedate=April 13, 2009 }}</ref> The main university library, [[Firestone Library]], which houses almost four million volumes, is one of the largest university libraries in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.princeton.edu/studentguide/academics_101/libraries/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110003716/http://www.princeton.edu/studentguide/academics_101/libraries/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=January 10, 2008 |title=Libraries |publisher=Princeton.edu |date=October 27, 2010 |accessdate=February 19, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Additionally, it is among the largest "open stack" libraries in existence. Its collections include the autographed manuscript of [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]'s ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' and [[George F. Kennan]]'s [[Long Telegram]]. In addition to Firestone library, specialized libraries exist for architecture, art and archaeology, East Asian studies, engineering, music, public and international affairs, public policy and university archives, and the sciences. In an effort to expand access, these libraries also subscribe to thousands of electronic resources. In February 2007, Princeton became the 12th major library system to join Google's ambitious project to scan the world's great literary works and make them searchable over the Web.<ref name="NewsMax">"[http://newsmax.com/archives/articles/2007/2/6/90039.shtml Princeton University Joins Google Literature-Scan Project] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130104225739/http://newsmax.com/archives/articles/2007/2/6/90039.shtml |date=January 4, 2013 }}". [[Reuters]], February 6, 2007.</ref>

===Rankings===
{{Infobox US university ranking
| ARWU_W = 6
| ARWU_N = 5
| QS_W = 13
| THES_W = 7
| USNWR_W = 9
| USNWR_NU = 1
| Forbes = 4
| Wamo_NU = 11
}}

{|class="infobox" style="width: 22em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: center;" |
<big>USNWR graduate school rankings</big><ref name="USNWR Grad School Rankings">{{cite web|title=Princeton University - U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings|publisher=''U.S. News & World Report''|accessdate=8 June 2017|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/princeton-university-186131/overall-rankings}}</ref>
|-
| Engineering
| 17
|}

{|class="infobox" style="width: 22em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: center;" |
<big>USNWR departmental rankings</big><ref name="USNWR Grad School Rankings"/>
|-
| Biological Sciences
| 9
|-
| Chemistry
| 15
|-
| Computer Science
| 8
|-
| Earth Sciences
| 11
|-
| Economics
| 1
|-
| English
| 8
|-
| History
| 1
|-
| Mathematics
| 1
|-
| Physics
| 2
|-
| Political Science
| 3
|-
| Psychology
| 8
|-
| Public Affairs
| 4
|-
| Sociology
| 1
|}

From 2001 to 2017, Princeton University was ranked either first or second among national universities by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' (USNWR), holding the top spot for 15 of those 17 years<ref name="dailyprincetonian.com"/> (sole #1 ten times, #1 tied with Harvard five times). Princeton was ranked first in the most recent 2017 ''U.S. News'' rankings, as well as #1 in the 2015, 2016, and 2017 rankings for "best undergraduate teaching."<ref name=USNWR>{{cite web|title=U.S. News Best Colleges Rankings|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/princeton-university-186131/overall-rankings |publisher=''U.S. News & World Report''|accessdate=April 9, 2017}}</ref> In the 2015–16 ''[[Times Higher Education]]'' assessment of the world's greatest universities, Princeton was ranked 6th. In the 2016/17 ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'' it was ranked 11th overall in the world.

In the "America's Top Colleges" rankings by ''[[Forbes]]'' in 2016, Princeton University was ranked third among all national colleges and universities, after holding the number one position for a number of years.

In the 2015 ''U.S. News & World Report'' "Graduate School Rankings", all thirteen of Princeton's doctoral programs evaluated were ranked in their respective top 20, 8 of them in the top 5, and 4 of them in the top spot (Economics, History, Mathematics, Sociology).<ref name=USNWR/>

In ''Princeton Review'''s rankings of "softer" aspects of students' college experience, Princeton University was ranked first in "Students Happy with Financial Aid" and third in "Happiest Students", behind Clemson and Brown.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/07/29/earlyshow/living/parenting/main4301858.shtml?source=mostpop_story | work=CBS News | title=Latest College Rankings List The Greenest | date=July 29, 2008}}</ref>

Princeton was ranked the 360th top college in the United States by Payscale and CollegeNet's Social Mobility Index college rankings.<ref>{{cite web | title =Social Mobility Index | website =Social Mobility Index | publisher = CollegeNet and PayScale| date = 2014| url =http://socialmobilityindex.org/| accessdate = June 5, 2015}}</ref>

Princeton was ranked 7th among 300 Best World Universities in 2011 compiled by [[Human Resources & Labor Review]] (HRLR) on Measurements of World's Top 300 Universities Graduates' Performance .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chasecareer.net/news_detail.php?id=61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511100108/http://www.chasecareer.net/news_detail.php?id=61 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2011-05-11 |title=World Top 300 Universities Alumni Ranking |publisher=Chasecareer.net |date= |accessdate=2012-06-06}}</ref>

Princeton University has an IBM [[BlueGeneL]] supercomputer, called ''Orangena'', which was ranked as the 89th fastest computer in the world in 2005 ([[LINPACK]] performance of 4713 compared to 12250 for other U.S. universities and 280600 for the top-ranked supercomputer, belonging to the [[United States Department of Energy|U.S. Department of Energy]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.top500.org/list/2005/11/100|title=TOP500 Supercomputing Sites|accessdate=June 25, 2006}}</ref>{{update inline|date=November 2012}}

===Institutes===
[[File:Princeton IV.jpg|thumb|The Princeton campus, December 2016.]]
[[File:Princeton III.jpg|thumb|The Princeton campus, December 2016.]]

====Princeton Environmental Institute====
<!-- {{Detail|Princeton Environmental Institute}} 'tis a redirect -->
The Princeton Environmental Institute (PEI) is an "interdisciplinary center of environmental research, education, and outreach" at Princeton University.<ref name=about>{{cite web |url=https://www.princeton.edu/pei/about/|title = About the Princeton Environmental Institute|publisher = Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University|accessdate = May 25, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azimuthproject.org/azimuth/show/Princeton+Environmental+Institute|title = Princeton Environmental Institute|last = Stacey|first = Andrew|date = November 7, 2011 |accessdate = May 25, 2014}}</ref><ref name=ttm>{{cite web|url=http://www.thinktankmap.org/ThinkTankDetails.aspx?ID=117&Lan=en-US&Letter=P|title = Princeton Environmental Institute (PEI) |publisher = Think Tank Map|accessdate = May 25, 2014}}</ref>

PEI was started in 1994.<ref name=about/><ref name=ttm/> About 90 faculty members at Princeton University are affiliated with it.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.princeton.edu/pei/about/people/index.xml?position=1&display=All|title = Directory|publisher = Princeton Environmental Institute|accessdate = May 25, 2014|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140525214420/http://www.princeton.edu/pei/about/people/index.xml?position=1&display=All|archivedate = May 25, 2014|df = mdy-all}}</ref>

=====PEI research centers=====
The Princeton Environmental Institute has the following research centers:<ref name=centers>{{cite web|url=https://www.princeton.edu/pei/research/centers/|title = Research Centers|publisher = Princeton Environmental Institute|accessdate = May 25, 2014}}</ref>
* Carbon Mitigation Initiative (CMI): This is a 15-year-long partnership between PEI and [[British Petroleum]] with the goal of finding solutions to problems related to [[climate change]].<ref name=centers/><ref name=cmi>{{cite web|url=http://cmi.princeton.edu/|title = Carbon Mitigation Initiative|accessdate = May 25, 2014}}</ref> The [[Stabilization Wedge Game]] has been created as part of this initiative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cmi.princeton.edu/wedges/|title = Stabilization Wedges|publisher = Princeton Environmental Institute|accessdate = May 25, 2014}}</ref>
* Center for BioComplexity (CBC)<ref name=centers/><ref name=cbc>{{cite web|url=https://www.princeton.edu/~slevin/cbc/cbc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529015602/http://www.princeton.edu/~slevin/cbc/cbc.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=May 29, 2009|title=Center for BioComplexity|accessdate=May 25, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* [[Cooperative Institute for Climate Science]] (CICS): This is a collaboration with the [[National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration]]'s [[Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory]].<ref name=centers/><ref name=cics>{{Cite web|url=https://www.princeton.edu/cics/|title = Cooperative Institute for Climate Science|accessdate = May 25, 2014}}</ref>
* Energy Systems Analysis Group<ref name=centers/><ref name=esag>{{cite web|url=https://www.princeton.edu/pei/energy/|title = Energy Systems Action Group|accessdate = May 25, 2014}}</ref>
* Grand Challenges<ref name=centers/><ref name=grand-challenges>{{cite web|url=https://www.princeton.edu/grandchallenges/|title = Grand Challenges|accessdate = May 25, 2014}}</ref>

=====PEI reception=====

Scholars from PEI have often been quoted in publications such as the ''[[New York Times]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q="princeton+environmental+institute"+site%3Anytimes.com|title = Google Search results for "princeton environmental institute" on the ''New York Times'' website|accessdate = May 25, 2014}}</ref> and the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=%22princeton+environmental+institute%22+site:wsj.com|title = Google Search results for "princeton environmental institute" on the ''Wall Street Journal'' website|accessdate = May 25, 2014}}</ref>

==Student life and culture==
[[File:Fountainlobster.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Princeton University Band]] [[Caridoid escape reaction|lobstering]] next to [[James FitzGerald (artist)|James FitzGerald]]'s ''Fountain of Freedom'' sculpture at the [[Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs|Woodrow Wilson School]]]]
[[File:Princeton University Fountain.jpg|thumb|A typical fountain at Princeton University]]

University housing is guaranteed to all undergraduates for all four years. More than 98 percent of students live on campus in dormitories.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.princeton.edu/profile/campus-life/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017193259/http://www.princeton.edu/profile/campus-life/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=October 17, 2008 |title=Housing and Dining |publisher=Princeton University |accessdate=June 20, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Freshmen and sophomores must live in [[residential college]]s, while juniors and seniors typically live in designated upperclassman dormitories. The actual dormitories are comparable, but only residential colleges have dining halls. Nonetheless, any undergraduate may purchase a meal plan and eat in a residential college dining hall. Recently, upperclassmen have been given the option of remaining in their college for all four years. Juniors and seniors also have the option of living off-campus, but high rent in the Princeton area encourages almost all students to live in university housing. Undergraduate social life revolves around the residential colleges and a number of coeducational [[Eating club (Princeton University)|eating clubs]], which students may choose to join in the spring of their sophomore year. Eating clubs, which are not officially affiliated with the university, serve as dining halls and communal spaces for their members and also host social events throughout the academic year.

Princeton's six residential colleges host a variety of social events and activities, guest speakers, and trips. The residential colleges also sponsor trips to New York for undergraduates to see ballets, operas, Broadway shows, sports events, and other activities.
The eating clubs, located on Prospect Avenue, are co-ed organizations for upperclassmen. Most upperclassmen eat their meals at one of the eleven eating clubs. Additionally, the clubs serve as evening and weekend social venues for members and guests.

Princeton hosts two [[Model United Nations]] conferences, PMUNC<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pmunc.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050321211627/http://www.pmunc.org/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=March 21, 2005|title=Princeton Model United Nations Conference (PMUNC)|accessdate=June 25, 2006}}</ref> in the fall for high school students and PDI<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princetonirc.org/|title=Princeton Interactive Crisis Simulation (PICSIM)|accessdate=June 25, 2006|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820185207/http://www.picsim.org/|archivedate=August 20, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref> in the spring for college students. It also hosts the Princeton Invitational Speech and Debate tournament each year at the end of November. Princeton also runs Princeton Model Congress, an event that is held once a year in mid-November. The 4-day conference has high school students from around the country as participants.

Although the school's admissions policy is [[need blind]], Princeton, based on the proportion of students who receive Pell Grants, was ranked as a school with little economic diversity among all national universities ranked by ''U.S. News & World Report''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/national-economic-diversity-among-top-ranked-schools |title=Economic Diversity Among All National Universities |accessdate=October 30, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826131543/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/national-economic-diversity-among-top-ranked-schools |archivedate=August 26, 2009 }}</ref> While Pell figures are widely used as a gauge of the number of low-income undergraduates on a given campus, the rankings article cautions "the proportion of students on Pell Grants isn't a perfect measure of an institution's efforts to achieve economic diversity," but goes on to say that "still, many experts say that Pell figures are the best available gauge of how many low-income undergrads there are on a given campus."

===Traditions===

[[File:FitzRandolph Gate with Nassau Hall.jpg|thumb|[[FitzRandolph Gates]], which by tradition undergraduates do not exit until graduation]]
[[File:Dr. Donald B. Fullerton (right)..jpg|thumb|The [[Princeton Reunions|P-Rade]] in the 1970s, showing marchers from the class of 1913 including [[Donald B. Fullerton]] on the right]]

* ''Arch Sings'' – Late-night concerts that feature one or several of Princeton's undergraduate ''[[a cappella]]'' groups, such as the [[Princeton Nassoons]], [[Princeton Tigertones]], [[Princeton Footnotes]], Princeton Roaring 20, and The Princeton Wildcats. The free concerts take place in one of the larger arches on campus. Most are held in Blair Arch or Class of 1879 Arch.
* ''Bonfire'' – Ceremonial bonfire that takes place in Cannon Green behind Nassau Hall. It is held only if Princeton beats both [[Harvard University]] and [[Yale University]] at [[College football|football]] in the same season. The most recent bonfire was lighted on November 23, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bonfire!!!|url=https://blogs.princeton.edu/mudd/2012/11/bonfire/|website=Mudd Manuscript Library Blog|accessdate=12 June 2015}}</ref>
* ''[[Eating clubs (Princeton University)|Bicker]]'' – Selection process for new members that is employed by selective eating clubs. Prospective members, or bickerees, are required to perform a variety of activities at the request of current members.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eating Clubs and "The Street"|url=https://blogs.princeton.edu/mudd/2015/04/eating-clubs-and-the-street/|website=Mudd Manuscript Library Blog|accessdate=12 June 2015}}</ref>
* ''Cane Spree'' – An athletic competition between freshmen and sophomores that is held in the fall. The event centers on cane wrestling, where a freshman and a sophomore will grapple for control of a cane. This commemorates a time in the 1870s when sophomores, angry with the freshmen who strutted around with fancy canes, stole all of the canes from the freshmen, hitting them with their own canes in the process.<ref>{{cite web|work=Clockwork Orange|title=Cane-Spree the history|url=https://www.princeton.edu/~clockwrk/canespree/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422062428/http://www.princeton.edu/~clockwrk/canespree/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=April 22, 2008|publisher=Princeton University|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* ''The Clapper'' or ''Clapper Theft'' – The act of climbing to the top of Nassau Hall to steal the bell clapper, which rings to signal the start of classes on the first day of the school year. For safety reasons, the clapper has been removed permanently.
* ''Class Jackets'' (''Beer Jackets'') – Each graduating class designs a Class Jacket that features its class year. The artwork is almost invariably dominated by the school colors and tiger motifs.
* ''Communiversity'' – An annual street fair with performances, arts and crafts, and other activities that attempts to foster interaction between the university community and residents of the Princeton.
* ''Dean's Date'' – The Tuesday at the end of each semester when all written work is due. This day signals the end of reading period and the beginning of final examinations. Traditionally, undergraduates gather outside McCosh Hall before the 5:00 PM deadline to cheer on fellow students who have left their work to the very last minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.princeton.edu/~oktour/virtualtour/Hist04-DeansDate.htm |title=Dean's Date |work=Virtual tour |publisher=Princeton |accessdate=July 5, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819155309/http://www.princeton.edu/~oktour/virtualtour/Hist04-DeansDate.htm |archivedate=August 19, 2007 }}</ref>
* ''[[FitzRandolph Gate]]s'' – At the end of Princeton's graduation ceremony, the new graduates process out through the main gate of the university as a symbol of the fact that they are leaving college. According to tradition, anyone who exits campus through the FitzRandolph Gates before his or her own graduation date will not graduate.<ref>{{cite web|title=Can Nathaniel FitzRandolph's Descendants Attend Princeton University for Free?|url=https://blogs.princeton.edu/mudd/2015/06/can-nathaniel-fitzrandolphs-descendants-attend-princeton-university-for-free/|accessdate=12 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Can Nathaniel FitzRandolph's Descendants Attend Princeton University for Free?|url=https://blogs.princeton.edu/mudd/2015/06/can-nathaniel-fitzrandolphs-descendants-attend-princeton-university-for-free/|website=Mudd Manuscript Library Blog|accessdate=21 December 2015}}</ref>
* ''Gilding the Lily'' – Promotion ceremony at the 25th reunion of a class. Alumnae of the University (or "Tiger Lilies") enjoy the courting of male classmates, amid song and much drink (see Newman's Day). Traditional chants include "In Princeton Town the Youth abound, and do young Tigers make. Women return as Gilded Lilies, the men as Frosted Flakes".
* ''Holder Howl'' – The midnight before Dean's Date, students from Holder Hall and elsewhere gather in the Holder courtyard and take part in a minute-long, communal primal scream to vent frustration from studying with impromptu, late night noise making.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tigernet.princeton.edu/~ptoniana/poler.asp| title=Poler's Recess | work = Ptoniana | publisher = Princeton | accessdate=July 5, 2008}}</ref>
* ''Houseparties'' – Formal parties that are held simultaneously by all of the eating clubs at the end of the spring term.
* ''[[Ivy stones]]'' - Class memorial stones placed on the exterior walls of academic buildings around the campus.
* ''Lawnparties'' – Parties that feature live bands that are held simultaneously by all of the eating clubs at the start of classes and at the conclusion of the academic year.
* ''Princeton Locomotive'' – Chant traditionally used by Princetonians to acknowledge a particular year or class. It goes: "HIP!! HIP!! Rah! Rah! Rah! TIGER! TIGER! TIGER! SIS! SIS! SIS! BOOM! BOOM! BOOM! Bahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh PRINCETON! PRINCETON! PRINCETON!"<ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.princeton.edu/football/songs.htm | contribution = Songs and Cheers | publisher = Princeton University | title = Football | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060103025927/http://www.princeton.edu/football/songs.htm | archivedate = January 3, 2006 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Following it are three chants of the class that is being acknowledged. It is commonly heard at Opening Exercises in the fall as alumni and current students welcome the freshman class, as well as the P-rade in the spring at [[Princeton Reunions]].
* ''[[Newman's Day]]'' – Students attempt to drink 24 beers in the 24 hours of April 24. According to the ''[[New York Times]]'', "the day got its name from an apocryphal quote attributed to [[Paul Newman]]: '24 beers in a case, 24 hours in a day. Coincidence? I think not.'"<ref>{{Cite news | last = Cheng | first = Jonathan | title = Film Legend Bothered by Use of Name in Stunt at Princeton | newspaper = [[New York Times]] | date = April 22, 2004 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/22/education/22princeton.html}}</ref> Newman had spoken out against the tradition, however.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news-medical.net/?id=825 |title=Paul Newman urges Princeton to stop tradition of alcohol abuse in honour of his name |publisher=News Medical |date=April 24, 2004 |accessdate = February 19, 2012}}</ref>
* ''Nude Olympics'' – Annual nude and partially nude frolic in Holder Courtyard that takes place during the first snow of the winter. Started in the early 1970s, the Nude Olympics went co-educational in 1979 and gained much notoriety with the American press. For safety reasons, the administration banned the Olympics in 2000 to the chagrin of students.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://ptoniana.ealumni.com/nude.asp | archive-url = https://archive.is/20120730014246/http://ptoniana.ealumni.com/nude.asp | dead-url = yes | archive-date = 2012-07-30 | title = Ptoniana | publisher = eAlumni | contribution = Nude}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Streaking and the Nude Olympics|url=https://blogs.princeton.edu/mudd/2015/10/streaking-and-the-nude-olympics/|website=Mudd Manuscript Library Blog|accessdate=21 December 2015}}</ref>
* ''Prospect 11'' – The act of drinking a beer at all 11 [[Eating clubs at Princeton University|eating clubs]] in a single night.
* ''P-rade'' – Traditional parade of alumni and their families. They process through campus by class year during [[Princeton Reunions|Reunions]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Reunions and the P-Rade|url=https://blogs.princeton.edu/mudd/2015/05/reunions-and-the-p-rade/|website=Mudd Manuscript Library Blog|accessdate=12 June 2015}}</ref>
* ''[[Princeton Reunions|Reunions]]'' – Massive annual gathering of alumni held the weekend before graduation.

==Athletics==

[[File:Princeton University Cleo tiger.jpg|thumb|left]]

Princeton supports organized athletics at three levels: varsity intercollegiate, club intercollegiate, and intramural. It also provides "a variety of physical education and recreational programs" for members of the Princeton community. According to the athletics program's mission statement, Princeton aims for its students who participate in athletics to be "'student athletes' in the fullest sense of the phrase."<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&ATCLID=295151 |title = Princeton University Mission Statement |accessdate = Jun 1, 2011 |author = Princeton Athletic Communications |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111223084238/http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&ATCLID=295151 |archivedate = December 23, 2011 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Most undergraduates participate in athletics at some level.<ref name=puathfit-main>{{cite web |url=https://www.princeton.edu/main/campuslife/athletics/ |title=Athletics & Fitness |accessdate= Jun 1, 2011 | publisher = Princeton University}}</ref>

Princeton's colors are orange and black. The school's athletes are known as ''Tigers'', and the mascot is a tiger. The Princeton administration considered naming the mascot in 2007, but the effort was dropped in the face of alumni opposition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2007/09/11/18534/ |title=Mascot revamped but still 'The Tiger' | first =Esther | last = Breger |date=Sep 11, 2007 |newspaper=The Daily Princetonian | accessdate=Jun 1, 2011}}</ref>

===Varsity===
{{main article |Princeton Tigers}}
[[File:Princeton Tigers vs Lehigh.jpg|thumb|Princeton vs. [[Lehigh University|Lehigh]] football, September 2007]]

Princeton is an [[NCAA Division I]] school. Its athletic conference is the [[Ivy League]]. Princeton hosts 38 men's and women's varsity sports.<ref name=puathfit-main /> The largest varsity sport is rowing, with almost 150 athletes.<ref name=rowing-recruiting />

[[Princeton Tigers football|Princeton's football team]] has a long and storied history. Princeton played against [[Rutgers University]] in the [[1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game|first intercollegiate football game in the U.S.]] on Nov 6, 1869. By a score of 6–4, Rutgers won the game, which was played by rules similar to modern rugby.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scarletknights.com/football/history/first-game.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128220156/http://www.scarletknights.com/football/history/first-game.asp |dead-url=yes |archive-date=November 28, 2006 |title=The First Intercollegiate Game – November 6, 1869 |publisher=Rutgers University Scarlet Knights |accessdate=Jun 2, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Today Princeton is a member of the Football Championship Subdivision of NCAA Division I.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.championshipsubdivision.com/teams-stadiums-directory/ivy-league/princeton-tigers-princeton-stadium/ |title=Princeton Tigers, Princeton Stadium |publisher=Football Championship Subdivision | accessdate = Jun 1, 2011}}</ref> As of the end of the 2010 season, Princeton had won 26 national football championships, more than any other school.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/national_championships/nchamps_team.php |title=Recognized National Championships by Team |publisher=College Football Data Warehouse |accessdate=Jun 1, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920001615/http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/national_championships/nchamps_team.php |archivedate=September 20, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

[[File:Bill Bradley NYWTS (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Bill Bradley]], [[Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] [[basketball]] player, [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes scholar]], and three-term [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]]]]

The [[Princeton Tigers men's basketball|men's basketball program]] is noted for its success under [[Pete Carril]], the head coach from 1967 to 1996. During this time, Princeton won 13 Ivy League titles and made 11 [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|NCAA tournament]] appearances.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nba.com/coachfile/pete_carril/ |title= Pete Carril |publisher=NBA |accessdate=Jun 1, 2011}}</ref> Carril introduced the [[Princeton offense]], an offensive strategy that has since been adopted by a number of college and professional basketball teams.<ref name= carril-nyt>{{cite news |title=Carril Is Yoda to Notion of Perpetual Motion | first =John | last = Branch |newspaper=The New York Times |date= Mar 30, 2007 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/30/sports/ncaabasketball/30carril.html |accessdate=Jun 1, 2011}}</ref> Carril's final victory at Princeton came when the Tigers beat [[UCLA]], the defending national champion, in the opening round of the [[1996 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|1996 NCAA tournament]],<ref name = carril-nyt /> in what is considered one of the greatest upsets in the history of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://espn.go.com/page2/s/list/ncaatourneyupset.html | title= When underdogs dance | publisher = ESPN | accessdate = Jun 1, 2011}}</ref> Recently Princeton tied the record for the fewest points in a Division I game since the institution of the three-point line in 1986–87, when the Tigers scored 21 points in a loss against [[Monmouth University]] on Dec 14, 2005.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://scores.espn.go.com/ncb/recap/_/id/253480163/monmouth-hawks-vs-princeton-tigers | title = Princeton loses lowest-scoring D-I game since 3-point line | agency = Associated Press | publisher = ESPN |date=Dec 15, 2005 | accessdate =Jun 1, 2011}}</ref>

Princeton women's soccer team advanced to the [[NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Championship]] semi-finals in 2004, the only Ivy League team to do so in a 64-team tournament.<ref>{{cite news|title=For Princeton and Ivy League, Final Four at Last|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9905EFD71E3EF931A35751C1A9629C8B63|accessdate=17 June 2015}}</ref> The season was led by former U.S. National Team member, [[Esmeralda Negron]], [[2012 Summer Olympics|Olympic]] medalist [[Canada women's national soccer team|Canadian National Team]] member [[Diana Matheson]], and coach Julie Shackford.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bernstein|first1=Viv|title=Princeton's Steep Climb Finally Ends |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/04/sports/soccer/04soccer.html|website=New York Times|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=17 June 2015}}</ref> The Tigers men's soccer team was coached for many years by Princeton alumnus and future [[United States men's national soccer team|United States men's national team]] manager [[Bob Bradley]].

The men's [[water polo]] team is currently a dominant force in the Collegiate Water Polo Association, having reached the [[Final Four]] in two of the last three years. Similarly, the [[Princeton Tigers men's lacrosse|men's lacrosse program]] enjoyed a period of dominance 1992–2001, during which time it won six national championships.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usila.org/NCAAChampionHistory.htm |title=The NCAA Men's Lacrosse Championship, formerly known as the Wingate Memorial Champion | publisher= US Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association | accessdate = Jun 1, 2011}}</ref>

===Club and intramural===

[[File:Princeton students after a freshman vs. sophomores snowball fight in 1893.jpg|thumb|Princeton students after a freshman vs. sophomores snowball fight in 1893]]

In addition to varsity sports, Princeton hosts about 35 club sports teams.<ref name=puathfit-main /> [[Princeton Rugby|Princeton's rugby team]] is organized as a club sport.<ref>{{cite news |title=One of Princeton's oldest clubs flourishes | first =Ben | last = Laguna |date=Apr 3, 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Princetonian |url = http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2008/04/03/20695/ |accessdate=Jun 1, 2011}}</ref>

Each year, nearly 300 teams participate in intramural sports at Princeton.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.princeton.edu/studentguide/campus_culture/intramurals/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071222000136/http://www.princeton.edu/studentguide/campus_culture/intramurals/ |dead-url = yes |archive-date = December 22, 2007 |title = The Student Guide to Princeton: Intramurals |publisher = Princeton University |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Intramurals are open to members of Princeton's faculty, staff, and students, though a team representing a residential college or eating club must consist only of members of that college or club. Several leagues with differing levels of competitiveness are available.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.princeton.edu/campusrec/intramural/general-information/ |title=General Information |publisher=Princeton University Campus Recreation |accessdate=Jun 1, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301120351/http://www.princeton.edu/campusrec/intramural/general-information/ |archivedate=March 1, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

==Songs==
Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as [[Graduation|commencement]], [[convocation]], and athletic games is [[Princeton Cannon Song]], the Princeton University [[fight song]].

[[Bob Dylan]] wrote "Day of The Locusts" (for his 1970 album ''[[New Morning#Day of the Locusts|New Morning]]'') about his experience of receiving an honorary doctorate from the University. It is a reference to the negative experience he had and it mentions the [[Brood X]] [[cicada]] infestation Princeton experienced that June 1970.

==="Old Nassau"===
{{main article|Old Nassau}}
{{listen
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"[[s:Old Nassau|Old Nassau]]" has been Princeton University's anthem since 1859. Its words were written that year by a freshman, Harlan Page Peck, and published in the March issue of the ''Nassau Literary Review'' (the oldest student publication at Princeton and also the second oldest undergraduate literary magazine in the country). The words and music appeared together for the first time in ''Songs of Old Nassau'', published in April 1859. Before the Langlotz tune was written, the song was sung to ''[[Auld Lang Syne]]'''s melody, which also fits.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tigernet.princeton.edu/~ptoniana/oldnassau2.asp| title=History of Old Nassau|accessdate=July 5, 2008 | publisher = Princeton}}</ref>

However, Old Nassau does not only refer to the university's anthem. It can also refer to Nassau Hall, the building that was built in 1756 and named after [[William III of England|William III]] of the [[House of Orange-Nassau]]. When built, it was the largest college building in North America. It served briefly as the capitol of the United States when the Continental Congress convened there in the summer of 1783. By [[metonymy]], the term can refer to the university as a whole. Finally, it can also refer to a [[chemical reaction]] that is dubbed "[[Old Nassau reaction]]" because the solution turns orange and then black.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed054p167.2 |title=The Old Nassau reaction | work = Journal of Chemical Education | publisher = ACS Publications and Division of Chemical Education | accessdate = February 19, 2012}}</ref>

==Notable alumni and faculty==
[[File:Princeton University Class of 1879.jpg|thumb|The Princeton University Class of 1879, which included [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[Mahlon Pitney]], [[Daniel Barringer (geologist)|Daniel Barringer]], and [[Charles Talcott]].]]
{{Main article|List of Princeton University people}}
[[President of the United States|U.S. Presidents]] [[James Madison]] and [[Woodrow Wilson]] and Vice President [[Aaron Burr]] graduated from Princeton, as did [[Michelle Obama]], the former [[First Lady of the United States]]. Former [[Chief Justice of the United States]] [[Oliver Ellsworth]] was an alumnus, as are current [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justices]] [[Samuel Alito]], [[Elena Kagan]], and [[Sonia Sotomayor]]. [[Jerome Powell]] was appointed as Chair of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board in 2018.

Princeton graduates played a major role in the [[American Revolution]], including the lives of the first and last Colonels on the Patriot side [[Philip Johnston (New Jersey)|Philip Johnston]] and [[Nathaniel Scudder]], as well as the highest ranking civilian leader on the British side [[David Mathews]].

Notable graduates of Princeton's School of Engineering and Applied Science include Apollo astronaut and commander of Apollo 12 [[Pete Conrad]], [[Amazon.com|Amazon]] CEO and founder [[Jeff Bezos]], Chairman of [[Google]] [[Eric Schmidt]], and [[Lisa P. Jackson]], former Administrator of the [[Environmental Protection Agency]].

Actors [[Jimmy Stewart]], [[Wentworth Miller]], [[José Ferrer]], [[David Duchovny]], and [[Brooke Shields]] graduated from Princeton as well as composer and pianist [[Richard Aaker Trythall]]. Soccer alumna, [[Diana Matheson]], scored the game-winning goal that earned Canada their [[2012 Summer Olympics|Olympic]] bronze medal in 2012.

Writers [[Booth Tarkington]], [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]], and [[Eugene O'Neill]] attended but did not graduate with a degree. [[Selden Edwards]] and [[Will Stanton (author)|Will Stanton]] graduated with English degrees. American novelist [[Jodi Picoult]] graduated in 1987.

Notable graduate alumni include [[Imee Marcos]], [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]], [[Richard Feynman]], [[Lee Iacocca]], [[John Forbes Nash, Jr.|John Nash]], [[Alonzo Church]], [[Alan Turing]], [[Terence Tao]], [[Edward Witten]], [[John Milnor]], [[John Bardeen]], [[Steven Weinberg]], [[John Tate]], and [[David Petraeus]]. [[Royal family|Royals]] such as [[Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad]], [[Prince Moulay Hicham of Morocco]], [[Turki bin Faisal Al Saud|Prince Turki bin Faisal Al Saud]], and [[Queen Noor of Jordan]] also have attended Princeton.

Notable faculty members include [[P. Adams Sitney]], [[Angus Deaton]], [[Joyce Carol Oates]], [[Cornel West]], [[Robert Keohane]], [[Anthony Grafton]], [[Peter Singer]], [[Jhumpa Lahiri]], [[Michael Mullen]], [[Robert P. George]], and [[Andrew Wiles]]. Notable former faculty members include [[John Witherspoon]], [[Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)|Walter Kaufmann]], [[John von Neumann]], [[Ben Bernanke]], [[Paul Krugman]], [[Joseph Henry]], [[Toni Morrison]], [[John P. Lewis]], and alumnus [[Woodrow Wilson]], who also served as [[President of Princeton University|president]] of the University 1902–1910.

[[Albert Einstein]], though on the faculty at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] rather than at Princeton, came to be associated with the university through frequent lectures and visits on the campus.

[[William P. Ross]], Principal Chief of the [[Cherokee Nation]] and founding editor of the [[Cherokee Phoenix|''Cherokee Advocate'']], graduated in 1844.

==See also==
* [[Higher education in New Jersey]]
* [[Princeton University in popular culture]]
* [[Big Three (colleges)]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Axtell, James. ''The Making of Princeton University: From Woodrow Wilson to the Present'' (2006), 710 pp; highly detailed scholarly history.
* Bradley, Stefan M., "The Southern-Most Ivy: Princeton University from Jim Crow Admissions to Anti-Apartheid Protests, 1794–1969," ''American Studies'' 51 (Fall–Winter 2010), 109–30.
* Bragdon, Henry. ''Woodrow Wilson: The Academic Years'' (1967).
* Kemeny, P. C. ''Princeton in the Nation's Service: Religious Ideals and Educational Practice, 1868–1928'' (1998). 353 pp.
* Noll, Mark A. ''Princeton and the Republic, 1768–1822: The Search for a Christian Enlightenment in the Era of Samuel Stanhope Smith'' (1989). 340 pp.
* {{Citation | last = Rhinehart | first = Raymond | title = Princeton University: The Campus Guide | year = 2000 | type = guide to architecture}}, 188 pp.
* {{Citation | last = Smith | first = Richard D | title = Princeton University | year = 2005}}, 128 pp.
* {{Citation | last = Synnott | first = Marcia Graham | title = The Half-Opened Door: Discrimination and Admissions at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, 1900–1970 | year = 1979}}. 310 pp.
* {{Citation | last = Wilson | first = Woodrow | title = The Papers of Woodrow Wilson | volume = 14–21 | editor1-first = Arthur S | editor1-last = Link | year = 1972–76|display-editors=etal}}.
* {{Citation | last = McLachlan | first = James | title = Princetonians, 1748–1768: A Biographical Dictionary | year = 1976}}. 706 pp.
** {{Citation | last = Harrison | first = Richard A | title = Princetonians, 1776–1783: A Biographical Dictionary | volume = 2 | year = 1981}}. 585 pp.
** {{Citation | last = Harrison | first = Richard A | title = Princetonians, 1776–1783: A Biographical Dictionary | volume = 3 | year = 1981 | author-mask = 3}}. 498 pp.
** {{Citation | last1 = Woodward | first1 = Ruth L | last2 = Craven | first2 = Wesley Frank | title = Princetonians, 1784–1790: A Biographical Dictionary | year = 1991}}. 618 pp.
** {{Citation | last1 = Looney | first = J Jefferson | last2 = Woodward | first2 = Ruth L | title = Princetonians, 1791–1794: A Biographical Dictionary | year = 1991}}. 677 pp.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website|https://www.princeton.edu/}}
* [http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ Princeton Athletics website]
* {{Wikisource portal-inline}}

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