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In 2015 greenhouse tomato crops in Jordon showed mild foliar symptoms during the season, with fruit then developing strong brown rugose symptoms. Total [[RNA]] was extracted from the plants and [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction]] (RT-PCR) were negative for many common tomato viruses but indicated the presence of a new [[tobamovirus]]<ref name="SalemMansour2015">{{cite journal|last1=Salem|first1=N.|last2=Mansour|first2=A.|last3=Ciuffo|first3=M.|last4=Falk|first4=B. W.|last5=Turina|first5=M.|title=A new tobamovirus infecting tomato crops in Jordan|journal=Archives of Virology|volume=161|issue=2|year=2015|pages=503–506|issn=0304-8608|doi=10.1007/s00705-015-2677-7}}</ref>. After sequencing and characterisation, the name tomato brown fruit rugose virus was proposed.<ref name="SalemMansour2015"/> The name was approved by the [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]] later the same year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv/proposals/2016.001aP.A.v2.Tobamovirus_2sp.pdf |title=Create two new species in the genus Tobamovirus, family Virgaviridae |accessdate=13 April 2020 |last=Adams|first=M|date=July 2016 |work= |publisher=[[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]]}}</ref>
In 2015 greenhouse tomato crops in Jordon showed mild foliar symptoms during the season, with fruit then developing strong brown rugose symptoms. Total [[RNA]] was extracted from the plants and [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction]] (RT-PCR) were negative for many common tomato viruses but indicated the presence of a new [[tobamovirus]]<ref name="SalemMansour2015">{{cite journal|last1=Salem|first1=N.|last2=Mansour|first2=A.|last3=Ciuffo|first3=M.|last4=Falk|first4=B. W.|last5=Turina|first5=M.|title=A new tobamovirus infecting tomato crops in Jordan|journal=Archives of Virology|volume=161|issue=2|year=2015|pages=503–506|issn=0304-8608|doi=10.1007/s00705-015-2677-7}}</ref>. After sequencing and characterisation, the name tomato brown fruit rugose virus was proposed.<ref name="SalemMansour2015"/> The name was approved by the [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]] later the same year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv/proposals/2016.001aP.A.v2.Tobamovirus_2sp.pdf |title=Create two new species in the genus Tobamovirus, family Virgaviridae |accessdate=13 April 2020 |last=Adams|first=M|date=July 2016 |work= |publisher=[[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]]}}</ref>


A disease with similar symptoms had emerged earlier in [[Ohad, Israel]] in Autumn 2014 and began to spread in the country within a year. [[Transmission electron microscope| Transmission electron microscopy]] showed the presence of rod-like viral structures consistent with Tobamovirus and the complete sequence showed high sequence identity to the Jordanian isolate of ''tomato brown rugose fruit virus''.<ref name="MelcherLuria2017">{{cite journal|last1=Melcher|first1=Ulrich|last2=Luria|first2=Neta|last3=Smith|first3=Elisheva|last4=Reingold|first4=Victoria|last5=Bekelman|first5=Ilana|last6=Lapidot|first6=Moshe|last7=Levin|first7=Ilan|last8=Elad|first8=Nadav|last9=Tam|first9=Yehudit|last10=Sela|first10=Noa|last11=Abu-Ras|first11=Ahmad|last12=Ezra|first12=Nadav|last13=Haberman|first13=Ami|last14=Yitzhak|first14=Liron|last15=Lachman|first15=Oded|last16=Dombrovsky|first16=Aviv|title=A New Israeli Tobamovirus Isolate Infects Tomato Plants Harboring Tm-22 Resistance Genes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=1|year=2017|pages=e0170429|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0170429}}</ref> The infected plants in Israel were cultivars that carried the ''Tm-2<sup>2</sup>'' [[Plant disease resistance|resistence gene]] which confers diseases resistance against some other tobamoviruses.<ref name="MelcherLuria2017"/>
A disease with similar symptoms had emerged earlier in [[Ohad, Israel]] in Autumn 2014 and began to spread in the country within a year. [[Transmission electron microscope| Transmission electron microscopy]] showed the presence of rod-like viral structures consistent with Tobamovirus and the complete sequence showed high sequence identity to the Jordanian isolate of ''tomato brown rugose fruit virus''.<ref name="MelcherLuria2017">{{cite journal|last1=Melcher|first1=Ulrich|last2=Luria|first2=Neta|last3=Smith|first3=Elisheva|last4=Reingold|first4=Victoria|last5=Bekelman|first5=Ilana|last6=Lapidot|first6=Moshe|last7=Levin|first7=Ilan|last8=Elad|first8=Nadav|last9=Tam|first9=Yehudit|last10=Sela|first10=Noa|last11=Abu-Ras|first11=Ahmad|last12=Ezra|first12=Nadav|last13=Haberman|first13=Ami|last14=Yitzhak|first14=Liron|last15=Lachman|first15=Oded|last16=Dombrovsky|first16=Aviv|title=A New Israeli Tobamovirus Isolate Infects Tomato Plants Harboring Tm-22 Resistance Genes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=1|year=2017|pages=e0170429|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0170429}}</ref> The infected plants in Israel were cultivars that carried the ''Tm-2<sup>2</sup>'' [[Plant disease resistance|resistence gene]] which confers diseases resistance against some other tobamoviruses.<ref name="MelcherLuria2017"/> ToBRFV has also been confirmed from [[Palestine]]<ref name="AlkowniAlabdallah2019">{{cite journal|last1=Alkowni|first1=Raed|last2=Alabdallah|first2=Osama|last3=Fadda|first3=Ziad|title=Molecular identification of tomato brown rugose fruit virus in tomato in Palestine|journal=Journal of Plant Pathology|volume=101|issue=3|year=2019|pages=719–723|issn=1125-4653|doi=10.1007/s42161-019-00240-7}}</ref>
with symptoms first noted in Autumn 2018.<ref name="OladokunHalabi2019">{{cite journal|last1=Oladokun|first1=J. O.|last2=Halabi|first2=M. H.|last3=Barua|first3=P.|last4=Nath|first4=P. D.|title=Tomato brown rugose fruit disease: current distribution, knowledge and future prospects|journal=Plant Pathology|volume=68|issue=9|year=2019|pages=1579–1586|issn=0032-0862|doi=10.1111/ppa.13096}}</ref>


''Tomato brown rugose fruit virus'' spread rapidly to other tomato growing regions. After emerging in Israel and Jordan, the virus spread to [[Europe]]. Symptoms were noted in July 2018 on 25 hectares of greenhouse tomatoes in Germany. Plants were found to be infected with both ToBRFV and ''[[pepino mosic virus]]''.<ref name="MenzelKnierim2019">{{cite journal|last1=Menzel|first1=W.|last2=Knierim|first2=D.|last3=Winter|first3=S.|last4=Hamacher|first4=J.|last5=Heupel|first5=M.|title=First report of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus infecting tomato in Germany|journal=New Disease Reports|volume=39|year=2019|pages=1|issn=2044-0588|doi=10.5197/j.2044-0588.2019.039.001}}</ref> Measures to eradicate the virus were taken.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gd.eppo.int/reporting/article-6442 |title=First report of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in Germany |accessdate=13 April 2020 |last=[[European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization|EPPO]] |first= |coauthors= |date=January 2019 |work= |publisher=[[European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization|EPPO]]}}</ref> In Autumn of 2018 symptoms were noted on tomato crops in [[Sicily]], [[Italy]]. and confirmed as being caused by ToBRFV.<ref name="PannoCaruso2019">{{cite journal|last1=Panno|first1=S.|last2=Caruso|first2=A. G.|last3=Davino|first3=S.|title=First Report of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus on Tomato Crops in Italy|journal=Plant Disease|volume=103|issue=6|year=2019|pages=1443–1443|issn=0191-2917|doi=10.1094/PDIS-12-18-2254-PDN}}</ref> In May 2019 ToBRFV emerged on tomato crops in mainland Italy, in the [[Piemonte]] region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gd.eppo.int/reporting/article-6554 |title=New outbreak of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in Italy (Piemonte) |accessdate=13 April 2020 |last=EPPO |first= |coauthors= |date= |work= |publisher=EPPO}}</ref> This outbreak was eradicated.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gd.eppo.int/reporting/article-6621 |title=Tomato brown rugose fruit virus eradicated from Piemonte (Italy) |accessdate=13 April 2020 |last=EPPO |first= |coauthors= |date=September 2019 |work= |publisher=EPPO}}</ref>
''Tomato brown rugose fruit virus'' spread rapidly to other tomato growing regions. After emerging in Israel and Jordan, the virus spread to [[Europe]]. Symptoms were noted in July 2018 on 25 hectares of greenhouse tomatoes in Germany. Plants were found to be infected with both ToBRFV and ''[[pepino mosic virus]]''.<ref name="MenzelKnierim2019">{{cite journal|last1=Menzel|first1=W.|last2=Knierim|first2=D.|last3=Winter|first3=S.|last4=Hamacher|first4=J.|last5=Heupel|first5=M.|title=First report of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus infecting tomato in Germany|journal=New Disease Reports|volume=39|year=2019|pages=1|issn=2044-0588|doi=10.5197/j.2044-0588.2019.039.001}}</ref> Measures to eradicate the virus were taken.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gd.eppo.int/reporting/article-6442 |title=First report of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in Germany |accessdate=13 April 2020 |last=[[European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization|EPPO]] |first= |coauthors= |date=January 2019 |work= |publisher=[[European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization|EPPO]]}}</ref> In Autumn of 2018 symptoms were noted on tomato crops in [[Sicily]], [[Italy]]. and confirmed as being caused by ToBRFV.<ref name="PannoCaruso2019">{{cite journal|last1=Panno|first1=S.|last2=Caruso|first2=A. G.|last3=Davino|first3=S.|title=First Report of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus on Tomato Crops in Italy|journal=Plant Disease|volume=103|issue=6|year=2019|pages=1443–1443|issn=0191-2917|doi=10.1094/PDIS-12-18-2254-PDN}}</ref> In May 2019 ToBRFV emerged on tomato crops in mainland Italy, in the [[Piemonte]] region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gd.eppo.int/reporting/article-6554 |title=New outbreak of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in Italy (Piemonte) |accessdate=13 April 2020 |last=EPPO |first= |coauthors= |date= |work= |publisher=EPPO}}</ref> This outbreak was eradicated.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gd.eppo.int/reporting/article-6621 |title=Tomato brown rugose fruit virus eradicated from Piemonte (Italy) |accessdate=13 April 2020 |last=EPPO |first= |coauthors= |date=September 2019 |work= |publisher=EPPO}}</ref>

Revision as of 09:50, 13 April 2020

Tomato brown rugose fruit virus
Scientific classification
Family:
Virgaviridae
Genus:
Tobamovirus

History and Distribution

In 2015 greenhouse tomato crops in Jordon showed mild foliar symptoms during the season, with fruit then developing strong brown rugose symptoms. Total RNA was extracted from the plants and Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were negative for many common tomato viruses but indicated the presence of a new tobamovirus[1]. After sequencing and characterisation, the name tomato brown fruit rugose virus was proposed.[1] The name was approved by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses later the same year.[2]

A disease with similar symptoms had emerged earlier in Ohad, Israel in Autumn 2014 and began to spread in the country within a year. Transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of rod-like viral structures consistent with Tobamovirus and the complete sequence showed high sequence identity to the Jordanian isolate of tomato brown rugose fruit virus.[3] The infected plants in Israel were cultivars that carried the Tm-22 resistence gene which confers diseases resistance against some other tobamoviruses.[3] ToBRFV has also been confirmed from Palestine[4] with symptoms first noted in Autumn 2018.[5]

Tomato brown rugose fruit virus spread rapidly to other tomato growing regions. After emerging in Israel and Jordan, the virus spread to Europe. Symptoms were noted in July 2018 on 25 hectares of greenhouse tomatoes in Germany. Plants were found to be infected with both ToBRFV and pepino mosic virus.[6] Measures to eradicate the virus were taken.[7] In Autumn of 2018 symptoms were noted on tomato crops in Sicily, Italy. and confirmed as being caused by ToBRFV.[8] In May 2019 ToBRFV emerged on tomato crops in mainland Italy, in the Piemonte region.[9] This outbreak was eradicated.[10]

Disease caused by tomato brown rugose fruit virus also emerged in North America in Autumn 2018, initially being reported from Mexico. This also included the first case of Capsicum being infected.[11] An outbreak was also detected in California in Autumn 2018 and eradicated by the California Department of Food and Agriculture.[12] The pathway of introduction into North America was unknown.[12] By February 2019, ToBRFV had been detected in 20 States across Mexico, and the first positive in aubergine was reported.[13]

In January 2019 the first case of ToBRFV in Turkey was reported in greenhouse crops.[14] In April 2019 disease on tomato crops in Shandong, China was confirmed to be caused by ToBRFV, the pathway of introduction to China was unknown.[15] New outbreaks also emerged in Europe over the course of 2019. In Summer 2019 the first outbreak of ToBRFV occurred in the United Kingdom, with action taken to eradicate the virus.[16] The Netherlands also reported their first outbreak on tomato crops[17], as well as Greece[18], Spain[19] and ToBRFV was reported from France in January 2020.[20] By February 2020 17 outbreaks had been detected in the Netherlands[21] and an additional 9 sites were infected in Spain.[22]

Hosts and Symptoms

Transmission

Disease impacts

Management

References

  1. ^ a b Salem, N.; Mansour, A.; Ciuffo, M.; Falk, B. W.; Turina, M. (2015). "A new tobamovirus infecting tomato crops in Jordan". Archives of Virology. 161 (2): 503–506. doi:10.1007/s00705-015-2677-7. ISSN 0304-8608.
  2. ^ Adams, M (July 2016). "Create two new species in the genus Tobamovirus, family Virgaviridae" (PDF). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  3. ^ a b Melcher, Ulrich; Luria, Neta; Smith, Elisheva; Reingold, Victoria; Bekelman, Ilana; Lapidot, Moshe; Levin, Ilan; Elad, Nadav; Tam, Yehudit; Sela, Noa; Abu-Ras, Ahmad; Ezra, Nadav; Haberman, Ami; Yitzhak, Liron; Lachman, Oded; Dombrovsky, Aviv (2017). "A New Israeli Tobamovirus Isolate Infects Tomato Plants Harboring Tm-22 Resistance Genes". PLOS ONE. 12 (1): e0170429. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170429. ISSN 1932-6203.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ Alkowni, Raed; Alabdallah, Osama; Fadda, Ziad (2019). "Molecular identification of tomato brown rugose fruit virus in tomato in Palestine". Journal of Plant Pathology. 101 (3): 719–723. doi:10.1007/s42161-019-00240-7. ISSN 1125-4653.
  5. ^ Oladokun, J. O.; Halabi, M. H.; Barua, P.; Nath, P. D. (2019). "Tomato brown rugose fruit disease: current distribution, knowledge and future prospects". Plant Pathology. 68 (9): 1579–1586. doi:10.1111/ppa.13096. ISSN 0032-0862.
  6. ^ Menzel, W.; Knierim, D.; Winter, S.; Hamacher, J.; Heupel, M. (2019). "First report of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus infecting tomato in Germany". New Disease Reports. 39: 1. doi:10.5197/j.2044-0588.2019.039.001. ISSN 2044-0588.
  7. ^ EPPO (January 2019). "First report of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in Germany". EPPO. Retrieved 13 April 2020. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  8. ^ Panno, S.; Caruso, A. G.; Davino, S. (2019). "First Report of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus on Tomato Crops in Italy". Plant Disease. 103 (6): 1443–1443. doi:10.1094/PDIS-12-18-2254-PDN. ISSN 0191-2917.
  9. ^ EPPO. "New outbreak of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in Italy (Piemonte)". EPPO. Retrieved 13 April 2020. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  10. ^ EPPO (September 2019). "Tomato brown rugose fruit virus eradicated from Piemonte (Italy)". EPPO. Retrieved 13 April 2020. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  11. ^ Cambrón-Crisantos, José Manuel; Rodríguez-Mendoza, Johan; Valencia-Luna, Jessica Berenice; Alcasio-Rangel, Salomé; García-Ávila, Clemente De Jesús; López-Buenfil, José Abel; Ochoa-Martínez, Daniel Leobardo (2018). "Primer reporte de Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) en Michoacán, México". Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología, Mexican Journal of Phytopathology. 37 (1). doi:10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.1810-5. ISSN 2007-8080.
  12. ^ a b Ling, K.-S.; Tian, T.; Gurung, S.; Salati, R.; Gilliard, A. (2019). "First Report of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus Infecting Greenhouse Tomato in the United States". Plant Disease. 103 (6): 1439. doi:10.1094/PDIS-11-18-1959-PDN. ISSN 0191-2917.
  13. ^ EPPO (September 2019). "Update of the situation of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in Mexico". EPPO. Retrieved 13 April 2020. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  14. ^ Fidan, H.; Sarikaya, P.; Calis, O. (2019). "First report of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus on tomato in Turkey". New Disease Reports. 39: 18. doi:10.5197/j.2044-0588.2019.039.018. ISSN 2044-0588.
  15. ^ Yan, Z.-Y.; Ma, H.-Y.; Han, S.-L.; Geng, C.; Tian, Y.-P.; Li, X.-D. (2019). "First Report of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus Infecting Tomato in China". Plant Disease. 103 (11): 2973–2973. doi:10.1094/PDIS-05-19-1045-PDN. ISSN 0191-2917.
  16. ^ Skelton, A.; Buxton-Kirk, A.; Ward, R.; Harju, V.; Frew, L.; Fowkes, A.; Long, M.; Negus, A.; Forde, S.; Adams, I.P.; Pufal, H.; McGreig, S.; Weekes, R.; Fox, A. (2019). "First report of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in tomato in the United Kingdom". New Disease Reports. 40: 12. doi:10.5197/j.2044-0588.2019.040.012. ISSN 2044-0588.
  17. ^ EPPO (October 2019). "First report of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in the Netherlands". EPPO. Retrieved 13 April 2020. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  18. ^ Beris, Despoina; Malandraki, Ioanna; Kektsidou, Oxana; Theologidis, Ioannis; Vassilakos, Nikon; Varveri, Christina (2020). "First report of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus infecting tomato in Greece". Plant Disease. doi:10.1094/PDIS-01-20-0212-PDN. ISSN 0191-2917.
  19. ^ EPPO (November 2019). "First report of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in Spain". EPPO. Retrieved 13 April 2020. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  20. ^ EPPO (February 2020). "First report of tomato brown rugose fruit virus in France". EPPO. Retrieved 13 April 2020. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  21. ^ EPPO (February 2020). "Update on the situation of tomato brown rugose fruit virus in the Netherlands". EPPO. Retrieved 13 April 2020. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  22. ^ EPPO (February 2020). "Update on the situation of tomato brown rugose fruit virus in Spain". EPPO. Retrieved 13 April 2020. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
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