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Damascus Gate

Coordinates: 31°46′53.9″N 35°13′49.8″E / 31.781639°N 35.230500°E / 31.781639; 35.230500
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For the restaurant, see Bawabet Dimashq.
Damascus Gate
Arabic: باب العامود
Hebrew: שַׁעַר שְׁכֶם‎
Turkish: Şam Kapısı
Damascus Gate is located in Jerusalem
Damascus Gate
Location in Old Jerusalem
General information
Town or cityJerusalem
Coordinates31°46′53.9″N 35°13′49.8″E / 31.781639°N 35.230500°E / 31.781639; 35.230500
Completed1537
The gate from outside the walls, 1904 - 1908
The gate from outside the walls, 1904 - 1908

The Damascus Gate (Template:Lang-ar, Template:Lang-he, Sha'ar Sh'khem) is one of the main Gates of the Old City of Jerusalem.[1] It is located in the wall on the city's northwest side and connects to a highway leading out to Nablus, which in the Hebrew Bible was called Shechem or Sichem, and from there, in times past, to the capital of Syria, Damascus; as such, its modern English name is the Damascus Gate, and its modern Hebrew name, Sha'ar Shkhem (שער שכם‎), meaning Shechem Gate, or in modern terms Nablus Gate.[1][2] Of its historic Arabic names, Bab al-Nasr (باب النصر) means "gate of victory", and Bab al-Amud (باب العامود) means "gate of the column".[1] The latter name, in use continuously since at least as early as the 10th century, preserves the memory of a Roman column towering over the square behind the gate and dating to the 2nd century AD.[1][3]

History

In its current form, the gate was built in 1537 under the rule of Suleiman the Magnificent.[1]

Beneath the current gate, the remains of an earlier gate can be seen, dating back to the time of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who visited the region in 130–131 CE.[4] In the square behind this gate stood a Roman victory column topped by a statue of Emperor Hadrian, as depicted on the 6th-century Madaba Map.[1] This historical detail is preserved in the current gate's Arabic name, Bab el-Amud, meaning "gate of the column".[1] On the lintel of the 2nd-century gate, which has been made visible by archaeologists beneath today's Ottoman gate, is inscribed the city's Roman name after 130 CE, Aelia Capitolina.[1]

Until the latest excavations (1979-1984),[4] some researchers believed that Hadrian's gate was preceded by one erected by Agrippa I (r. 41–44 CE) as part of the so-called Third Wall.[5] However, recent research seems to prove that the gate does not predate the Roman reconstruction of the city as Aelia Capitolina, during the first half of the second century.[4]

Hadrian's Roman gate was built as a free-standing triumphal gate, and only sometime towards the end of the 3rd or the very beginning of the 4th century were there protective walls built around Jerusalem, connecting to the existing gate.

The Roman gate remained in use during the Early Muslim and Crusader period, but several storerooms were added by the Crusaders outside the gate, so that access to the city became possible only by passing through those rooms.[5] Several phases of construction work on the gate took place during the early 12th century (first Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099–1187), the early Ayyubid period (1187-1192), and the 13th-century second phase of Crusader rule over Jerusalem.[2]

The Damascus Gate is the only Jerusalem gate to have preserved its Arabic name, Bab al-Amud ('Gate of the Column'), since at least the 10th century.[3] The Crusaders called it St. Stephen's Gate (in Latin, Porta Sancti Stephani), highlighting its proximity to the site of martyrdom of Saint Stephen, marked since the time of Empress Eudocia by a church and monastery.[2] A 1523 account of a visit to Jerusalem by a Jewish traveller from Leghorn uses the name Bâb el 'Amud and notes its proximity to the Cave of Zedekiah.[6]

Damascus Gate northern facade, 1920
Damascus Gate, video

Description

The Damascus Gate is flanked by two towers, each equipped with machicolations. It offers access from the north to the Arab bazaar (souk) in the Muslim Quarter. In contrast to the Jaffa Gate, where stairs rise towards the gate, at the Damascus Gate the stairs descend towards the gate. Until 1967, a crenellated turret loomed over the gate, but it was damaged in the fighting that took place in and around the Old City during the Six-Day War. In August 2011, the Israeli authorities restored the turret, including its arrowslit, with the help of photos taken in the early twentieth century when the British Empire controlled Jerusalem. Eleven anchors fasten the restored turret to the wall, and four stone slabs combine to form the crenellated top.[7]

Roman-period gate

Directly below the visible gate there is an older gate, believed to have been built in the early first or second centuries CE.[8][9]

Archaeology

Remains of Roman-period gate under Damascus Gate

In 2013, an archaeological survey-excavation was conducted at the Damascus Gate by Zubair Adawi on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA).[10] Excavations have revealed that construction within the Damascus Gate continued under the Byzantine emperor, Justinian I.[11][12]

Culture and literature

The Damascus Gate is a cultural icon in much of Palestinian literature and culture. It has folkloric and sentimental value to many Palestinians which includes imagery of women selling baladi products and coffee shops in the square.[citation needed]

Symbol for Palestinian struggle

Nazmi Jubeh, a professor at Birzeit University, said of Damascus Gate, "[It] has become a symbol for the Palestinian national struggle because of its accessibility to Palestinians and the main connecting point for both worshippers and for markets."[13] Damascus Gate has been an ongoing site of violent confrontations between Palestinians and Israeli soldiers and police.[13] In 2016, there were more than 15 attacks at the gate and the Washington Post published an article entitled "Jerusalem's ancient Damascus Gate is at the heart of a modern wave of violence".[14]

In April 2021, Israeli police closed the staired plaza outside the gate, a traditional holiday gathering spot for Palestinians.[15][16] The closure triggered violent night clashes, the barricades were removed after several days.[15][17]

On 18 October, 2021, at least 22 Palestinians were wounded and 25 arrested.[18] Since October 10, when Jerusalem Municipality renewed excavations of graves in the historic Muslim Al-Yusufiye cemetery[19][20] near the Old City, mounting Palestinian anger has led to daily and nightly arrests.[21]

The Damascus Gate from inside the walls, 1945

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h LaMar C. Berrett (1996). Discovering the World of the Bible (3rd ed.). Cedar Fort. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-910523-52-3.
  2. ^ a b c Adrian J. Boas (2001). Jerusalem in the time of the crusades: society, landscape, and art in the Holy City under Frankish rule (Illustrated, reprint ed.). Routledge. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-415-23000-1.
  3. ^ a b Margoliouth, David Samuel (2010). Cairo, Jerusalem & Damascus: Three Chief Cities of the Egyptian Sultans. Walter S. S. Tyrwhitt, illustrator. Cosimo, Inc. p. 329. ISBN 978-1-61640-065-1.
  4. ^ a b c Archaeological Sites in Israel-Jerusalem: The Northern Gate of Aelia Capitolina, on the website of the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 29 July 1998, retrieved 2 March 2018
  5. ^ a b Israel Antiquities Authority, The Damascus Gate Section, accessed January 2016. Quote: "Some researchers believe the gate was first erected at the time of Agrippa I, in the mid first century CE. If so, then the ancient gate structure was incorporated in course of the Third Wall."
  6. ^ Simpson, William. "The Royal Caverns or Quarries, Jerusalem". Quarterly Statement (7). London: Palestine Exploration Fund: 373-79 [376]. Also here at archive.org.
  7. ^ Mazori, Dalia (16 August 2011). 'הכתר' של שער שכם בי-ם שוחזר מחדש ["The crown" of Damascus Gate in Jerusalem restored]. Nrg Maariv (in Hebrew). Retrieved 17 August 2011. עתה, בתום עבודות שימור נרחבות, שוחזר הכתר והמבקרים יכולים ליהנות מיפי השער במלוא הדרו.
  8. ^ Hillel Geva and Dan Bahat, Architectural and Chronological Aspects of the Ancient Damascus Gate Area, Israel Exploration Journal, Vol. 48, No. 3/4, Jerusalem 1998, pp. 225-226
  9. ^ Bahat, Dan (1998). "Architectural and Chronological Aspects of the Ancient Damascus Gate Area". Israel Exploration Journal. 48 (3/4): 223–235. JSTOR 27926522.
  10. ^ Israel Antiquities Authority, Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2013, Survey Permit # A-6799.
  11. ^ Mevorach, David (9 October 2018). "The Emperor and Abbot Build Jerusalem". The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Retrieved 9 Feb 2020.
  12. ^ Bahat, Dan; Geva, Hillel (1998). "Architectural and Chronological Aspects of the Ancient Damascus Gate Area". Israel Exploration Journal. 48 (3/4): 223–235. JSTOR 27926522.
  13. ^ a b Kuttab, Daoud (2016-02-19). "How Damascus Gate became the symbol of the intifada". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
  14. ^ Booth, William; Eglash, Ruth (2016-02-19). "Jerusalem's ancient Damascus Gate is at the heart of a modern wave of violence". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
  15. ^ a b "'Silence is not an option' in east Jerusalem for Palestinians". France 24. Agence France-Presse. 9 May 2021. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  16. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (15 May 2021). "After Years of Quiet, Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Exploded. Why Now?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  17. ^ Boxerman, Aaron (19 April 2021). "Hundreds of Palestinians clash with police by Jerusalem's Damascus Gate". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  18. ^ Staff, Al Jazeera. "Violent Israeli raids in occupied East Jerusalem wound dozens". www.aljazeera.com.
  19. ^ "Israel demolishes Muslim graves near Al-Aqsa mosque". www.aa.com.tr.
  20. ^ "Palestine: Israel demolishes Muslim graves near Al-Aqsa mosque". The Muslim News.
  21. ^ "Palestinians clash with Israeli police in Jerusalem". The Independent. October 19, 2021.

31°46′53.9″N 35°13′49.8″E / 31.781639°N 35.230500°E / 31.781639; 35.230500

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