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Vespa

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This article is about the Italian motor scooter. For the wasp genus Vespa, see Vespa (genus).
New Vespas
Classic Vespas in Perth, Western Australia

The Vespa is a line of motor scooters that was first manufactured in Pontedera, Italy in 1946 by Piaggio & Co, S.p.A

Piaggio continues to manufacture the Vespa today, although the Vespa was much more widely used in the 1950s and 60s, when it also became the adopted vehicle of choice for the UK youth-culture known as Mods. The classic Vespas had unibody chassis pressed from sheets of steel, with bodywork covering the legs for protection from rain and mud. The direct drive engine was covered completely by a steel cowling to appeal to a broader market of people, often turned off by the dirty/greasy stereotype often applied to motorcycles. Piaggio revolutionized the two-wheel industry with the Vespa and provided a model on which nearly every other scooter made since has been based.

History

Model AMCA Troupes Aeról Portées Mle. 56 - modified by the French military that incorporated an anti tank weapon.

Post World War II Italy was a dour place—and one which, in light of its agreement to cessation of war activities with The Allies, meant that its post-war aircraft industry was severely restricted in both capability and capacity.

Piaggio emerged from the conflict with its Pontedera fighter plane plant completely demolished by bombing. Italy's crippled economy and the disastrous state of the roads did not assist in the re-development of the automobile markets. Enrico Piaggio, the son of Piaggio's founder Rinaldo Piaggio, decided to leave the aeronautical field in order to address Italy's urgent need for a modern and affordable mode of transportation. The idea was to design a cheap vehicle for the masses.

Concept

The main stimulus for the design style of the Vespa dates back to Pre-WWII Cushman scooters made in Nebraska, USA. These olive green scooters were in Italy in large numbers, ordered originally by Washington as field transport for the Paratroops and Marines. The US military had used them to get around Nazi defence tactics of destroying roads and bridges in the Dolomites (a section of the Alps) and the Austrian border areas.

Aeronautical engineer Corradino D'Ascanio, responsible for the design and construction of the first modern helicopter by Agusta, was given the job of designing a simple, robust and affordable vehicle for Enrico Piaggio. The vehicle had to be easy to drive for both men and women, be able to carry a passenger, and not get its driver's clothes dirty.

The product

D'Ascanio, who hated motorbikes, designed a revolutionary vehicle. It was built on a spar-frame with a handlebar gear change, and the engine mounted directly on to the rear wheel. The front protection "shield" kept the rider dry and clean in comparison to the open front end on motorcycles. The pass-through leg area design was geared towards all user groups, including women, as wearing dresses or skirts made riding a motorcycle a challenge. The front fork, like an aircraft's landing gear, allowed for easy wheel changing. The internal mesh transmission eliminated the standard motorcycle chain, a source of oil, dirt, and aesthetic misery.

Storage box on newer Vespa PX

This basic design allowed a series of features to be deployed on the frame, which would later allow quick development of new models. The original Vespa featured a rear pillion seat for a passenger, or optionally a storage compartment. The original front protection "shield" was a flat piece of aero metal; later this developed in to a twin skin to allow additional storage on the 'back of'/behind the front shield, similar to the glove compartment in a car. The fuel cap was located underneath the (hinged) seat, which saved the cost of an additional lock on the fuel cap or need for additional metal work on the smooth skin.

The scooter had rigid rear suspension and small 8-inch wheels that allowed a compact design and plenty of room for the rider's legs. The Vespa's enclosed, horizontally-mounted two-stroke 98cc engine acted directly on the rear drive wheel through a three-speed transmission. The twistgrip-controlled gear change involved a system of rods. The early engine had no cooling, but fan blades were soon attached to the flywheel (otherwise known as the magneto, which houses the points and generates electricity for the bike and for the engine's spark) to push air over the cylinder's cooling fins. The modern Vespa engine is still cooled this way. The mixture of two-stroke oil in the fuel produced high amounts of smoke, and the engine made a high buzzing sound like a wasp.

The name Vespa

"Sembra una vespa!" ("It reminds me of a wasp!") exclaimed Piaggio president Enrico Piaggio when he first laid eyes on what would become the most successful scooter of all time. The name stuck[1].

Vespa is both Latin and Italian for wasp—derived from both the high pitch noise of the two-stroke engine, and adopted as a name for the vehicle in reference to its body shape: the thicker rear part connected to the front part by a narrow waist, and the steering rod resembled antennae.

Ape (pronounced Ah-pay), is Italian for bee. This was the three-wheeled variant used for commercial purposes, including the popular auto rickshaw.

Launch

Piaggio filed a patent for the Vespa scooter design in April 1946. The application documents referred to a "model of a practical nature" for a "motorcycle with rationally placed parts and elements with a frame combining with mudguards and engine-cowling covering all working parts", of which "the whole constitutes a rational, comfortable motorcycle offering protection from mud and dust without jeopardizing requirements of appearance and elegance". The patent was approved the following December.

The first 13 examples appeared in spring 1946, and reveal their aero background. In the first examples, one can recognize the typical aircraft technology. Attention to aerodynamics is evident in all the design, in particular on the tail. It was also one of the first vehicles to use monocoque construction (where the body is an integral part of the chassis).

The company was aiming to manufacture the new Vespa in large numbers, and their longstanding industrial experience led to an efficient Ford-style volume production line. The scooter was presented to the press at Rome Golf Club, where journalists were apparently mystified by the strange, pastel coloured, toy-like object on display. But the road tests were encouraging, and even with no rear suspension the machine was more manoeuverable and comfortable to ride than a traditional motorcycle.

Following its public debut at the 1946 Milan Fair, the first fifty sold slowly—then with the introduction of payment by installments, sales took off.

Sales and development

Original Vespa attached to a sidecar

Piaggio sold some 2,500 Vespas in 1947, over 10,000 in 1948, 20,000 in 1949, and over 60,000 in 1950[2].

The biggest sales promo ever was Hollywood. In 1952, Audrey Hepburn side-saddled Gregory Peck's Vespa in the film Roman Holiday for a ride through Rome, resulting in over 100,000 sales. In 1956, John Wayne dismounted his horse in favor of the two-wheeler to originally get between takes on sets. By the end of the fifties, Lucia Bosé and her husband, the matador Dominguin, as well as Marlon Brando, Dean Martin, and the entertainer Abbe Lane had become Vespa owners. William Wyler filmed Ben Hur in Rome in 1959, allowing Charlton Heston to abandon horse and chariot between takes to take a spin on the Vespa[3].

1960 Vjatka-VP150 scooter built in the USSR.

Vespa clubs popped up throughout Europe, and by 1952, worldwide Vespa Club membership had surpassed 50,000. By the mid-1950s, Vespas were being manufactured under licence in Germany, Great Britain, France, Belgium and Spain; in the 1960s, production was started in India, Brazil and Indonesia. By 1956, one million had been sold, then two million by 1960. By the 1960s, the Vespa—originally conceived as a utility vehicle—had come to symbolize freedom and imagination, and resulted in further sales boosts: four million by 1970, and ten million by the late 1980s. Between 1957 and 1961 a reverse-engineered and partially redesigned version of the Vespa was made in USSR under the name Vjatka-VP150[4]

Improvements were made to the original design and new models were introduced. The 1948 Vespa 125 had rear suspension and a bigger engine. The headlamp was moved up to the handlebars in 1953, and had more engine power and a restyled rear fairing. A cheaper spartan version was also available. One of the best-loved models was the Vespa 150 GS introduced in 1955 with a 150cc engine, a long saddle, and the faired handlebar-headlamp unit. Then came the 50cc of 1963, and in 1968 Vespa 125 Primavera became one of the most durable of all.

T5 Millennium from the PX series

Vespas came in two sizes, referred to as "largeframe" and "smallframe". The smallframe scooters came in 50cc, 90cc, 100cc, and 125cc versions, all using an engine derived from the 50cc model of 1963, and the largeframe scooters in 125cc,150cc,160cc,180cc and 200cc displacements using engines derived from the redesigned 125cc engine from the late 50's.

The largeframe Vespa evolved into the PX range (still in production in 125 and 150cc versions) in the late 70's, while the smallframe evolved into the PK range in the early 80's although some vintage-styled smallframes were produced for the Japanese market as late as the mid 90's.

The 1990s and beyond

By the early 1990s, Vespa was in crisis. Its models were selling slowly (in 1992 Piaggio sold just 800 units[5]), two-strokes were being withdrawn around the world due to environmental concerns, new Asian manufacturers were stealing market share with cheaper/lighter bikes, and cars were very cheap. As a result, sales had fallen and production in Europe had been pulled back to Italy. Vespa needed a miracle—and a new model, beyond the PX.

The ET model range stuck true to the wasp/aero design principles. It was lighter, more aerodynamic, had an automatic gearbox and could take a series of engines from a 50cc in either two or four stroke, up to a 150cc four stroke[6]. Plus, it was launched when traffic congestion in major European cities was on the increase, so the smaller wheel size didn't matter. It was a complete success, and allowed Vespa to re-enter the North American market in 2001 with a new, more modern style.

When Vespa celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1996, more than 15 million of the scooters had been sold worldwide, making it the most successful scooter of all time. Other companies vied with Piaggio for market share, but none came close to emulating the success—or romance—of Vespa. The nostalgic image of Vespa, however, could not hide the fact that Vespa was making a loss.

Under new ownership

In 2003, the company found itself close to bankruptcy. Continual management changes had led millions spent on many different plans and products had saddled Piaggio with crushing debts and left it vulnerable to competition from cheaper Asian rivals.

In 1959, Piaggio came under the control of the Agnelli family, the owners of car maker Fiat SpA. Vespa thrived until 1992 when Giovanni Alberto Agnelli became CEO, but Agnelli was already suffering from cancer, and died in 1997. In 1999, Morgan Grenfell Private Equity acquired Piaggio, but a quickly hoped-for sale was dashed by a failed joint venture in China.

Then came Roberto Colaninno: A lot of people told me I was crazy. Piaggio wasn't dying. It just needed to be treated better. Piaggio's finances were in a bad shape, but its brand was still well-known and its products were featuring in more Hollywood films thanks to the Vespa ET4. In October 2003, Colaninno made an initial investment of 100 million euros through his holding company Immsi SpA in exchange for just under a third of Piaggio and the mandate to run it. Chief executive Rocco Sabelli, redesigned the factory to Japanese principles, and redesigned the factory so that every Piaggio scooter could be made on any assembly line.

Colaninno laid down some rules, and made quick changes: he didn't fire a single worker—a move which helped seduce the company's skeptical unions; all bonuses for blue-collar workers and management were based on the same criteria: profit margins and customer satisfaction. Air conditioning was installed in the factory, and he gave the company's engineers, who had been idled by the company's financial crisis, deadlines for projects. They rolled out two world firsts in 2004: a gas-electric hybrid scooter and a scooter with two wheels in front and one in back which grips the road better.

One of Piaggio's problems Mr. Colaninno couldn't fix from the inside was its scale. Even though Piaggio was the European market leader, it was dwarfed by rivals Honda and Yamaha. A year after rescuing Piaggio, Colaninno decided to salvage another Italian brand: scooter and motorcycle maker Aprilia. On July 11, 2006, shares of Piaggio & Co., first became available to the general public through listing on the Milan [Italy] Stock Exchange or Borsa Italiana. Upon appropriate filings and exchange approvals, it is expected that Piaggio shares will be available on US equities markets in the very near future with the trading symbol: PIAGF.

Re-entry to North America

ET4 125cc from 1998

By 2003, the PX was re-introduced to North America to meet classic market demand. Growth in the US market and worldwide environmental concerns meant the need for larger and cleaner engines, so Vespa developed the LEADER (Low Emissions ADvanced Engine Range) series of four stroke engines. The larger Grantourisimo frame, with larger 12 inch wheels, was introduced to handle the additional power. The bike in 2005 spawned a GT250ie version, with an upgraded suspension and the new QUASAR (QUarter-liter Smooth Augmented Range) 250cc fuel injected engine, capable of 80+ MPH. In 2004, the ET was withdrawn from Europe and North America and replaced by a new small-frame scooter, the LX range. These were available in the USA in 50cc and 150cc versions, while Europeans could choose a 125cc.

Design Icon

With its elegant lines and classic aesthetics, the Vespa is recognized as the epitome of Italian design. There is a dramatic increase in the number of urban commuters who have purchased new or restored Vespas. The difficulty of parking cars and the Vespa's low running costs are two reasons for this upswing in Vespa (and other scooter) popularity. The cultural use of the scooter as a recreational vehicle with a sub-culture following in the USA/Canada and parts of Europe & Japan. In contrast, the Vespa is considered a utilitarian vehicle for hauling products and sometimes up to 5 family members in much of Asia and Mexico

Vespa enthusiasts can visit the comprehensive Piaggio Museum & Gift Shop adjacent to the plant in central Pontedera, near Pisa, Tuscany. The permanent exhibition includes those items which toured prestigious venues such as the Guggenheim in New York and the Centre Pompidou in Paris. Also on display is, perhaps, the most famous Vespa of them all - the one personally customised by Salvador Dalí in 1962.

Global Markets

Europe

Vespa's largest market by all measures globally is still Italy, but as a result of the Mod youth revolution of the 1960s, the United Kingdom is still Vespa's second largest global market - and at one point in the 1960s, its largest.

The appeal of the Vespa to the style conscious Mods was the weather protection - as opposed to their counterparts the Rockers, who rode classic British oily twins like Triumph Bonneville and BSAs, and needed to dress up in leather against both the elements and their oily bikes.

Mods would modify their Vespas, particularly adding many mirrors. The whole phenomenon was summed up in the film Quadrophenia, based on The Who album of the same name.

The dominace of the Vespa continued through the 1970s, as a work horse to get people to work. However, the lack of development cost Vespa, and like other markets the sales fell off drastically in the boom 1980s. Then Vespa introduced the trendy ET2, and London the congestion charge - and partly with celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's help, suddenly sales leapt.

North America

A Vespa Boutique in San Francisco

Much as Vespa had used the Cushman Army scooter as inspiration for its original design, Vespa in turn also made scooters for Sears and Cushman post World War II[7].

Imported by Morton Colby of the LLM Group , the Sears models were 3 and 4 speed 125 cc Vespas rebadged as Sears Allstate Cruiseaires. Innocenti also distributed their Lambretta brand via Montgomery Wards catalogue at this post WWII period. These were the premier brands of scooters, bringing premium pricing to many, including farmers, whose link to the outside world was via purchases made in these catalogues. Cushman sold rebadged Vespa scooters as Cushmans, but many Cushman dealers refused to market a "foreign" machine. However, collectors prize the Cushman Vespa because it is relatively rare.

Bankruptcy of Vespa's American importer due to two expensive product liability lawsuits and increased competition from Japanese manufacturers caused a withdrawal from the US market in 1986.

Vespas would have completely disappeared from the American scene if it weren't for the enthusiasts who kept the vintage scooters on the road by rebuilding, restoring, and adding performance enhancing engine parts as the stock parts would wear out.

Vespa returned to the US market in 2001 with a new, more modern style ET series, in 50cc two and four stroke, and 150cc four stroke. According to the Motorcycle Industry Council, U.S. scooter sales increased fivefold over six years, swelling from 12,000 units in 1997 to 69,000 units in 2002. Vespa sales in the U.S. increased 27 percent between 2001 and 2002. The 65 "Vespa Boutiques" scattered throughout the U.S. gave scooterists a place to buy, service, and customize Vespa scooters, and outfit themselves in everything from Vespa watches and helmets to Vespa jackets, T-shirts, and sunglasses. Vespa restarted its American sales effort, opening its first boutique on Ventura Boulevard in Sherman Oaks, Calif.

In light of vastly increasing US sales, Vespa developed the GT, offered in both 125cc and 200cc four stroke variants. In 2004 Vespa reintroduced a modernized PX 150. In the fall of 2005, Piaggio offered their largest Vespa scooter model ever, the 250cc engined GTS250 available in Europe with ABS.

Rest of world

Bangkok: Vespa in transport business

Vespas acquired popularity beyond Europe and North America. In India, Piaggio transferred Vespa technology to Bajaj Auto. Bajaj used to sell in North America in the early 1980s but later withdrew from the market due to Litigation threats from Piaggio. Bajaj Four stroke scooters are available on the North American market, under the Chetak series name, though production in India has ceased.

Another Vespa clone producer in India is LML Motors. They were a large Piaggio parts provider and licensed to manufacture for the P series of Vespa scooters to the Asian markets. LML has been manufacturing a range of Vespa P series clones sold as the "Star" using their Piaggo/Vespa molds and machinery, that are sold in the USA through Genuine Scooter Company of Chicago as the "Stella." Genuine markets the scooter with an Audrey Hepburn-esque model crowned with a tiara. Production of LML scooters has ceased after worker strikes and discontent at the LML factory progressed to a management lockout on March 7, 2006.

Racing

In the in the 1950s and early 1960s, Vespa and Lambretta scooters were raced competitively against motorcycles, often winning the races. In the mid 1960s, motorcycle engines became larger and faster, and a gap was created — along with varying cc classifications. Since the 1980s, Vespa and Lambretta racing has grown into a serious sport in the United States. There are various classes in the United States, depending on the racing association. They are generally:

  • Small Frame Class: Open class up to 152 cc's
  • Automatics Class
  • Specials Class
  • Stock Class: Large-frame Vespa and Lambretta 180 & 200cc scooters.

Famous Vespa riders

This is a list of famous people who have owned or ridden Vespas (not just for career or publicity purposes).

Fictional characters with Vespas

File:Roman holiday.jpg
Gregory Peck and Audrey Hepburn in Roman Holiday.
File:Haruko2.png
Haruhara Haruko, from FLCL.

The first fictional character highly associated with Vespa to have mass public attention was American newspaper reporter Joe Bradley (Gregory Peck), in the Hollywood film Roman Holiday. Arguably, the original attention was for Audrey Hepburn's character who as a passenger rode in Italian side-saddle style. The Vespa featured highly in publicity for the film, and in the original poster, assisting greatly in marketing of the brand globally.

Other fictional Vespa riders have included:

Films

This is a list of films that feature a Vespa for more than one sequence[40][41]:

Vespa Models

There have been 138 different versions of the Vespa - today there are just four models in production: the classic, manual PX, and the modern CVT LX, GT, and GTS.

1969 Vespa Rally 180

Historic models

  • Paperino - the original prototype made in 1945 at Biella
  • AMCA Troupes Aeról Portées Mle. 56 - A Vespa modified by the French military that incorporated an anti tank weapon.
  • VLC Super 150
  • VLB Sprint 150
  • VBB Standard 150
  • V9A
  • VNA
  • Vespa U - U is for utilitaria (English - economic). 1953 model with a price of 110 mila Lira, 7,000 were produced
  • GS 150
  • SS180
  • GS160
  • Standard 90 (3 spd)
  • Standard 50 (3 spd)
  • SS50 (4 spd)
  • SS90 (4 spd)-90 SS Super Sprint
  • 150 GL
  • 90 Racer
  • 125 TS
  • 100 Sport
  • 125 GTR
  • 150 Sprint Veloce
  • 180 SS Super Sport
  • Rally 180
  • Rally 200
  • Primavera 125 also ET3 (3 port version)
  • PK 50
  • PK 50 XL
  • PK 50 Roma (Automatic)
  • 50 S
  • 50 Special
  • 50 Special Elestart
  • 50 Sprinter / 50 SR (D)
  • 50 Special Revival (Limited to 3000 Italy-only numbered units, released in 1991)
  • COSA 1 - 125cc, 150cc, 200cc
  • COSA 2 - 125cc, 150cc, 200cc
  • P80 / P80 E (France)
  • P80X/PX80 E (France)
  • PK 80 S / Elestart
  • PK 80 S Automatica / Elestart
  • PK100 S / Elestart
  • PK100 S Automatica
  • PK100 XL
  • PK125 XL / Elestart
  • PK 125 S
  • PK 125 E
  • PK 125 automatica (automatic tranny)
  • P 125 E
  • P200E
  • PX200EFL
  • PX200 Serie Speciale (Limited to 400 UK-only numbered units)
  • T5 / Elestart (5 port engine 125cc P series)
  • T5 Classic (5 port engine 125cc P series)
  • T5 Millennium (5 port engine 125cc P series) (Limited to 400 UK-only numbered units)

Recent models

  • ET2 50 - 2stroke
  • ET4 50 - 4stroke
  • ET4 125 (Euro Model)
  • ET4 150 (US model)

Current models

  • Vespa MP3 (a 3-wheeler scooter!)
  • Vespa S 50 and 125 (new model 2007, introduced at Milan Motorshow november 2006
  • GT60° 250cc Limited Edition. 999 produced worldwide and unique with the front fender light and each one receiving a commemorative badge, personalized with the owner’s initials.
  • LX 50
  • LX 125
  • LXV 125 (60th anniversary variant of LX 125)
  • LX 150
  • GT 125
  • GT 200
  • GTS 250
  • GTV 250 (60th anniversary variant of GTS 250)
  • PX 125
  • PX 150 (reintroduced to US and Canadian Markets in 2004)
  • PX 200 (Still available in late 2006 in Oceania and Asia, future uncertain however}
  • BV 500 [2]

Specials

One-offs and special machines:

  • Montlhéry - produced in 1950 to break world records on the French circuit of the same name, it very smashed 17 records in 10 hours
  • Torpedo - 1951 125cc special with conter-opposing pistons, Dino Mazzoncini set the world record on the kilometer at an average of 171 km/h

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.thecarconnection.com/Shoppers/Drivers_News/Vespa_City-Mobile_Italian_Style.S241.A6647.html
  2. ^ http://www.patricktaylor.com/vespa-scooter
  3. ^ http://www.dolcevita.com/design/vespa/vespa.htm
  4. ^ http://www.autosoviet.altervista.org/ENGLISH-automotorusse9moto(Vyatka).htm
  5. ^ http://oversteermagazine.co.uk/archive/january_2006/issue/index2160.html?module=displaystory&story_id=643&format=html
  6. ^ http://www.motorcycle.com/mo/mcvespa/et2.html
  7. ^ http://www.bulletproofscooters.com/pics/vs5.htm
  8. ^ http://vespa-club-des-savoie.chez-alice.fr/affiches/calend/196x_f.jpg
  9. ^ http://www.matthewbroderick.net/news/index.html
  10. ^ http://www.usatoday.com/money/covers/2001-07-03-bcovtue.htm
  11. ^ http://vespa-club-des-savoie.chez-alice.fr/affiches/calend/1996_10GeraldineChaplin.jpg
  12. ^ http://vespa-club-des-savoie.chez-alice.fr/affiches/calend/1996_12GaryCooper.jpg
  13. ^ http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&res=9505EFD91430F932A05753C1A9659C8B63
  14. ^ http://www.italiaplease.com/eng/megazine/stylefile/2001/05/vespa/index.html
  15. ^ http://www.aona.co.uk/news/archive/Art-Vespa
  16. ^ http://motorbiker.org/motorbiker.nsf/215982246d710eb0c1256e010052a4b0/6ec79a2070e6c6cfc1256d8e005449b6!OpenDocument
  17. ^ http://www.tool4.biz/public/filatelia/piccola/f797o3410403.JPG
  18. ^ http://www.gawker.com/news/stalker/gawker-stalker-celebrities-like-u2-131119.php
  19. ^ http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,194228,00.html
  20. ^ http://www.sundaymirror.co.uk/news/tm_objectid=17808877%26method=full%26siteid=62484%26headline=exclusive%2d%2d%2d300m%2dtory%2ds%2dbedding%2dpal%2dof%2dhis%2dwife-name_page.html
  21. ^ http://www.capital.it/trovacinema/pop_gallery.jsp?idContent=279350
  22. ^ http://www.kevinbraddock.com/features29.php
  23. ^ http://gallery.millanews.com/details.php?image_id=203&sessionid=2a6c44e58562dbb5498b8bc6d004a7f6
  24. ^ http://www.biker247.com/News/8466.asp
  25. ^ http://www.focuspr.co.uk/docs/FPR_Newsletter_March06.pdf
  26. ^ http://www.showbuzz.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/08/16/people/main1899826.shtml
  27. ^ http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/03_27/b3840001_mz001.htm
  28. ^ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12065856
  29. ^ http://www.usatoday.com/money/covers/2001-07-03-bcovtue.htm
  30. ^ http://www.quepo.com/queposite/quepoweb/johnwayne.html
  31. ^ http://www.usatoday.com/money/covers/2001-07-03-bcovtue.htm
  32. ^ http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=306512005
  33. ^ http://www.usatoday.com/money/covers/2001-07-03-bcovtue.htm
  34. ^ http://www.carsauto.com/special.cfm?ID=173
  35. ^ http://www.accessatlanta.com/music/content/entertainment/stories/0413aaseinfeld.html
  36. ^ http://www.usatoday.com/money/gallery/scooters/contenttemplate9.htm
  37. ^ http://www.scooteringusa.com/2006/03
  38. ^ http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:PQRT03Cs9dsJ:www.eastcoastguide.co.uk/york/news/YORK_NEWS_LOCAL3.html+WHITEY+KAISER+CHIEFS+vespa&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=6&client=safari
  39. ^ http://powerandmotoryacht.com/megayachts/1104christensen155
  40. ^ http://www.vespamiami.com/vespa_history.shtml
  41. ^ http://vintagescooters.free.fr/english/movies1.htm
  42. ^ http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/10-18-2004/0002284476&EDATE=
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Enthusiast sites

Scooter racing sites

  • ASRA - American Scooter Racing Association
  • SESR - South Eastern Scooter Racing
  • M.A.S.S. - Mid-America Scooter Racing
  • Whiz Wheels - site dedicated to scooter racing, including a race calendar
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