Tajik language

This article is about the national language of Tajikistan. For the language of the Pamir family spoken near the Tajikistan border in Xinjiang and officially referred to in China as "Tajik", see Sarikoli language.

Tajik
тоҷикӣ, Template:Rtl-lang, [tojikī] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
Native to	Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
Native speakers	approximately 4,380,000 (1991)
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Western Iranian Southwestern Iranian Persian Tajik
Writing system	Cyrillic, Latin, Perso-Arabic
Official status
Official language in	Tajikistan
Language codes
ISO 639-1	tg
ISO 639-2	tgk
ISO 639-3	tgk

The Tajik language or Tajiki (sometimes written Tadjik or Tadzhik; тоҷикӣ, Template:Rtl-lang, [tojikí] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [tɔːdʒɪˈkiː]) is a variant of the Persian language spoken in Central Asia. An Indo-European language of the Iranian language group, most speakers of Tajik live in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Tajiki is the official language of Tajikistan.

The language has diverged from Persian as spoken in Afghanistan and Iran, as a result of political borders, the standardisation process, and the influence of Russian and neighbouring Turkic languages. The standard language is based on the north-western dialects of Tajik (region of old major city of Samarkand), which have been somewhat influenced by the neighbouring Uzbek language as a result of geographical proximity. Tajiki also retains numerous archaic elements in its vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar that have been lost elsewhere in the Persophone world, in part due to its relative isolation in the mountains of Central Asia.

Geographical distribution

The most important Tajiki-speaking cities of Central Asia, Samarqand and Bukhoro, are in present-day Uzbekistan and the Tajiks are almost 6% of the population of Uzbekistan.. Tajiks constitute roughly 80% of Tajikistan's population, and the Tajik language dominates in most parts of the country with the exception of areas in the north and west where ethnic Uzbeks are concenrated, and in Badakhshan in the southeast, where the Pamiri languages are the mother tongues of most residents. Tajiks are the dominant ethnic group in northeastern Afghanistan as well, and are also the majority group in scattered pockets elsewhere in the country, particularly urban areas such as Kabul and Herat. The Tajiks are almost 30% of the total population of the country. In Afghanistan, the dialects spoken by ethnic Tajiks are written using the Perso-Arabic script and referred to as Dari, along with the Persian dialects of other groups in Afghanistan such as the Hazara and Aimaq. 35% of the Afgan citizens are native speakers of Dari. A large Tajiki-speaking diaspora exists due to the instability that has plagued Central Asia in recent years, with significant numbers of Tajiks found in Russia, Kazakhstan, and beyond.

Dialects

Tajik dialects can be approximately split into the following groups:

1. Northern dialects (Northern Tajikistan, southern parts of Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan).
2. Central dialects (dialects of Mastjoh, Aini, Hissor and, parts of Varzob).
3. Southern dialects (dialects of Qarotegin, Kulob, dialects of Badakhshan, etc.)
4. Southeastern dialects (dialects of Panj and Darvoz).

The dialects used among the native Bukharian Jews of Central Asia are known as Bukhori, and belong to the northern dialect grouping. They are chiefly distinguished by the inclusion of Hebrew terms, principally religious vocabulary, and a historical use of the Hebrew alphabet. Despite these differences, Bukhori is readily intelligible to other Tajik-speakers, particularly speakers of northern dialects.

Phonology

Vowels

The table below illustrates the vowels in standard, literary Tajik. Local dialects frequently have more than the six seen below.

Tajik vowels
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e	u̇	o1
Open	a

1. The open back vowel has varyingly been described as [o] (actually mid-back) , [ɒ] and [ɔː]

Consonants

	Bilabial	Dental/ Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
nasal	м /m/	н /n/
plosive	п б /p/ /b/	т д /t/ /d/			к г /k/ /g/	қ /q/	ъ /ʔ/
fricative	ф в /f/ /v/	с з /s/ /z/	ш ж /ʃ/ /ʒ/			х ғ /χ/ /ʁ/	ҳ /h/
Affricate			ч ҷ /tʃ/ /dʒ/
trill		р /r/
Approximant		л /l/		й /j/

Word stress

Word stress generally falls on the ultimate syllable. Examples of where stress does not fall on the last syllable are: бале (meaning "yes") and зеро (meaning "because"). Stress also does not fall on enclitics, nor on the marker of the direct object.

Grammar

Main article: Tajik grammar

The word order of Tajiki Persian is Subject-Object-Verb.

Nouns

Nouns are not marked for grammatical gender, although they are marked for number. Gender is usually distinguished by a change of word, as in English, e.g. мурғ (murgh) 'fowl' and хурус (khurus) 'rooster'. Alternatively the modifiers 'нар' (nar) for male or 'мода' (moda) for female can be pre or post-posed to the noun, e.g. хари нар (xari nar) 'male donkey' and хари мода (xari moda) 'female donkey'.

Two forms of number exist in Tajik, singular and plural. The plural is marked by either the suffix -ҳо or -он, although Arabic loan words may use Arabic forms. There is no definite article, but the indefinite article exists in the form of number one 'як' (yak) and '-е' (-e), the first positioned before the noun and the second joining the noun as a suffix, although the direct object is marked by the suffix '-ро' (-ro), e.g. Рустамро задам (Rustamro zadam), 'I hit Rustam.'

Prepositions

Simple prepositions

Tajik	English
аз	from, through, across
бо	with
бар	on, upon, onto
ба	to
бе	without
дар	at, in
чун	like, as
то	up to, as far as, until

Vocabulary

Tajiki is conservative in its vocabulary, retaining numerous terms that have long since fallen into disuse in Iran and Afghanistan, such as арзиз (arziz), meaning 'tin,' and фарбеҳ (farbeh), meaning 'fat.' Most modern loan words in Tajik come from Russian as a result of the position of Tajikistan within the Soviet Union. Vocabulary also comes from the geographically close Uzbek language and, as is usual in Islamic countries, from Arabic. Since the late 1980's, an effort has been made to replace loanwords with native equivalents, using either old terms that had fallen out of use, or coined terminology. Many of the coined terms for modern items such as гармкунак (garmkunak), meaning 'heater' and чангкашак (changkashak), meaning 'vacuum cleaner' differ from their Afghan and Iranian equivalents, adding to the difficulty in intelligibility between Tajiki and other forms of Persian.

In the table below, Persian refers to the standard language of Iran, which differs somewhat from the Dari Persian of Afghanistan. Another Iranian language, Pashto, has also been included for comparative purposes.

Tajik	моҳ (moh)	нав (nav)	модар (modar)	хоҳар (khohar)	шаб (shab)	бинӣ (binī)	се (se)	сиёҳ (siyoh)	сурх (surkh)	зард (zard)	сабз (sabz)	гург (gurg)
Other Indo-European languages
Persian	māh	no	mādar	khāhar	shab	binī	se	siyāh	sorkh	zard	sabz	gorg
Pashto	myāsht	nəvay	mōr	khōr	shpa	pōza	dre	tōr	sur	zhaṛ	shin	lewa
Hindi	mās	nayā	mātā	bahin	rāt	nāk	tīn	kālā / shyam	lāl	pīlā	harā	bik
English	month	new	mother	sister	night	nose	three	black	red	yellow	green	wolf
German	Monat	neu	Mutter	Schwester	Nacht	Nase	drei	schwarz	rot	gelb	grün	Wolf
Irish	mhí	nua	máthair	deirfiúr	oiche	srón	trí	dubh	dearg	buí	glas	mac tíre, faolchú
Welsh	mis	newydd	mam	chwaer	nos	trwyn	tri	du (/di/)	coch, rhudd	melyn	gwyrdd, glas	blaidd
Latin	mēnsis	novus	māter	soror	nox	nasus	trēs	āter, niger	ruber	flāvus, gilvus	viridis	lupus
Italian	mese	nuovo	madre	sorella	notte	naso	tre	nero	rosso	giallo	verde	lupo
Portuguese	mês	novo	mãe	irmã	noite	nariz	três	negro	vermelho	amarelo	verde	lobo
Spanish	mes	nuevo	madre	hermana	noche	nariz	tres	negro	rojo	amarillo	verde	lobo
Romanian	luna	nou/noi	mamă	soră	noapte	nas	trei	negru	roşu	galben	verde	lup
Latvian	mēnesis	jauns	māte	māsa	nakts	deguns	trīs	melns	sarkans	dzeltens	zaļš	vilks
Lithuanian	mėnuo	naujas	motina	sesuo	naktis	nosis	trys	juoda	raudona	geltona	žalias	vilkas
Polish	miesiąc	nowy	matka	siostra	noc	nos	trzy	czarny	czerwony	żółty	zielony	wilk
Ukrainian	місяць misjats	новий novyj	мати maty	сестра sestra	ніч nich	ніс nis	три try	чорний chornyj	червоний chervonyj	жовтий zhovtyj	зелений zelenyj	вовк vovk
Czech	měsíc	nové	matka	sestra	noc	nos	tři	černé	červené	žluté	zelené	vlk
Bulgarian	месец mesets	нов nov	майка maika	сестра sestra	нощ nosht	нос nos	три tri	черен cheren	червен cherven	жълт zhălt	зелен zelen	вълк vălk
Russian	месяц mesyats	новый novyi	мать mat'	сестра sestra	ночь noch'	нос nos	три tri	чёрный chyornyi	красный krasnyi	жёлтый zhyoltyi	зелёный zelyonyi	волк volk

Writing system

Main article: Tajik alphabet

Tajiki is currently written in the Cyrillic alphabet in the former Soviet Union, although it has been written in both the Latin alphabet and the Persian alphabet in certain parts of its history. In the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, the use of the Latin script began in 1928, and was later replaced in the 1930s by the Cyrillic script. In Afghanistan, Tajiks continued to use the Persian script, which remains in use among Afghan Tajiks today.

History

According to many scholars, the New Persian language (which subsequently evolved into the Persian forms spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan) developed in Transoxiana and Khorasan, in what are today parts of Afghanistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. While the New Persian language was descended primarily from Middle Persian, it also incorporated substantial elements of other Iranian languages of ancient Central Asia, such as Sogdian.

Following the Arab conquest of Iran and most of Central Asia in the 8th century AD, Arabic for a time became the court language, and Persian and other Iranian languages were relegated to the private sphere. In the 9th century AD, following the rise of the Samanids, whose state covered much of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and northeastern Iran and was centered around the cities of Bukhoro (Bukhara), Samarqand and Herat, New Persian emerged as the court language and swiftly displaced Arabic. Arabic influence continued to show itself in the form of the Perso-Arabic script used to write the language (replaced in Tajik by Latin and then Cyrillic in the 20th century) and a large number of Arabic loanwords.

New Persian became the lingua franca of Central Asia for centuries, although it eventually lost ground to the Chaghatai language in much of its former domains as a growing number of Turkic tribes moved into the region from the east. Since the 16th century AD, Tajiki has come under increasing pressure from neighboring Turkic languages, particularly Uzbek, which has largely replaced it in most areas of what is now Uzbekistan. Once spoken in areas of Turkmenistan, such as Merv, Tajik is today virtually non-existent in that country. Nevertheless, Tajik persisted in pockets of what is now Uzbekistan, notably in Samarqand, Bukhoro and Surxondaryo Province, as well as in much of what is today Tajikistan.

The creation of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic within the Soviet Union in 1929 helped to safeguard the future of Tajik, as it became an official language of the republic alongside Russian. Still, substantial numbers of Tajik-speakers remained outside the borders of the republic, mostly in the neighboring Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, which created a source of tension between Tajiks and Uzbeks. Neither Samarqand nor Bukhoro was included in the nascent Tajik S.S.R., despite their immense historical importance in Tajik history. After the creation of the Tajik S.S.R., a large number of ethnic Tajiks from the Uzbek S.S.R. migrated there, particularly to the region of the capital, Dushanbe, exercising a substantial influence in the republic's political, cultural and economic life. The influence of this influx of ethnic Tajik immigrants from the Uzbek S.S.R. is most prominently manifested in the fact that literary Tajik is based on their northwestern dialects of the language, rather than the central dialects that are spoken by the natives in the Dushanbe region and adjacent areas.

After the fall of the Soviet Union and Tajikistan's independence in 1991, the government of Tajikistan has made substantial efforts to promote the use of Tajik in all spheres of public and private life. Tajik is gaining ground among the once-Russified upper classes, and continues its role as the vernacular of the majority of the country's population. There has been a rise in the number of Tajik publications. Increasing contact with media from Iran and Afghanistan, after decades of isolation under the Soviets, is also having an effect on the development of the language.

See also

• Tajik alphabet
• Iranology
• Academy of Persian Language and Literature
• Persian language
• Dari (Afghanistan)
• Bukhori
• Iranian people
• Tajiks
• Afghan people

References

• Korotow, M. (2004) Tadschikisch Wort für Wort. Kauderwelsch ISBN 389416347X
• Lazard, G. (1956) "Charactères distinctifs de la language Tadjik". Bulletin de la Societe Linguistique de Paris. 52. pp. 117--186
• Windfuhr, G. (1987) in Comrie, B. (ed.) "Persian". The World's Major Languages. pp. 523--546
• Perry, J. R. (2005) A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar (Boston : Brill) ISBN 90-04-14323-8
• Rastorgueva, V. (1963) A Short Sketch of Tajik Grammar (Netherlands : Mouton) ISBN 0-933070-28-4

External links

• A Worldwide Community for Tajiks
• Ethnologue report for Tajik
• BBC news in Tajik