Operation Badr (1973)
 |
| Operation Badr (1973) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Israel |
 Egypt | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Chaim Bar-Lev David Elazar |
Saad El Shazly Anwar Sadat | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 600+ | 8,000 [1] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 600+ killed/captured |
about 200 killed/wounded,[1] | ||||||
The Crossing (العبور) is a term used in Egypt to refer to the west-to-east crossing of the Suez Canal by the Egyptian army at the start of the Yom Kippur War in 1973. It is also a term used by some Israelis to refer to the east to west counter-attack crossing of the Suez Canal by the Israeli army spearheaded by Colonel Danny Matt and his paratroop battalion later in that war. That term is translated from the word which means "The Crossovering" in Arabic, that was particularly used to indicate the highlight of the Yom Kippur war surprise attack that was initiated by the frontline infantry in contrast to the expected routine airborne start.
Background
New Egyptian president Anwar Sadat's regime was quite unstable and threatened by student demonstrations. They were unable to force through economic reforms that they felt were necessary to Egypt's survival, in addition to the public frustrations about the loss to Israel back in the 5th of June, 1967. At the end of the 1967s war, Israel occupied the Egyptian Sinai peninsula , trying to make a base for the Invasion of Egypt and a line of defence against any Egyptian attacks.
Meanwhile, the Egyptian military Generals were preparing for a Major Battle that was supposed to start by 1972, if it wasn't for President Sadat delaying the zero hour several times until the 6th of October 1973, on 14:00 by the Local timing. Egypt had suffered through defeat in Palestine war in 1948 because of corrupt arms deal and then the invasion in 1956, by Britain, France, And Israel which ended with the triumph of Egypt by Security Council resolution followed by the most dramatically defeat in the Six-Day War of 1967 where much of the Egyptian military had been destroyed and the Sinai peninsula across the Suez Canal had been taken by Israel.
President Sadat hoped to overwhelm the Israeli forces stationed there. His Soviet advisors thought otherwise and argued that it would take many days of fighting and a 50% casualty rate for Egypt to capture the canal, but he decided to proceed anyway.
Egyptian attack
Egypt, in cooperation with Syria, launched the attack on October 6, 1973. Initially, it was a spectacular success, that resulted in the crossing of over 80,000 Egyptian soldiers within hours. The Israelis had constructed a massive line of fortifications along the canal called the Bar Lev Line, which they considered impregnable. The heart of these defences were massive sand banks with a series of 43 manned installations. The Israelis had calculated that blasting through the sand barriers would take several hours, however the Egyptians solved this problem by using pressurized water to quickly erode the hills. The Israelis' back-up plan had been to redirect the nearby oil pipeline into the canal and set it alight. However, the night before Egyptian commandos had managed to disable the pipeline. In the initial attack only 208 Egyptians lost their lives, while all 600 Israelis were killed or captured. It was the first Arab victory over the Israelis in a generation. Behind the initial defensive line the Israelis had a large armoured reserve. These were immediately dispatched to contain the breach. However they were sent without infantry or air support (due to heavy SAM cover provided by batteries situated on the Western side of the canal) and the tanks took very heavy losses from Egyptian infantry armed with new Soviet-supplied anti-tank guided missiles and rocket-propelled grenade launchers. The Egyptian forces rushed north into the Sinai.
Analysis
Egypt's crossing had achieved President Sadat's aims, although in somewhat unexpected ways. It had forced the two superpowers to once again focus more intensely on the Middle East. Egypt's initial victory also greatly reinforced President Sadat's domestic position. For the rest of his life he was referred to as "The Hero of the Crossing," and this status helped his regime to stay in power until his assassination in 1981, on the eighth anniversary of the attack. Combined with pressure from the United States, it also brought Israel to the negotiating table and in 1977 the Camp David Accords, a comprehensive Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty, was signed, which among other things saw the Sinai eventually returned to Egypt in return for Egypt's official recognition of the State of Israel and the establishment of normal diplomatic relations with Israel, and a commitment to live in peace with the Jewish state.