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Ice hockey at the Olympic Games

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Ice hockey at the Olympic Games
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Governing bodyIIHF
Events0 (mixed)
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics

Ice hockey tournaments have been staged at the Olympic Games since 1920. The men's tournament was introduced at the 1920 Summer Olympics, but was added to the Winter Olympic Games in 1924. The Olympic Games were originally intended for amateur athletes, so the players of the National Hockey League (NHL) and other professional leagues were not allowed to play. Canada dominated the first three decades, winning six of seven gold medals. Czechoslovakia, Sweden and the United States were also powerhouses during this period. Between 1920 and 1968, the Olympic hockey tournament was also considered the Ice Hockey World Championship for that year. Typically, tournaments started with a round-robin series of games and ended with the medal round. Medals were awarded based on points accumulated during that round.

The Soviet Union first participated in 1956 and overtook Canada as the dominant international team, winning seven of the nine tournaments in which they participated. At the 1980 Winter Olympics, the American team upset the Soviet Union in the "Miracle on Ice" and went on to win the gold medal. Many of Canada's top players were NHL professionals, so the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association pushed for the ability to use professional and amateur players. After several debates about the definition of what made a player professional the International Olympic Committee (IOC) voted to allow all athletes to compete in Olympic Games held after 1988. The NHL was initially reluctant to allow its players to compete because the Olympics are held in the middle of the NHL season, and the league would have to halt play if many of its players participated.

In July 1992, the IOC voted to approve women's hockey as an Olympic event; it was first held at the 1998 Winter Olympics. The Canadian and American teams have both dominated the event, typically losing only to each other. The NHL decided to allow its players to compete starting in 1998, and the format of the tournament was adjusted to accommodate it. NHL players started playing the second week and the top six teams — Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States — were given byes to the final round. This decision was controversial because it affected the chances of teams like Slovakia and Germany, who fielded several NHL players. The tournament format was changed again in 2006; every team played five preliminary games with the full use of NHL players.

Inception as an Olympic sport

The first Olympic ice hockey tournament took place at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium,[1] when organised ice hockey was still relatively new. The first organised indoor game took place on March 3, 1875 at Montreal's Victoria Skating Rink.[2] The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), the sport's governing body, was created on May 15, 1908,[3] and the National Hockey League (NHL), the largest professional hockey league in the world, was formed in 1917.[4] The IIHF considers the 1920 tournament to be the first Ice Hockey World Championship. Subsequently, the two events occurred concurrently, and every Olympic tournament until 1968 is counted as the World Championship. The first World Championship that was held as an individual event in 1930.[5]

Following the 1921 Olympic Congress in Lausanne, the first Winter Olympics were held in 1924 in Chamonix, France, though they were only officially recognised by the IOC as such in the following year.[6] Chapter 1, article 6 of the 2007 edition of the Olympic Charter defines Winter sports as "sports which are practised on snow or ice."[7] Ice hockey and figure skating were permanently integrated in the Winter Olympics program as of the first edition.[8] The IOC made the Winter Games a permanent fixture in the Olympics, although following the 1992 Winter Olympics further Winter Games have been held on the third year of each Olympiad.[9]

Men's tournament

A set of silver, gold and bronze medals from the 1998 Winter Olympics on display at the Hockey Hall of Fame.

The men's tournament was first held at the 1920 Summer Olympics and was organised by a committee that included future IIHF president Paul Loicq. There were many differences from the modern game: games were played outdoors on natural ice, forward passes were not allowed,[10] the rink was 56x18 metres (the current International standard is 61x30 metres) and two twenty minute periods were played.[11] Each side had seven players on the ice, the extra position being the rover.[5] Following the tournament, the IIHF held a congress and decided to adopt the "Canadian rules" – six men per side and three periods of play.[10] The tournament used the "Bergvall System," in which three rounds were played. The first round was an elimination tournament which determined the gold medal winner. The second round consisted of the teams that were defeated by the gold medal winner; the winner of that round was awarded the silver medal. The final round was played between teams that had lost to the gold or silver medal winners; the winner of that round the bronze medal. The system was criticised, especially in Sweden, because under the system, the Swedish team had to play six games (winning three) while the bronze medal winning Czech team only had to play three (winning one). Erik Bergvall, creator of the system, stated that it was used incorrectly and that a tournament of all of the losing teams from the first round should have played to determine which teams would also play for the silver medal.[10] Because of these criticisms, the "Bergvall System" was not used again for ice hockey after the 1920 games.[10]

In 1924, the tournament was played in a round-robin format. It consisted of a preliminary round and a medal round. The medals were awarded based on win-loss records during the medal round.[12] The same format was used until 1992, although there were small variations such as in the number of teams and games played. In 1988, the gold medal winner was decided before the final games. Because of this and several other similar occurrences, the IIHF decided to change the tournament format. During a congress in 1990, the IIHF introduced a playoff system.[13] The new system was used at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France. Preliminary round-robin games were held and were followed by an eight-team "cup-system" style medal round which culminated in a gold medal game.[5]

The 1998 gold medal game between Russia and the Czech Republic was the first played between teams consisting mainly of NHL players.

After the NHL allowed its players to compete at the 1998 Winter Olympics, the format was adjusted to accommodate their schedule. Only February 7, a preliminary round without NHL players or top six teams (Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States) was held. The NHL included games on the seventh, but then halted play for the next seventeen days to allow participating players time to fly to Japan and have time to recover from fatigue.[14] The tournament format was criticised for not allowing all teams the full use of their NHL players during the entire tournament.[15] The same format was used at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, United States. The NHL's Olympic break did not start until the second week of the Games. However, teams participating in the preliminary tournament were allowed to use NHL players who were not obligated to play with their NHL club.[16] Slovakia was particularly affected, and the team failed to advance to the final round.[15] Three months later, Slovakia won gold at the 2002 World Championships.[17]

The 2004–05 NHL season was locked out, and eventually cancelled, because of a labour dispute between the league and the players. In January 2005, Gary Bettman commented that he was hesitant to allow league participation in the Olympics because he did not like the idea of stopping play mid-season after the previous season had been shut down.[18] The lockout was resolved in July 2005 and the newly negotiated NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement allowed league participation in both the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics.[19] Beginning with the 2005–06 season, the NHL instituted several new rules which were not picked up by the IIHF, such as requiring smaller goaltender equipment.[20] However, the IIHF did agree to follow the NHL's league's zero-tolerance policy on obstruction and required referees to call more hooking, holding and interference penalties.[21][22] The tournament format was adjusted for 2006. The NHL went on break for the duration of the games, allowing all players to compete.[23] The number of teams was lowered to 12 and the top six teams did not get a bye and played five preliminary round games.[24] In 2006, some NHL players used the break as an opportunity to rest and did not participate in the tournament. IIHF president René Fasel stated that he was disappointed by this, adding that "If we want to show our game to the world and make this promotion for hockey, for the game, for the NHL, for the IIHF, for the teams, this is the best place in the world."[25] Some NHL team owners were against their players participating in the tournament due to concerns of NHLers getting injured or exhausted. Philadelphia Flyers owner Ed Snider commented that "I'm a believer in the Olympics and I think it's good for the NHL to participate, having said that, the people who participate should be the ones who are absolutely healthy."[26] Several players were injured during the Olympics and were forced to miss NHL games. Gary Bettman said that several format changes were being discussed so that the tournament would be "a little easier for everybody."[27]

The men's tournament will be held at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada. Twelve teams have qualified and they will be split into three groups of four teams. The NHL break will begin after February 14 and the tournament will start on February 16. At the NHL's request, the number of preliminary games that will be played was lowered to three.[28] Following the completion of the preliminary round, all teams will be ranked 1 through 12 based on points. The top four ranked teams will receive byes to the quarterfinals, with the remaining eight teams playing for the remaining four quarterfinal positions. Following that, the final eight teams will compete in a playoff to determine the gold medalist.[29] It will mark the first time since NHL players were allowed to compete that the Olympics will be held in a city with a NHL team. For the first time, Olympic games will be played on a narrower, NHL-sized ice rink, measuring 61x26 metres (200x85 ffeett), instead of the international size of 61x30 metres (200x98.5 feet). This change is expected to save $10 million (CAD) in construction costs and allow more spectators to attend games.[30] Each will team is allowed to have between 15 and 20 skaters (forwards and Defencemen) and two or three goaltenders, all of whom must be citizens of the team they play for.[28][31]

It has not yet been decided if the NHL will participate in the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. A deal would have to negotiated into the next NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement.[32]

Women's tournament

Hayley Wickenheiser of Canada is the all-time leading scorer in the women's tournament[33] and was named tournament MVP twice.[34]

At the 99th IOC Session in July 1992, the IOC voted to approve women's hockey as an Olympic event to first be held at the 1998 Winter Olympics.[35] The event needed to be approved by the Nagano Winter Olympic Organizing Committee (NWOOC), which was initially reluctant to include the event because of the additional costs of staging the tournament.[36] The Japanese women's national team had also failed to make that year's World Championships. In November 1992, the NWOOC and IOC Coordination Committee reached an agreement to include a women's ice hockey tournament in the program in 1998.[36] Part of the agreement was that the tournament would be limited to six teams, and no additional facilities would be built. The Canadian Amateur Hockey Association agreed to help build the Japanese team.[37] The IOC had agreed that if the NWOOC had not approved the event, it would be held at the 2002 Winter Olympics.[36] The first tournament was similar to the men's: preliminary round-robin games followed by a medal round playoff.[38]

In 2006, the Canadian team started the tournament by outscoring opponents 36–1 over three games. American defenceman Angela Ruggiero accused the team of running up the score and warned that the event's Olympic status could be called into question due to a perceived lack of competitive teams.[39][40][41] The Italian, ranked seventeenth in the world at the time, had qualified because they were the host.[42] They were outscored 32–1 in three games and IIHF president René Fasel declared his intention to try to make future tournaments more competitive and not allow host nations to automatically qualify.[43]

The tournament will again be held at the 2010 Winter Olympics. Eight teams have qualified and they will be split into two divisions of four teams. Each team will play three preliminary games. Following the completion of the preliminary round, the top two teams from each division will advance to the medal round and compete in a playoff to determine the gold medalist. The other four will play classification games.[44] Each team is allowed to have between 15 and 18 skaters (forwards and defencemen) and two goaltenders.[45]

History

1920 Summer Olympics

File:Wfalcons.jpg
The gold medal-winning Winnipeg Falcons (representing Canada) en route to the 1920 Summer Olympics.

The tournament was played from April 23 to April 29. Seven teams participated: Canada, Czechoslovakia, the United States, Switzerland, Sweden, France and Belgium. Canada chose to send the Allan Cup-winning Winnipeg Falcons. The Americans initially held a tournament to determine their representative but in the end decided to send an all-star team of players from Boston, Pittsburgh and Saint Paul, Minnesota. The team included four Canadian-born players. The Swedish team consisted mostly of bandy players, many of whom had only started playing hockey in preparation for the tournament.[10] Using the "Bergvall System",[11] the tournament started with an elimination round to determine the gold medal winner.[11] Canada won all three games, lastly defeating Sweden and outscoring opponents 27–1.[46] In two subsequent rounds, the United States and Czechoslovakia won the silver and bronze medals respectively.[47]

1924–1948

At the 1924 Winter Olympics, the Canadian Toronto Granites became one of the dominant hockey teams in Olympic history. They outscored opponents 110–3, with Harry Watson scoring 36 of those, and won Canada's only medal of the Games.[48][49]

A game between Canada and Sweden during the 1928 Winter Olympics.

Eleven teams participated in the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland. The University of Toronto Grads, representing Canada, were given a bye to the medal round and won all of their games by a combined score of 38–0.[50] The Swedish and Swiss teams won their first medals – silver and bronze, respectively – and a German team participated for the first time, finishing ninth.[51] At the 1932 Winter Olympics, the Winnipeg Hockey Club won the gold medal, but became the first Canadian team to not win all their games. The tournament consisted of four teams that played each other twice and the Americans tied the Canadians 2–2 in the final game.[52]

Two days before the 1936 Winter Olympics in Germany, Canadian officials protested that two players on the British team — James Foster and Alex Archer — had played in Canada but transferred without permission to the British team. The IIHF agreed with Canada, but Britain threatened to withdraw if the two could not compete, and Canada withdrew the protest before the games. The tournament consisted of four groups and a total of fifteen teams. Britain became the first non-Canadian team to win gold, with Germany taking bronze.[53] World War II forced the cancellation of the 1940 and 1944 Winter Olympics.[54]

The jersey of the 1952 gold medal winning Edmonton Mercurys, the last Canadian team to win a gold medal during the 20th century.

During the run-up to the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland, a conflict broke out between the two American hockey bodies: the American Hockey Association (AHA) and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU). The AAU, which had run amateur hockey in the United States since 1930, was expelled by the IIHF in 1947 when they refused to support the AHA's team. The AAU stated that the AHA players were "openly paid salaries" and at the time, the Olympics were strictly for amateur players.[55] The Swiss Olympic Organizing Committee (SOOC) had accepted the AHA's application and Avery Brundage of the United States Olympic Committee threatened to withdraw the entire American team if the AHA participated in the Olympics. The IIHF countered by threatening to withdraw hockey if the AHA were banned. The IOC suggested that both American teams be banned but the SOOC rejected this proposal. The IOC decided to switch hockey to an unofficial event but a compromise was reached that the AHA team would be allowed to compete but would not be considered official and not be able to win a medal. By the end of the tournament, the AHA team finished fourth in the standings but was disqualified.[55][56] Both Czechoslovakia and the RCAF Flyers of Canada won seven games and tied when they played each other. The gold medal winner was determined by goal difference: Canada won the gold because they had an average of 13.8 compared to Czechoslovakia's average of 4.3.[57]

Czechoslovakia's team was quickly improving, they had won the 1947 World Championships, although a Canadian team had not participated in the event. In 1949, they became the third nation to win a World Championship tournament that Canada participated in.[58] At the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway, the Edmonton Mercurys won Canada's second consecutive Olympic gold medal. It would be the last time that a Canadian team would win a gold medal in hockey for 50 years.[59] 1952 was also the first time that a team from Finland competed.[60]

1956–1976

The Soviet Union competed in its first World Championship in 1954. They defeated Canada 7–2 in the final game of the tournament and won the gold medal.[61] At the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, Canada's Kitchener-Waterloo Dutchmen lost to both the Soviets and the United States in the medal round and won the bronze. The Soviets went undefeated and won their first gold medal.[61] It would be seven years until the Soviet Union would win another World Championship. The 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California saw the first, and to date only, team from Australia compete in the tournament. Canada, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and Sweden were the top four teams heading into the Games. All four were defeated by the American team, which won all seven games en route to their first Olympic gold medal.[62]

Vladislav Tretiak is the only athlete to have won one silver and three gold medals in ice hockey.

The 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria marked the first time that Canada failed to win an Olympic medal in hockey. The 1964 Games also marked a turning point in Canadian Olympic hockey history. The Soviet Union won all seven of their games and the gold medal, but Canada, represented by a national team rather than a club, finished the tournament with five wins and two losses, putting them in a three-way tie for second place with Sweden and Czechoslovakia. Prior to 1964, the tie-breaking procedure was based on goal difference from games against teams in the medal round and under that system, Canada would have placed third ahead of the Czechs. The procedure had been changed to count all games and that meant the Canadians finished fourth.[63] However, at the time the Olympics counted as the World Championships and under their rules, Canada should have won a bronze.[64] In April 2005, the IIHF admitted that a mistake had occurred and announced that they had reviewed the decision and would award the 1964 Canadian team a World Championship bronze medal.[65] However, two months later, the IIHF over-turned their decision and rejected an appeal in September.[66][67]

Soviet domination continued at the 1968 Winter Olympics held in Grenoble, France as they won their third gold medal.[68] It was the last time that the Olympics were also counted as the World Championships. With European teams constantly improving, the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association felt their amateur players could no longer be competitive and pushed for the ability to use players from professional leagues. At the IIHF Congress in 1969, the IIHF decided to allow Canada to use nine non-NHL professional hockey players[69] at the 1970 World Championships to be played in Montreal and Winnipeg, Canada.[70] However, the decision was reversed in January 1970. IOC president Avery Brundage was opposed to the idea of amateur and professional players competing together and said that ice hockey's status as an Olympic sport would be in jeopardy if the change was made. In response, Canada withdrew from International ice hockey competition and Canadian Minister of Health and Welfare John Munro stated that they would not return until after "open competition" was instituted.[69][71] Canada's ice hockey team would not participate in the 1972 and 1976 Winter Olympics.[69] In 1977, the IIHF and CAHA came to an agreement and all players were allowed to compete in the World Championships. However, NHL players were still not allowed to compete at the Olympics.[72]

Led by goaltender Vladislav Tretiak and forwards Valery Kharlamov, Alexander Yakushev, Vladimir Petrov and Boris Mikhailov, the Soviet Union won gold at both the 1972 Games in Sapporo, Japan and 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria.[73] In 1971, the United States finished last at the World Championships and was relegated to Pool B. However, the team managed to qualify for the 1972 Olympics and won a silver, making them the first Pool B team to win an Olympic medal.[74]

1980: "The Miracle on Ice"

Main article: Miracle on Ice
The 1980 gold medal-winning American team had the honour of lighting the Olympic cauldron at the 2002 Winter Olympics.[75]

The 1980 Winter Olympics returned to Lake Placid, New York. Twelve teams participated in the ice hockey tournament, including Canada for the first time since 1968. The Soviet Union entered the Olympic tournament as heavy favourites, and were considered natural rivals with the American team due to the Cold War. The Americans, coached by Herb Brooks and consisting mainly of college students, tied Sweden and scored an upset win over Czechoslovakia in the preliminary round and finished with four wins and a tie. The medal round consisted of the Americans, Sweden, Finland and the Soviets, who had won all of their games in the first round.[76]

The tournament became most famous for the "Miracle on Ice": the February 22 medal-round game between the Soviet Union and the United States that took place at the Olympic Center (now known as the Herb Brooks Arena). The Soviets took an early lead, then a 2–1 lead, but the Americans tied the game with one second left in the first period. In the second period, Soviet goaltender Vladislav Tretiak was replaced by Vladimir Myshkin. The Soviets took the lead early in the second period and the Americans were kept in the game thanks to the goaltending of Jim Craig. In the final period, the Americans tied the game with a power play goal. Less than two minutes later, American captain Mike Eruzione fired a shot past Myshkin, giving them a 4–3 lead with exactly 10 minutes to play in the contest. Craig withstood another series of Soviet shots to finish the match, though the Soviets did not remove their goalkeeper for an extra attacker. In the final seconds of the game, American Broadcasting Company sportscaster Al Michaels delivered his famous line: "Do you believe in miracles? Yes!"[76][77]

A common myth is that the Americans won gold the night they beat the Soviets.[78] However, the medals were awarded based on points accumulated against teams that made the medal round. The Americans did not win the gold until February 24 when they defeated Finland 4–2 and finished the tournament undefeated. The Soviets defeated Sweden and won the silver. In 2008, the IIHF picked the "Miracle on Ice" as the number-one international hockey story of the past one hundred years.[76]

1984–1994

Prior to the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia there was a dispute over what made a player a professional. Four players on Canada's team had signed NHL contracts but had played less than ten games in the league and Canadian officials said that this made the eligible. The United States Olympic Committee and IOC maintained that any player contracted with a NHL team was a professional and not eligible to play. Canadian hockey official Alan Eagleson stated that the rule was only applied to North American leagues and that professionally contracted players in European leagues were still considered amateur.[79] Murray Costello of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association suggested that a Canadian withdrawal was possible.[80] In the end, Canada participated and finished fourth as the Soviet Union won their sixth gold medal.[81]

Finnish centre Raimo Helminen played in six Olympics, winning a silver in 1988 and bronze medals in 1994 and 1998.[82]

The 1988 Winter Olympics were held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The Soviet Union captured their seventh and final gold medal, their last Olympic game was a loss to Finland. The Finnish team was not considered a serious medal threat – they had competed in the world championships since 1939 and had not won a single medal. However, they upset the Soviets 3–2 and won silver.[83]

The Iron Curtain fell in 1989 and the Soviet Union dissolved in December 1991. Nine former Soviet states became part of the IIHF and started competing in international competitions, including Belarus, Kazakhstan, Latvia and Ukraine. Russia was named the replacement for the Soviet Union.[84] At the 1992 Olympics, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan competed as one entity, known as the Unified Team.[85] In the final, the Unified Team defeated Canada to win gold and Czechoslovakia won the bronze.[85]

Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in January 1993. The IIHF recognized the Czech Republic as the successor to Czechoslovakia and it retained its position in the top division while Slovakia started in the lowest division (Pool C) in 1994 and was forced to work its way up.[86] Both nations competed in the tournament at the 1994 Winter Olympics, as did Russia. Slovakia and Finland finished the preliminary round undefeated. Slovakia lost to Russia in their medal round quarterfinal and Russia went on to lose to Finland in the bronze medal game. The gold medal game was between Sweden and Canada and the two teams finished regulation play with a 2–2 tie. In the resulting shootout, Peter Forsberg was the final shooter for Sweden. He scored one of the most famous goals in Olympic history by faking a forehand shot, then sliding a one-handed backhand shot past goaltender Corey Hirsch.[87][88][89] Canada's final shooter was unable to score and Sweden won the game and its first gold.[90]

1998–2006

The NHL era

A preliminary game between Canada and Sweden at the 2002 Winter Olympics.

In 1986, the IOC voted to allow all athletes to compete in Olympic Games held after 1988,[91] but left it to the individual sport federations to decide if they wanted to allow professionals.[92] In 1992, National Basketball Association (NBA) players participated in the 1992 Summer Olympics. The American team – nicknamed the Dream Team – dominated the tournament and NHL commissioner Gary Bettman (who was an NBA executive in 1992) believes that the "NBA's worldwide awareness grew dramatically." He hoped that NHL participation would "get exposure like the world has never seen for hockey."[93] The typical NBA season is held in the winter and spring, so the Summer Olympics do not conflict with the regular season schedule. However, the Winter Olympics typically occur in February, during the NHL regular season schedule, so the majority of the players were unable to compete. Bettman "floated a concept of moving hockey to the Summer Games" but this was rejected because of the Olympic Charter.[93] In March 1995 at a meeting in Geneva, Switzerland, it was agreed that NHL players could play in the Olympics starting with the 1998 Games in Nagano, Japan.[93] The deal was officially announced by the NHL on October 2, 1995. Bettman said "We're doing this to build the game of hockey , pure and simple, we think whatever benefits are recouped, it will end up making this game bigger, stronger and healthier."[94]

Saku Koivu of Finland and Pavel Datsyuk of Russia face off in a semi-final game at the 2006 Winter Olympics.

The top six teams began play on February 13. Canada, considered a pre-tournament favourite, was upset in the semi-final round by the Czech Republic and then lost the bronze medal game to Finland.[95] Led by goaltender Dominik Hašek, the Czech team would go on to defeat Russia to win their first gold medal in the sport.[96] During the tournament, Swedish player Ulf Samuelsson was discovered to have applied for American citizenship. Under Swedish law, citizenship is annulled when someone acquires a foreign passport. Samuelsson was ejected after having played the first game against Belarus and Sweden was able to keep their points from the win. the Czech National Olympic Committee felt that Sweden should lose the points and filed a protest with the Court of Arbitration for Sport, which was rejected.[97] Following the tournament, Gary Bettman commented that it "was what we had predicted and hoped for from a pure hockey perspective, it was a wonderful tournament."[98]

At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Finnish centre Raimo Helminen became the first ice hockey player to compete in six tournaments.[82] In the quarterfinals, Belarus defeated Sweden in one of the biggest upsets since the "Miracle on Ice"[99][100] and finished fourth.[101] Despite losing their first game to Sweden, the Canadian team rebounded and won its first gold medal in 50 years.[102] During the final, the legend of the lucky loonie was born when Canadian icemaker Trent Evans buried a one dollar coin (Loonie) under centre ice and both Canadian teams won gold.[103][104]

In 2006, Sweden won the gold medal over Finland and the Czech Republic won the bronze medal. Three months later, Sweden won the 2006 World Championships and became the first team to win Olympic and World Championship gold in the same year.[105]

Addition of women's hockey

Prior to 1998, women's hockey had been dominated by Canada. Canadian teams had won every World Championship up to that point but by 1997, the American team had improved and was evenly matched with Canada. In 13 games played between the two teams in 1997, Canada won seven and the United States won six. The 1998 Olympic tournament also included teams from Finland, Sweden, China and host Japan. Canada and the United States dominated the round-robin portion and in their head-to-head match up, the United States overcame a 4–1 deficit to win 7–4.[106] The two teams met in the gold medal final, which the United States won 3–1 to become the third American ice hockey team to win Olympic gold.[107] The Canadian and American teams continued their rivalry and in a rematch between the two at the 2002 Winter Olympics, Canada won 3–2.

At the 2006 Winter Olympics the American team was upset by Sweden in the semi-final round, marking the first time that they had lost to an opponent other than Canada.[108] The upset drew comparisons to the "Miracle on Ice" from 1980.[109][110][111] In the final, Canada beat Sweden to claim their second consecutive gold medal and the Americans defeated Finland to win the bronze.[112][113]

Statistics

Participating nations

Key
# The final rank of the team.
=# Indicates that two or more teams shared the same final rank.
– The team did not participate that year.
DQ The team was disqualified during the tournament.
The nation did not exist with that designation at that time.
References:[114][115]
Men
Nation 1920 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 Total
 Australia (AUS) – – – – – – – – 9 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1
 Austria (AUT) – – 5 – =7 7 – 10 – 13 13 – 8 – 10 9 – 12 14 12 – – 12
 Belarus (BLR) – 7 4 – Q 3
 Belgium (BEL) =6 7 8 – =9 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 4
 Bulgaria (BUL) – – – – – – – – – – – – 12 – – – – – – – – – 1
 Canada (CAN) 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 4 3 – – 6 4 4 2 2 4 1 7 Q 20
 Czech Republic (CZE) =5 1 7 3 Q 5
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) 3 5 5 – 4 2 4 5 4 3 2 3 2 5 2 6 3 16
 Finland (FIN) – – – – – – 7 – 7 6 5 5 4 4 6 2 7 3 3 6 2 Q 15
 France (FRA) =6 =5 5 – =9 – – – – – 14 – – – – 11 8 10 11 14 – – 10
 Germany (GER) – – 8 3 5 – 6 7 9 8 10 Q 9
 West Germany (FRG) 8 6 6 7 7 7 3 10 5 5 10
 East Germany (GDR) – – – – 8 – – – – – 1
 Great Britain (GBR) – 3 4 – 1 5 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 4
 Hungary (HUN) – – 11 – =7 – – – – 16 – – – – – – – – – – – – 3
 Italy (ITA) – – – – =9 8 – 7 – 15 – – – – 9 – 12 9 12 – 11 – 9
 Japan (JPN) – – – – =9 – – – 8 11 10 9 9 12 – – – – 13 – – – 8
 Kazakhstan (KAZ) – 8 – 9 – 2
 Latvia (LAT) – – – – =9 – – – 9 12 Q 4
 Netherlands (NED) – – – – – – – – – – – – – 8 – – – – – – – – 1
 Norway (NOR) – – – – – – 9 – – 10 11 8 – 11 12 12 9 11 – – – Q 10
 Poland (POL) – – 8 4 =9 6 6 8 – 9 – 6 6 7 8 10 11 – – – – – 13
 Romania (ROU) – – – – – – – – – 12 12 – 7 9 – – – – – – – – 4
 Russia (RUS) 4 2 3 4 Q 5
 Slovakia (SVK) 6 10 13 5 Q 5
 Soviet Union (URS) – – – – – – 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 9
 Sweden (SWE) 4 4 2 – 5 4 3 4 5 2 4 4 – 3 3 3 5 1 5 5 1 Q 20
 Switzerland (SUI) 5 7 3 – =9 3 5 9 – 8 – 10 11 – – 8 10 – – 11 6 Q 15
 Ukraine (UKR) – – 10 – – 1
 Unified Team (EUN) 1 1
 United States (USA) 2 2 – 2 3 DQ 2 2 1 5 6 2 5 1 7 7 4 8 6 2 8 Q 21
 Yugoslavia (YUG) – – – – – – – – – 14 9 11 10 – 11 – – 5
Total Teams 7 8 11 4 15 9 9 10 9 16 14 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 14 14 12 12 247
Women
Nation 98 02 06 10 Total
 Canada (CAN) 2 1 1 Q 4
 China (CHN) 4 7 – Q 3
 Finland (FIN) 3 4 4 Q 4
 Germany (GER) – 6 5 – 2
 Italy (ITA) – – 8 – 1
 Japan (JPN) 6 – – – 1
 Kazakhstan (KAZ) – 8 – – 1
 Russia (RUS) – 5 6 Q 3
 Slovakia (SVK) – – – Q 1
 Sweden (SWE) 5 3 2 Q 4
 Switzerland (SUI) – – 7 Q 2
 United States (USA) 1 2 3 Q 4
Total Teams 6 8 8 8 30

Medal winners

Main article: List of Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Men
Austria vs. Latvia in a preliminary men's game at the 2002 Winter Olympics.
The American men's team warms up at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
The bronze medal winning Czech men's team in 2006.
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1920 Antwerp  Canada  United States  Czechoslovakia
1924 Chamonix  Canada  United States  Great Britain
1928 St. Moritz  Canada  Sweden  Switzerland
1932 Lake Placid  Canada  United States  Germany
1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen  Great Britain  Canada  United States
1948 St. Moritz  Canada  Czechoslovakia  Switzerland
1952 Oslo  Canada  United States  Sweden
1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo  Soviet Union  United States  Canada
1960 Squaw Valley  United States  Canada  Soviet Union
1964 Innsbruck  Soviet Union  Sweden  Czechoslovakia
1968 Grenoble  Soviet Union  Czechoslovakia  Canada
1972 Sapporo  Soviet Union  United States  Czechoslovakia
1976 Innsbruck  Soviet Union  Czechoslovakia  West Germany
1980 Lake Placid  United States  Soviet Union  Sweden
1984 Sarajevo  Soviet Union  Czechoslovakia  Sweden
1988 Calgary  Soviet Union  Finland  Sweden
1992 Albertville  Unified Team  Canada  Czechoslovakia
1994 Lillehammer  Sweden  Canada  Finland
1998 Nagano  Czech Republic  Russia  Finland
2002 Salt Lake City  Canada  United States  Russia
2006 Turin  Sweden  Finland  Czech Republic
2010 Vancouver
Women
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1998 Nagano  United States  Canada  Finland
2002 Salt Lake City  Canada  United States  Sweden
2006 Turin  Canada  Sweden  United States
2010 Vancouver

Medal table

The Canadian men's team in 2006.
The Russian men's team warms up in 2006.

This is the all-time count of medals won in ice hockey at the Olympics, including both the men's and women's tournaments.

1  Canada (CAN) 9 5 2 16
2  Soviet Union (URS) 7 1 1 9
3  United States (USA) 3 8 2 13
4  Sweden (SWE) 2 3 5 10
5  Czech Republic (CZE) 1 0 1 2
6  Great Britain (GBR) 1 0 1 2
7  Unified Team (EUN) 1 0 0 1
8  Czechoslovakia (TCH) 0 4 4 8
8  Finland (FIN) 0 2 3 5
10  Russia (RUS) 0 1 1 2
11  Switzerland (SUI) 0 0 2 2
12  Germany (GER) 0 0 1 1
13  West Germany (FRG) 0 0 1 1
Total 24 24 24 72

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Ice hockey". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  2. ^ Farrell, Arthur (1899). Hockey: Canada's Royal Winter Game. p. 27.
  3. ^ "It all started in Paris, 1908". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  4. ^ McGourty, John (26 November 2006), NHL celebrates 90th anniversary today, National Hockey League, retrieved 2008–05–10 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  5. ^ a b c "International hockey timeline". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  6. ^ "Chamonix 1924". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
  7. ^ "Olympic Charter" (PDF) (Press release). International Olympic Committee. 2007-07-07. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
  8. ^ "This Day in History 1924: First Winter Olympics". This day in History. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
  9. ^ "Winter Olympics History". Utah Athletic Foundation. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
  10. ^ a b c d e Hansen, Kenth (1996). "The Birth of Swedish Ice Hockey - Antwerp 1920" (PDF). Citius, Altius, Fortius. 4 (2). International Society of Olympic Historians: 5–27. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ^ a b c Szemberg, Szymon; Podnieks, Andrew (2008). "Story #21–Ice Hockey debuts at the Olympics". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ "1924 - Winter Olympics I (Chamonix, France)". The Sports Network. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  13. ^ Szemberg, Szymon; Podnieks, Andrew (2008). "Story #89–Finally, there's a real final game, The IIHF adopts a playoff system". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Szemberg, Szymon; Podnieks, Andrew (2008). "Story #7–NHL takes break and releases players for 1998 Olympics". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ a b Garrioch, Bruce (2002-02-12). "Blame must be shared for Slovakia's collapse". Slam! Olympics. Canadian Online Explorer. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  16. ^ Lapointe, Joe (2002-02-11). "Olympics: Hockey; N.H.L. and Its Teams Send Players to Bench". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  17. ^ Szemberg, Szymon; Podnieks, Andrew (2008). "Story #22–Bondra's bomb  – the biggest thing for Slovakia since independence". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Canadian Press (2005-01-03). "IIHF not giving up on NHLers in Turin". The Sports Network. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
  19. ^ LeBrun, Pierre (2005-07-22). "2010 Olympics needs to ratify deal IIHF". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
  20. ^ "Olympics vs. NHL: How the rules are different". ESPN. 2005-12-16. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
  21. ^ Burnside, Scott. "Tough test for Turin; cap on the brain". ESPN. Retrieved 2009-03-08date=2005-12-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  22. ^ Szemberg, Szymon; Podnieks, Andrew (2008). "Story #31–Zebras told to crackdown  — once and for all". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Jones, Terry (2006-02-03). "Five games to go". Edmonton Sun. Canadian Online Explorer. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  24. ^ "Ice Hockey at the 2006 Torino Winter Games: Men's Ice Hockey". sports-reference.com. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  25. ^ "Fasel angry at absent NHLers". CBC Sports. 2006-02-12. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  26. ^ Hornby, Lance (2006). "Some owners cool to Olympic flame". Toronto Sun. Canadian Online Explorer. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  27. ^ Canadian Press (2006-02-24). "Hockey changes likely for 2010 games". The Sports Network. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  28. ^ a b "Men's Tournament Program". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
  29. ^ "Men's tournament programme & schedules". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
  30. ^ "VANOC shrinks Olympic ice". The Vancouver Sun. Canadian Online Explorer. 2009-02-24. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  31. ^ "IIHF Eligibility". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
  32. ^ Burnside, Scott (2008-09-28). "Kelly: As many as eight teams could open next season in Europe". ESPN. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  33. ^ Canadian Press (2008-07-22). "Wickenheiser signs with Swedish men's club". CBC Sports. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  34. ^ Yi-Wyn Yen (2008-02-20). "Canada's leading star". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  35. ^ Canadian Press (1992-07-27). "Canadians cheer new Olympic sports". Waterloo Region Record.
  36. ^ a b c "An Agreement By Nagano Games". The New York Times. 1992-11-29. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
  37. ^ Ormsby, Mary (1992-11-18). "Women 's hockey gets approval for '98". Toronto Star. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  38. ^ "Ice Hockey at the 2006 Torino Winter Games: Women's Ice Hockey". sports-reference.com. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
  39. ^ "Canada should tone it down: Ruggiero". CBC ports. 2006-02-13. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
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  41. ^ Eligon, John (2006-02-17). "Trying to Avoid the Ill Fate of Softball". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-03-02.
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  44. ^ "Women's Tournament Schedule Proposal". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
  45. ^ "Women's Tournament Program". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
  46. ^ "1920 - Summer Olympics VII (Antwerp, Belgium)". The Sports Network. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  47. ^ "United States is second at hockey; Victory Over Czechoslovak Team by 16 to 0 Gives Americans 3 Points in Olympics". The New York Times. 1920-04-29. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  48. ^ "Ice Hockey at the 1924 Chamonix Winter Games: Men's Ice Hockey". sports-reference.com. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  49. ^ Szemberg, Szymon; Podnieks, Andrew (2008). "Story #53–Harry Watson scores at will in Olympics". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ "1928 - Winter Olympics II (St. Moritz, Switzerland)". The Sports Network. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  51. ^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1928). Rapport Général du Comité Exécutif des IImes Jeux Olympiques d'hiver (PDF) (in French). Lausanne: Imprimerie du Léman. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  52. ^ "1932 - Winter Olympics III (Lake Placid, United States)". The Sports Network. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  53. ^ Szemberg, Szymon; Podnieks, Andrew (2008). "Story #15–Great Britain wins Olympic gold". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  54. ^ (ed.) Carl Diem (1940). "The Fifth Olympic Winter Games Will Not Be Held" (PDF). Olympic Review (PDF) (8). Berlin: International Olympic Institute: pp. 8–10. Retrieved 2009-03-03. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  55. ^ a b Szemberg, Szymon; Podnieks, Andrew (2008). "Story #82–USA sends two teams to the 1948 Olympics". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  56. ^ "Ice Hockey at the 1948 Sankt Moritz Winter Games: Men's Ice Hockey". sports-reference.com. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  57. ^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1951). Rapport Général sur les Ves Jeux Olympiques d'hiver St-Moritz 1948 (PDF) (in French). Lausanne: H. Jaunin. pp. p. 69. Retrieved 2009-03-03. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  58. ^ "Past medalists". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  59. ^ "1952 - Winter Olympics VI (Oslo, Norway)". The Sports Network. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  60. ^ "Finland Ice Hockey: Men's Ice Hockey". sports-reference.com. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  61. ^ a b Szemberg, Szymon; Podnieks, Andrew (2008). "Story #25–Soviet Union win their first Olympics, starting a new hockey era". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  62. ^ Szemberg, Szymon; Podnieks, Andrew (2008). "Story #16–USA's original but unheralded "Miracle on Ice"". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  63. ^ "1964 - Winter Olympics IX (Innsbruck, Austria)". The Sports Network. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  64. ^ "'64 Team Canada gets bronze medals". The Sports Network. 2005-04-30. Retrieved 2009-03-02.
  65. ^ "1964 Canadian Olympic hockey team to be honoured". CBC Sports. 2005-04-29.
  66. ^ "IIHF denies Canada 1964 bronze". The Sports Network. Retrieved 2009-03-02. {{cite web}}: Text "date-2005-06-05" ignored (help)
  67. ^ Houston, William (2005-09-21). "IIHF backs off on giving Canadians 1964 bronze medal". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2009-03-02.
  68. ^ Xth Winter Olympic Games Official Report (PDF). Comité d'Organisation des xèmes Jeux Olympiques d'Hiver de Grenoble. 1969. pp. p. 386. Retrieved 2009-03-03. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  69. ^ a b c Szemberg, Szymon; Podnieks, Andrew (2008). "Story #17–Protesting amateur rules, Canada leaves international hockey". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  70. ^ Szemberg, Szymon; Podnieks, Andrew (2008). "Story #40 – Finally, Canada to host the World Championship". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  71. ^ "Summit Series '72 Summary". Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2009-03-02.
  72. ^ Szemberg, Szymon; Podnieks, Andrew (2008). "Story #13–After a seven-year absence, Canada returns to the Worlds". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  73. ^ Szemberg, Szymon; Podnieks, Andrew (2008). "Story #67–The perfect game against the best team: Czechoslovaks-Soviets 7-2". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  74. ^ Szemberg, Szymon; Podnieks, Andrew (2008). "Story #97–B Pool Americans win Olympic silver in 1972". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  75. ^ Roberts, Selena (2002-02-09). "Olympics: Opening ceremony; Pomp and Patriotism as Games Begin". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-03-02.
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  77. ^ Swift, E.M. (1980-03-03). "The Golden Goal". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2009-03-02.
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  82. ^ a b Szemberg, Szymon; Podnieks, Andrew (2008). "Story #58–Raimo Helminen, 38, dresses for a sixth Olympics". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  83. ^ Szemberg, Szymon; Podnieks, Andrew (2008). "Story #95–1988 Olympic silver  – Finland is finally a true hockey power". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  84. ^ Szemberg, Szymon; Podnieks, Andrew (2008). "Story #42;Breakup of old Europe creates a new hockey world". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 2009-03-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  103. ^ Duhatschek, Eric (2006-02-07). "It's time to bury the myth of the lucky loonie". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
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References

Further reading

  • Wallechinsky, David (2005). The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics, Turin 2006 Edition. SportClassic Books. ISBN 978-1-894963-45-9.
  • Szemberg, Szymon; Podnieks, Andrew (2008). World of Hockey: Celebrating a Century of the IIHF. Key Porter Books. ISBN 1551683075.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Podnieks, Andrew; Gibbons, Denis; Wawanash, Sheila; Barta, Pavel; Ryzkov, Dimitry; Ratschunas, Tom (2002). Kings of the Ice: A History of World Hockey. NDE Publishing. ISBN 1553210999.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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