Hello
Hello is a salutation or greeting in the English language. Hello was recorded in dictionaries in 1883.[1]
First use
Many stories date the first use of hello (with that spelling) to around the time of the invention of the telephone in 1876. It was, however, used in print in Roughing It by Mark Twain in 1872 (written between 1870 and 1871),[2] so its first use must have predated the telephone:
A miner came out and said: 'Hello!'
An earlier use can be found back in the New York Tribune in 1848.[3]
It was listed in dictionaries by 1883.[1]
The word was extensively used in literature by the 1860s.
Etymology
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, hello is an alteration of hallo, hollo,[4] which came from Old High German "halâ, holâ, emphatic imper[ative] of halôn, holôn to fetch, used esp[ecially] in hailing a ferryman."[5] It also connects the development of hello to the influence of an earlier form, holla, whose origin is in the French holà (roughly, 'whoa there!', from French là 'there').[6]
Telephone
The word hello has also been credited to Thomas Edison, specifically as a way to greet someone when answering the telephone; according to one source, he expressed his surprise with a misheard Hullo.[7] Alexander Graham Bell initially used Ahoy (as used on ships) as a telephone greeting.[8] However, in 1877, Edison wrote to T.B.A. David, the president of the Central District and Printing Telegraph Company of Pittsburgh:
Friend David, I do not think we shall need a call bell as Hello! can be heard 10 to 20 feet away. What you think? Edison - P.S. first cost of sender & receiver to manufacture is only $7.00.
By 1889, central telephone exchange operators were known as 'hello-girls' due to the association between the greeting and the telephone.[1]
Hullo
Hello may also be derived from Hullo. Hullo was in use before hello and was used as a greeting and also an expression of surprise. Charles Dickens uses it in Chapter 8 of Oliver Twist in 1838 when Oliver meets the Artful Dodger:
Upon this, the boy crossed over; and walking close up to Oliver, said 'Hullo, my covey! What's the row?'
It was in use in both senses by the time Tom Brown's Schooldays was published in 1857 (although the book was set in the 1830s so it may have been in use by then):
- "'Hullo though,' says East, pulling up, and taking another look at Tom; 'this'll never do...'"
- "Hullo, Brown! where do you come from?"
Although much less common than it used to be, the word hullo is still in use, mainly in British English.[citation needed]
Hallo
Hello is alternatively thought to come from the word hallo (1840) via hollo (also holla, holloa, halloo, halloa).[9] The definition of hollo is to shout or an exclamation originally shouted in a hunt when the quarry was spotted:[9]
It is used by Samuel Taylor Coleridge's famous poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner written in 1798
And the good south wind still blew behind,
But no sweet bird did follow, Nor any day for food or play
Came to the mariners' hollo!
Hallo is also German, Norwegian and Dutch for Hello.
If I fly, Marcius,/Halloo me like a hare.
— Coriolanus (I.viii.7), William Shakespeare
Webster's dictionary from 1913 traces the etymology of holloa to the Old English halow and suggests: "Perhaps from ah + lo; compare Anglo Saxon ealā."
According to the American Heritage Dictionary, hallo is a modification of the obsolete holla (stop!), perhaps from Old French hola (ho, ho! + la, there, from Latin illac, that way).[10] Hallo is also used by many famous authors like Enid Blyton. Example:"Hallo!", chorused the 600 children.
The Old English verb, hǽlan (1. wv/t1b 1 to heal, cure, save; greet, salute; gehǽl! Hosanna!), may be the ultimate origin of the word.[11] Hǽlan is likely a cognate of German Heil and other similar words of Germanic origin.
Cognates
"Hello" is found as a loanword in many other languages. It is often often used when answering the telephone, or as an informal greeting.
| Language | Cognate | Usage |
|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | hallo | |
| Arabic | allo?, Hala?, Marhaba? | when answering the telephone |
| Bengali | haelo! | when answering the telephone |
| Bulgarian | ало (alo) | when answering the telephone |
| Catalan | hola! | friendly (informal) greeting |
| Croatian | halo? | when answering the telephone |
| Dutch | hallo! | |
| Finnish | haloo? | when answering the telephone |
| French | allô? | when answering the telephone |
| German | hallo! | |
| Gujarati | hello! | when answering the telephone |
| Hungarian | helló! | friendly (informal) greeting |
| halló! | when answering the telephone | |
| Hebrew | הָלוֹ (hallo) | when answering the telephone |
| Kannada | halloa | when answering the telephone |
| Lithuanian | alio? | when answering the telephone |
| Macedonian | ало (alo) | when answering the telephone |
| Marathi | hello | when answering the telephone |
| Norwegian | hallo! | |
| Portuguese | alô? | when answering the telephone |
| Romanian | alo | when answering the telephone |
| Russian | алло (allo), алё | when answering the telephone |
| Spanish | ¡hola! | friendly (informal) greeting |
| ¿aló? | (Mexico) when answering the telephone | |
| Swedish | hallå! | |
| Tagalog | helo! | |
| Turkish | alo! | when answering the telephone |
"Hello, World" computer program
Students learning a new computer programming language will often begin by writing a "Hello, world!" program, which outputs that greeting to a display screen or printer. The widespread use of this tradition arose from an introductory chapter of the book The C Programming Language by Kernighan & Ritchie, which reused the following example taken from earlier memos by Brian Kernighan at Bell Labs:
"hello, world"
Controversy
In 1997, Leonso Canales Jr. from Kingsville, Texas convinced Kleberg County commissioners to designate "heaven-o" as the county's official greeting, on the grounds that the greeting "hello" contains the word "hell", and that the proposed alternative sounds more "positive". "Hello", however, is not etymologically related to "hell".[12]
Perception of “Hello” in other nations
In some other nations, especially the ones that had little contact with foreigners at the time, Westerners were often viewed as people who constantly said “hello” and little else. Jung Chang describes this view as follows:
"In my mind... foreigners said ‘hello’ all the time, with an odd intonation.... When boys played ‘guerrilla warfare,’ which was their version of cowboys and Indians, the enemy side would have thorns glued onto their noses and say ‘hello’ all the time."
— Chang, Jung[13]
Of course, in many other nations “hello” is no longer considered foreign, as evidenced by the number of people that have adopted it into their own language (as in French allô).[citation needed]
References
- ^ a b c "Online Etymology Dictionary".
- ^ "Roughing It". UVa Library.
- ^ Foster, George G (1849). New York in Slices. New York: W. F. Burgess. pp. cc=moa, g=moagrp, xc=1, q1=hello, rgn=full%20text, idno=aja2254.0001.001, didno=aja2254.0001.001, view=image, seq=0122 p120. Retrieved 2006-08-15.
- ^ "Hello." Oxford English Dictionary Online. Second Edition, 1989. Oxford University Press. Accessed 09 Sep 2008.
- ^ "Hallo." OED Online. Second Edition, 1989. Oxford University Press. Accessed 09 Sep 2008.
- ^ "holla, int. and n.". OED Online. Accessed October 4, 2008.
- ^ Allen Koenigsberg. "The First "Hello!": Thomas Edison, the Phonograph and the Telephone – Part 2". Antique Phonograph Magazine, Vol.VIII No.6. Retrieved 2006-09-13.
- ^ Allen Koenigsberg (1999). "All Things Considered". National Public Radio. Retrieved 2006-09-13.
- ^ a b "Hello". Merriam-Webster Online.
- ^ "Hello". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
- ^ OEME Dictionaries
- ^ "Texas town says goodbye to 'hello'". Minnesota Daily. 17 January 1997. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
- ^ Chang, Jung (1991). Wild Swans. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 247.
External links
- Hello in more than 800 languages
- OED online entry for hollo (Subscription)
- Merriam-Webster Dictionary: hollo, hullo