Dark fibre

Template:Globalize/USA In fibre-optic communications, dark fibre or unlit fibre (or fiber) refers to unused optical fibres, available for use.

The term was originally used when referring to the potential network capacity of telecommunication infrastructure, but now also refers to the increasingly common practice of leasing fibre optic cables from a network service provider.

Dark fibre for capacity expansion

One reason that dark fibre exists in well-planned networks is that much of the cost of installing cables is in the civil engineering work required. This includes planning and routing, obtaining permissions, creating ducts and channels for the cables, and finally installation and connection. This work usually accounts for more than 60% of the cost of developing fibre networks. For example, in Amsterdam's city-wide installation of a fibre network, roughly 80% of the costs involved were labour, with only 10% being fibre.

It therefore makes sense to plan for, and install, significantly more fibre than is needed for current demand, to provide for future expansion and provide for network redundancy in case any of the cables fail.

Many fibre optic cable owners such as railroads or power utilities have always added additional fibres for lease to other carriers.

In common vernacular, dark fibre may sometimes still be called "dark" if it has been lit by a fibre lessee and not the cable's owner.

Dark fibre overcapacity

In the dot-com bubble, a large number of telephone companies (telcos) built optical fibre networks, each with the business plan of cornering the market in telecommunications by providing a network with sufficient capacity to take all existing and forecast traffic for the entire region served. This was based on the assumption that telecoms traffic, particularly data traffic, would continue to grow exponentially for the foreseeable future.

The availability of wavelength-division multiplexing further reduced the demand for fibre by increasing the capacity that could be placed on a single fibre by a factor of as much as 100. As a result, the wholesale price of data traffic collapsed. A number of these companies filed for bankruptcy protection, or went bankrupt, as a result.

Just as with the Railway Mania, the misfortune of one market sector became the good fortune of another, and this overcapacity created a new telecommunications market sector.

The dark fibre market

For many years incumbent local exchange carriers would not sell dark fibre to end users, because they believed selling access to this core asset would cannibalise their other, more lucrative services. Incumbent carriers in the US were required to sell dark fibre to competitive local exchange carriers as Unbundled Network Elements (UNE), but they have successfully lobbied to reduce these provisions for existing fibre, and eliminated it completely for new fibre placed for fibre to the premises (FTTP) deployments.

Competitive local carriers were not required to sell dark fibre, and many do not, although fibre swaps between competitive carriers are quite common. This increases the reach of their networks in places where their competitor has a presence, in exchange for provision of fibre capacity on places where that competitor has no presence. This is a practice known in the industry as "coopetition".

Meanwhile, other companies arose specialising as dark fibre providers. Dark fibre became more available when there was enormous overcapacity after the boom years of the late 1990s through 2001. The market for dark fibre tightened up with the return of capital investment to light up existing fibre, and with mergers and acquisitions resulting in consolidation of dark fibre providers.

Dark fibre capacity is typically used by network operators to build SONET and dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) networks, usually involving meshes of self-healing rings. Now, it is also used by end-user enterprises to expand Ethernet local area networks, especially since the adoption of IEEE standards for Gigabit Ethernet and 10 gigabit Ethernet over single-mode fibre. Running Ethernet networks between geographically separated buildings is a practice known as "WAN elimination".

Other variations

• Managed dark fibre is a form of wavelength-division multiplexed access to otherwise dark fibre where a simple "pilot" signal is beamed into the fibre by the fibre provider for management purposes using a transponder tuned to the assigned wavelength. DWDM systems generally require central management because their closely spaced wavelengths are subject to disruption by signals on adjacent wavelengths that are not within tightly controlled parameters, especially if amplification is required for signal transmission over 100 km.

• Virtual dark fibre using wavelength multiplexing allows a service provider to offer individual wavelengths ("lambdas" (λ) or "colors"), where access to a dark narrowband wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) optical channel is provided over a wavelength division multiplexed fibre network that is managed at the physical level, but unlit by the network provider. This is typically done using coarse wavelength division multiplexing CWDM because the wider 20 nm spacing of the wave bands makes these systems much less susceptible to interference.

Rate of expansion

According to Gerry Butters, the former head of Lucent's Optical Networking Group at Bell Labs, Moore's law holds true with fibre optics. The amount of data coming out of an optical fibre is doubling every nine months. Thus, excluding the transmission equipment upgrades, the cost of transmitting a bit over an optical network decreases by half every nine months. The availability of dense wavelength-division multiplexing DWDM and coarse wavelength division multiplexing CWDM is rapidly bringing down the cost of networking, and further progress seems assured.

See also

• Optical fiber
• SFP transceiver
• Dark fiber network

References

• Geert Lovink, Dark Fiber: Tracking Critical Internet Culture, MIT Press, Cambridge Mass, 2002 ISBN 0-262-12249-9