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This article is about the country. For other uses, see Brazil (disambiguation).
Federative Republic of Brazil
[República Federativa do Brasil] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) Template:Pt icon
Coat of arms of Brasil
Coat of arms
Motto: "Ordem e Progresso"
Template:Pt icon
"Order and Progress"
Anthem: Hino Nacional Brasileiro
Template:Pt icon
"Brazilian National Anthem"
National seal
Selo Nacional do Brasil
Template:Pt icon
"National Seal of Brazil"
Location of Brasil
CapitalBrasília
Largest citySão Paulo
Official languagesPortuguese
Demonym(s)Brazilian
GovernmentPresidential Federal republic
• President
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT)
José Alencar (PRB)
Michel Temer (PMDB)
José Sarney (PMDB)
Cezar Peluso
LegislatureNational Congress
• Upper house
Federal Senate
• Lower house
Chamber of Deputies
Independence 
from Kingdom of Portugal
• Declared
7 September 1822
29 August 1825
• Republic
15 November 1889
5 October 1988
Area
• Total
8,514,877 km2 (3,287,612 sq mi) (5th)
• Water (%)
0.65
Population
• 2009 estimate
192,272,890[1] (5th)
• 2007 census
189,987,291
• Density
22/km2 (57.0/sq mi) (182nd)
GDP (PPP)2009 estimate
• Total
$2.013 trillion[2]
• Per capita
$10,513[2]
GDP (nominal)2009 estimate
• Total
$1.574 trillion[2]
• Per capita
$8,220[2]
Gini (2009)49.3[3]
Error: Invalid Gini value
HDI (2007)0.813[4]
Error: Invalid HDI value (75th)
CurrencyReal (R$) (BRL)
Time zoneUTC-2 to -4 (BRT)
• Summer (DST)
UTC-2 to -4 (BRST)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy (CE)
Drives onright
Calling code+55
Internet TLD.br

Brazil (Portuguese: Brasil), officially the Federative[5] Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil) listenⓘ, is the largest country in South America and the only Portuguese-speaking country on that continent.[6] It is the fifth largest country by geographical area and the fifth most populous country in the world.[6][7]

Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of over Template:Km to mi.[6] It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas department of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos are part of the Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz.[6]

Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until its independence in 1822.[8] Initially independent as the Brazilian Empire, the country has been a republic since 1889, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to 1824, when the first constitution was ratified.[8] Its current Constitution defines Brazil as a Federal Republic.[9] The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.[9][10]

Brazil is the world's eighth largest economy by nominal GDP[11] and the ninth largest by purchasing power parity.[12] Economic reforms have given the country new international recognition.[13] It is a founding member of the United Nations and the Union of South American Nations. A Portuguese-speaking and multiethnic society,[7] Brazil is also home to a diversity of wildlife, natural environments, and extensive natural resources in a variety of protected habitats.[6]

Etymology

The etymology of the name Brazil is not firmly established due to historical inconsistencies. Scholars in the 16th century were certain that the name of the newly discovered land had come from the legendary Irish island of Hy-Brazil,[14] known to Western European sailors in the 1500s.[15] Its origin comes from the celtic word bress, which means 'to bless', thereby giving the island Hy-Brazil the name 'Blessed land'.[14] However, the sailors who traded brazilwood from it to Europe mistakenly believed that the land’s name had come from the tree and thus popularized that erroneous notion.[14] In Portuguese brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology "red like an ember", formed from Latin brasa ('ember') plus the suffix -il (from -iculum or -ilium).[16][17][18]

History

Main article: History of Brazil

Portuguese colonization and territorial expansion

Main article: Colonial Brazil
See also: Indigenous peoples in Brazil and Slavery in Brazil
The first Christian mass celebrated in what would later be called Brazil and also the beginning of the Portuguese colonization.

Arriving in April 1500 at the coast of what would later be known as Brazil, the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral found the primitive people who inhabited it.[19][20] They were divided into several tribes that fought among themselves[21] and that shared the same Tupi-Guarani linguistic family.[19] The "men were hunters, fishers and food collectors and the women were encharged of the reduced agricultural activity that was practiced."[19] Some of the tribes were nomads and others not; they knew of fire but not metal casting and a few were cannibals.[19] The colonization was effectively initiated in 1534, when King Dom João III divided the Brazilian territory into twelve hereditary captaincies[22][23] but this proved an utter disaster, and in 1549 the king assigned a Governor-General to administer the entire colony.[23][24] The Portuguese assimilated some of the native tribes[25] while others were enslaved[26][27] or mostly exterminated in long wars and mainly by European diseases to which they had no immunity.[26][28] By the middle of the 16th century, sugar had become the most important export from Brazil[21][29] which made the Portuguese import enslaved Africans[30][31] to handle with the increasing international demand.[26][32]

The Portuguese and their Amerindian and African allies expanded the Brazilian territory through endless wars of conquest.

Through wars against the French, the Portuguese slowly expanded their territory to the southeast, taking Rio de Janeiro in 1567, and to the northwest, São Luís in 1615.[33][34] The Portuguese sent military expeditions to the Amazon rainforest that defeated and conquered British and Dutch strongholds resulting in the foundation of villages and forts from 1669.[35] In 1680 they reached the far south and founded Sacramento on the bank of the Rio de la Plata, in the Eastern Strip region (present-day Uruguay).[36] At the end of the 17th century sugar exports started to decline[37] but the discovery of gold by explorers in the region that would later be called Minas Gerais (General Mines) around 1693 and in the following decades in current Mato Grosso and Goiás saved the colony from its imminent collapse.[38] From all over Brazil, as well as from Portugal, thousands of immigrants departed toward the mines.[39]

The Spanish tried to prevent the Portuguese expansion into the territory belonging to them according to the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 and succeeded in conquering the Eastern Strip in 1777. All was in vain as the Treaty of San Ildefonso, signed in the same year, confirmed Portuguese sovereignty over all lands proceeding from its territorial expansion, thus creating most of the current Brazilian borders.[40] In 1808, the Portuguese royal family, fleeing the troops of the French Emperor Napoleon I that were invading Portugal and most of Central Europe, established themselves in the city of Rio de Janeiro, which thus became the seat of the entire Portuguese Empire[41] In 1815 King Dom João VI, then regent on behalf of his incapacitated mother, elevated Brazil from colony to sovereign Kingdom united with Portugal.[41] In 1809 the Portuguese invaded French Guiana (returned to France in 1817)[42] and in 1816 the Eastern Strip, subsequently renamed Cisplatina.[43]

Independence and empire

Main articles: Brazilian War of Independence and Empire of Brazil
Declaration of the Brazilian independence by Emperor Pedro de Alcântara in September 7, 1822.

King João VI returned to Europe on 26 April, 1821, leaving his elder son Prince Pedro de Alcântara as regent to rule Brazil.[44] The Portuguese government attempted to turn Brazil into a colony once again, thus depriving it of its achievements since 1808.[45] The Brazilians refused to yield and Prince Pedro stood by them declaring the country's independence from Portugal on September 7, 1822.[46] On October 12, 1822, Pedro was declared first Emperor of Brazil as Dom Pedro I and crowned on 1 December 1822.[47] In 1822 almost all Brazilians were in favor of a monarchical form of government: Republicanism was an ideal supported by few.[48][49] The subsequent Brazilian War of Independence expanded through almost its entire territory, with battles in the northern, northeastern, and southern regions of Brazil.[50] The last Portuguese army surrendered on March 8, 1824[51] and Brazilian independence was recognized by Portugal on November 25, 1825.[52]

Emperor Dom Pedro II. For "the longevity of his government and the transformations that occurred in its course, no other Head of State has marked more deeply the history of the country."[53]

The first Brazilian constitution was promulgated in March 25, 1824, after its acceptance by the municipal councils across the country.[54][55][56][57] For several reasons,[58] and against the will, of the Brazilians,[59][60][61] Pedro I abdicated in 7 April 1831 and left for Europe to reclaim his daughter’s crown leaving behind his son and heir who became Dom Pedro II.[62] As the new emperor could not exert his constitutional prerogatives until he reached maturity, a regency was created.[63] Disputes between political factions that led to rebellions resulted in an unstable, almost anarchical, regency.[64][65] The rebellious factions, however, were not in revolt against the monarchy,[66][67] even though some declared the secession of the provinces as independent republics (but only so long as Pedro II was a minor).[68]

Thus, Pedro II was prematurely declared of age and "Brazil was to enjoy nearly half a century of internal peace and rapid material progress."[69] Brazil also won three international wars during his long reign of 58 years (Platine War,[70] Uruguayan War[71] and War of the Triple Alliance.[72]) and witnessed the consolidation of representative democracy mainly due to the continual elections and unrestricted freedom of the press.[73] Most importantly, slavery was extinguished after a slow but steady process[74] that went from the end of international traffic in 1850[75] up to the complete abolition in 1888.[76] It had been in decline since the country's independence: in 1823, 29% of the Brazilian population were slaves while in 1887 it had fell to 5%.[77]

When the monarchy was overthrown on November 15, 1889[78] there was little desire in Brazil to change the form of government[79] and Pedro II was at the height of his popularity among his subjects.[80][81] However, he "bore prime, perhaps sole, responsibility for his own overthrow."[82] After the death of his two male sons, he believed that "the imperial regime was destined to end with him."[83] The emperor did not care about its fate[84][85] and did nothing (and allowed no one to do anything)[86] to prevent the military coup[87] that was backed by former slave owners who resented the abolition of slavery.[88]

Old republic and Vargas era

Main articles: República Velha, Estado Novo (Brazil), and Brazilian Second Republic
The Brazilian coup d'état of 1930 raised Getúlio Vargas (center with military uniform but no hat) to power. He would rule the country for fifteen years.

The early republican government "was little more than a military dictatorship. The army dominated affairs both at Rio de Janeiro and in the states. Freedom of the press disappeared and elections were controlled by those in power."[78] In 1894 the republican civilians rose to power, opening a "prolonged cycle of civil war, financial disaster, and government incompetence."[89] By 1902, the government "began a return to the policies pursued during the Empire, policies that promised peace and order at home and a restoration of Brazil's prestige abroad."[89] and was successful in negotiating several treaties that expanded (with the purchase of Acre) and secured the Brazilian boundaries.[90] In the 1920s the country was plagued by several rebellions caused by young military officers.[91][92] By 1930, the regime was weakened and demoralized, which allowed the defeated presidential candidate Getúlio Vargas to lead a coup d'état and assume the presidency.[93] Vargas was supposed to assume the presidency temporarily, but instead closed the National Congress, extinguished the Constitution, ruled with emergency powers and replaced the states' governors with his supporters.[94][95]

In 1935 the Communists rebelled all over the country and tried to take power, but were defeated.[96] The communist threat served as an excuse for Vargas to launch another coup d'état in 1937, making Brazil a full dictatorship.[97][98] The repression of the opposition was brutal, with more than 20,000 people imprisoned, internment camps for political prisoners created in distant regions of the country, censorship of the press, and widespread torture by the government's agents of repression.[99][100]

Brazil remained neutral at the early years of World War II until the government declared war against the Axis powers in 1942.[101] After that Vargas forced Germans, Japanese and Italians immigrants into concentration camps,[102] and sent troops to the battlefields in Italy in 1944.[103][104] With the end of the Nazi-fascist regimes in Europe after the allied victory in 1945, Vargas's position became unsustainable and he was swiftly overthrown by a military coup.[105] Democracy was reinstated and General Eurico Gaspar Dutra was elected president and took office in 1946.[106] Vargas returned to power in 1951, this time democratically elected, but he was incapable of both governing under a democracy and of dealing with an active opposition and committed suicide in 1953.[107][108]

Military regime and contemporary era

Main articles: Military dictatorship (Brazil) and History of Brazil since 1985

Several brief interim governments succeeded after Vargas's suicide.[109] Juscelino Kubitscheck became president in 1956 and assumed a conciliatory posture that allowed him to govern without major crises.[110] His economic and industrial policy was highly successful.[111] But his greatest achievement was the construction of Brasília, the new Brazilian capital inaugurated in 1960.[112] His successor was Jânio Quadros, who resigned in 1961, less than a year after taking office.[113] His vice-president, João Goulart, assumed the presidency, but suffered large opposition[114] and was deposed in April 1964 by a coup that resulted in a military regime[115] intended to be transitory,[116] but that gradually closed itself until it became a full dictatorship with the promulgation of the Fifth Institutional Act in 1968.[117] The repression against the dictatorship's opponents and also against the communist terrorists[118] was the most severe, but not nearly as brutal as in other Latin American countries.[119] Due to the extraordinary economic growth, known as an “economic miracle”, the regime reached its highest level of popularity in those years of repression.[120]

The transition from Fernando Henrique Cardoso to Luís Inácio Lula da Silva revealed that Brazil had finally succeeded in achieving its long-sought political stability.

General Ernesto Geisel became president in 1974 and began his project of re-democratization through a process that would have to be "slow, gradual and safe."[121][122] Geisel ended the military indiscipline that had plagued the country since 1889,[123] as well as the torture of political prisoners and censorship of the press,[124] and finally, the dictatorship itself after he extinguished the Fifth Institutional Act.[125] However, the military regime continued under his chosen successor to accomplish the transition to full democracy, General João Figueiredo.[126]

The civilians fully returned to power in 1985 when José Sarney assumed the presidency[127] but he ended his term extremely unpopular due to the uncontrollable economic crisis and unusually high inflation.[128] That allowed the election in 1989 of the almost unknown Fernando Collor,[129] who was impeached by the National Congress in 1992.[130] He was succeeded by his Vice-President Itamar Franco, who called Fernando Henrique Cardoso to become Minister of Finance. Cardoso was highly successful with his Plano Real (Royal Plan)[131] that granted stability to the Brazilian economy[132] and his efforts were recognized by the Brazilians who elected him president in 1994 and again in 1998.[133] The peaceful transition of power to Luís Inácio Lula da Silva, elected in 2002 (and re-elected in 2006), revealed that Brazil had finally succeeded in achieving its long-sought political stability.[134]

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Brazil
The National Congress in Brasília, the capital of Brazil.

The Brazilian Federation is based on the union of three autonomous political entities: the States, the Municipalities and the Federal District.[9] A fourth entity originated in the aforementioned association: the Union.[9] There is no hierarchy among the political entities. The Federation is set on six fundamental principles:[9] sovereignty, citizenship, dignity of the people, social value of labor, freedom of enterprise, and political pluralism. The classic tripartite branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial under the checks and balances system), is formally established by the Constitution.[9] The executive and legislative are organized independently in all four political entities, while the judiciary is organized only at the federal and state levels.

All members of the executive and legislative branches are directly elected.[135][136][137] Judges and other judicial officials are appointed after passing entry exams.[135] Voting is compulsory for those between 18 and 65 years old.[9] Four political parties stand out among several small ones: Workers' Party (PT), Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), and Democrats (formerly Liberal Front Party – PFL). Almost all governmental and administrative functions are exercised by authorities and agencies affiliated to the Executive.

The form of government is that of a democratic republic, with a presidential system.[9] The president is both head of state and head of government of the Union and is elected for a four-year term,[9] with the possibility of re-election for a second successive term. The current president is Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. He was elected on October 27, 2002,[138] and re-elected on October 29, 2006.[139] The President appoints the Ministers of State, who assist in governing.[9] Legislative houses in each political entity are the main source of laws in Brazil. The National Congress is the Federation's bicameral legislature, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate. Judiciary authorities exercise jurisdictional duties almost exclusively.

Law

Main articles: Law of Brazil and Crime in Brazil
Brazilian Supreme Court.

Brazilian law is based on Roman-Germanic traditions.[140] Thus, civil law concepts prevail over common law practices. Most of Brazilian law is codified, although non-codified statutes also represent a substantial part, playing a complementary role. Court decisions set out interpretive guidelines; however, they are seldom binding on other specific cases. Doctrinal works and the works of academic jurists have strong influence in law creation and in law cases.

The legal system is based on the Federal Constitution, which was promulgated on 5 October 1988, and is the fundamental law of Brazil. All other legislation and court decisions must conform to its rules.[141] As of April 2007, there have been 53 amendments. States have their own constitutions, which must not contradict the Federal Constitution.[142] Municipalities and the Federal District have "organic laws" ([leis orgânicas] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) which act similar to constitutions.[9][143] Legislative entities are the main source of statutes, although in certain matters judiciary and executive bodies may enact legal norms.[9] Jurisdiction is administered by the judiciary entities, although in rare situations the Federal Constitution allows the Federal Senate to pass on legal judgments.[9] There are also specialized military, labor, and electoral courts.[9] The highest court is the Supreme Federal Tribunal. This system has been criticised over the last decades for the slow pace at which final decisions are issued. Lawsuits on appeal may take several years to resolve, and in some cases more than a decade elapses before definitive rulings are made.[144]

Nevertheless, Supreme Federal Tribunal is the first court in the world to transmit its sessions on television, and more recently also via Youtube.[145][146] More recently, in December 2009, the Supreme Court adopted Twitter to display items on the day planner of the ministers, to inform the actions that arrive daily to the Court, and the most important decisions made by them.[147]

Foreign relations and military

Main articles: Foreign relations of Brazil and Brazilian Armed Forces
States hosting a diplomatic mission of Brazil.

Brazil is a political and economic leader in Latin America.[148][149] However, social and economic problems prevent it from becoming an effective global power.[150] Between World War II and 1990, both democratic and military governments sought to expand Brazil's influence in the world by pursuing a state-led industrial policy and an independent foreign policy. More recently, the country has aimed to strengthen ties with other South American countries, and engage in multilateral diplomacy through the United Nations and the Organization of American States.[151]

Aircraft carrier NAE São Paulo of the Brazilian Navy.

Brazil's current foreign policy is based on the country's position as a regional power in Latin America, a leader among developing countries, and an emerging world power.[152] In general current Brazilian foreign policy reflects multilateralism, peaceful dispute settlement, and nonintervention in the affairs of other countries.[153] The Brazilian Constitution also determines the country shall seek the economic, political, social and cultural integration of the nations of Latin America.[9][154][155][156]

The armed forces of Brazil consist of the Brazilian Army, the Brazilian Navy, and the Brazilian Air Force with 371,199 active personnel.[157] The Military Police (States' Military Police) is described as an ancillary force of the Army by the constitution, but is under the control of each state's governor.[9] The armed forces are the largest in Latin America. The Air Force is the aerial warfare branch of the Brazilian armed forces, the largest air force in Latin America, with about 700 manned aircraft in service.[158] The Navy is responsible for naval operations and for guarding Brazilian territorial waters. It is the oldest of the Brazilian armed forces and the only navy in Latin America to operate an aircraft carrier, the NAe São Paulo (formerly FS Foch of the French Navy).[159] The Army is responsible for land-based military operations and has 235,978 active personnel.[160]

States and municipalities

Main articles: States of Brazil and Municipalities of Brazil
See also: Regions of Brazil

Brazil is a federation composed of twenty-six States, one federal district (which contains the capital city, Brasília) and municipalities.[9] States have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the Federal government. They have a governor and a unicameral legislative body elected directly by their voters. They also have independent Courts of Law for common justice. Despite that, states have much less autonomy to create their own laws than in the United States. For example, criminal and civil laws can only be voted by the federal bicameral Congress and are uniform throughout the country.[9]

In turn, the states and federal districts may be grouped into regions: Northern, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and Southern. The Brazilian regions are merely geographical, not political or administrative divisions, and do not have any specific form of government. Although defined by law, Brazilian regions are useful mainly for statistical purposes, and sometimes to define the application of federal funds in development projects.

Municipalities, as the states, have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the Union and state government.[9] Each has a mayor and an elected legislative body, but no separate Court of Law. Indeed, a Court of Law organized by the state can encompass many municipalities in a single justice administrative division called comarca (county).

Geography

Main article: Geography of Brazil
See also: List of countries and outlying territories by total area
Topography map of Brazil.

Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior,[161] sharing land borders with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; and Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana and the French overseas department of French Guiana to the north.[6] It shares a border with every country in South America except for Ecuador and Chile. Its size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse.[161] Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, after Russia, Canada, China and the United States, and third largest in the Americas; with a total area of Template:Km2 to mi2, including Template:Km2 to mi2 of water.[6] It spans three time zones; from UTC-4, in the western states; to UTC-3, in the eastern states, the official time of Brazil, and UTC-2, in the Atlantic islands.[162]

Brazilian topography is also diverse, including hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of Brazil lies between 200 metres (660 ft) and 800 metres (2,600 ft) in elevation.[163] The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country.[163] The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills.[163] The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft).[163] These ranges include the Mantiqueira and Espinhaço mountains and the Serra do Mar.[163] In the north, the Guiana Highlands form a major drainage divide, separating rivers that flow south into the Amazon Basin from rivers that empty into the Orinoco River system, in Venezuela, to the north. The highest point in Brazil is the Pico da Neblina at 3,014 metres (9,888 ft), and the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean.[6] Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers, one of the world's most extensive, with eight major drainage basins, all of which drain into the Atlantic.[164] Major rivers include the Amazon, the largest river in terms of volume of water and the second-longest in the world; the Paraná and its major tributary, the Iguaçu River, where the Iguazu Falls are located; the Negro, São Francisco, Xingu, Madeira and the Tapajós rivers.[164]

Climate

Main article: Climate of Brazil

The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large geographic scale and varied topography, but the largest part of the country is tropical.[6] Analysed according to the Köppen system, Brazil hosts five major climatic subtypes: equatorial, tropical, semiarid, highland tropical, and temperate; ranging from equatorial rainforests in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast, to temperate coniferous forests in the south and tropical savannas in central Brazil.[165] Many regions have starkly different microclimates.[166][167]

An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real dry season, but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls.[165] Temperatures average 25 °C (77 °F),[167] with more significant temperature variations between night and day than between seasons.[166] Over central Brazil rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate.[166] This region is as large and extensive as the Amazon basin but, lying farther south and being at a moderate altitude, it has a very different climate.[165] In the interior northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme. The semiarid climate region generally receives less than 800 millimetres (31 in) of rain,[168] most of which falls in a period of three to five months[169] and occasionally even more insufficiently, creating long periods of drought.[166] From south of Bahia, near São Paulo, the distribution of rainfall changes, where some appreciable rainfall occurs in all months.[165] The south has temperate conditions, with average temperatures below 18 °C (64 °F) and cool winters;[167] frosts are quite common, with occasional snowfalls in the higher areas.[165][166]

Flora and fauna

Main articles: Wildlife of Brazil and Deforestation in Brazil
The Macaw is a typical animal of Brazil. The country has one of the world's most diverse populations of birds and amphibians.
Amazon Rainforest, the largest tropical forest in the world.

Brazil's large territory comprises different ecosystems, such as the Amazon Rainforest, recognized as having the greatest biological diversity in the world;[170] the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado, which together sustain some of the world's greatest biodiversity.[171] In the south, the Araucaria pine forest grows under temperate conditions.[171] The rich wildlife of Brazil reflects the variety of natural habitats. Much of it, however, remains largely unknown, and new species are found on nearly a daily basis.[172]

Scientists estimate that the total number of plant and animal species in Brazil could approach four million.[171] Larger mammals include pumas, jaguars, ocelots, rare bush dogs, and foxes. Peccaries, tapirs, anteaters, sloths, opossums, and armadillos are abundant. Deer are plentiful in the south, and monkeys of many species abound in the northern rain forests.[171][173] Concern for the environment in Brazil has grown in response to global interest in environmental issues.[174]

Its natural heritage is extremely threatened by cattle ranching and agriculture, logging, mining, resettlement, oil and gas extraction, over-fishing, expansion of urban centres, wildlife trade, fire, climate change, dams and infrastructure, water contamination, and invasive species.[170] In many areas of the country, the natural environment is threatened by development.[175] Construction of highways has opened up previously remote areas for agriculture and settlement; dams have flooded valleys and inundated wildlife habitats; and mines have scarred and polluted the landscape.[174][176]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Brazil
Cotton fields in Brazil.

Brazil is the largest national economy in Latin America, the world's tenth largest economy at market exchange rates[177][178] and the ninth largest in purchasing power parity (PPP),[177][179] according to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Its GDP (PPP) per capita is $10,200, putting Brazil in the 64th position according to World Bank data. It has a large and developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service sectors, as well as a large labor pool.[12] Brazilian exports are booming, creating a new generation of tycoons.[180] Major export products include aircraft, coffee, automobiles, soybean, iron ore, orange juice, steel, ethanol, textiles, footwear, corned beef and electrical equipment.[181] The country has been expanding its presence in international financial and commodities markets, and is regarded as one of the group of four emerging economies called BRIC.[182]

Brazil had pegged its currency, the real, to the U.S. dollar in 1994. However, after the East Asian financial crisis, the Russian default in 1998[183] and the series of adverse financial events that followed it, the Brazilian central bank temporarily changed its monetary policy to a managed-float scheme while undergoing a currency crisis, until definitively changing the exchange regime to free-float in January 1999.[184] Brazil received an International Monetary Fund rescue package in mid-2002 in the amount of $30.4 billion,[185] a record sum at that time. The IMF loan was paid off early by Brazil's central bank in 2005 (the due date was scheduled for 2006).[186] One of the issues the Brazilian central bank is currently dealing with is the excess of speculative short-term capital inflows to the country in the past few months, which might explain in part the recent downfall of the U.S. dollar against the real in the period.[187] Nonetheless, foreign direct investment (FDI), related to long-term, less speculative investment in production, is estimated to be $193.8 billion for 2007.[188] Inflation monitoring and control currently plays a major role in Brazil's Central Bank activity in setting out short-term interest rates as a monetary policy measure.[189]

Components and energy

Main articles: Agriculture in Brazil, Industry in Brazil, and Energy policy of Brazil
Itaipu Dam, the world's largest hydroelectric plant by energy generation and second-largest by installed capacity.
Oil platform P-51 of Petrobras

Brazil's economy is diverse,[190] encompassing agriculture, industry, and a multitude of services.[180][191][192][193] The recent economic strength has been due in part to a global boom in commodities prices with exports from beef to soybeans soaring.[192][193] Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 5.1% of the gross domestic product in 2007.[194] A performance that puts agribusiness in a position of distinction in terms of Brazil's trade balance, in spite of trade barriers and subsidizing policies adopted by the developed countries.[195][196] The industry; from automobiles, steel and petrochemicals to computers, aircraft, and consumer durables; accounted for 30.8% of the gross domestic product.[194] Industry is highly concentrated geographically, with the leading concentrations in metropolitan São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Campinas, Porto Alegre, and Belo Horizonte. Technologically advanced industries are also highly concentrated in these locations.[197]

Brazil is the world's tenth largest energy consumer. Its energy comes from renewable sources, particularly hydroelectricity and ethanol; and nonrenewable sources, mainly oil and natural gas.[198] A global power in agriculture and natural resources, Brazil witnessed tremendous economic growth over the past three decades.[199] Brazil is expected to become a major oil producer and exporter, having recently made huge oil discoveries.[200][201][202] The governmental agencies responsible for the energy policy are the Ministry of Mines and Energy, the National Council for Energy Policy, the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels, and the National Agency of Electricity.[203][204]

Science and technology

Main article: Brazilian science and technology
File:Lnls 300.jpg
Brazilian National Laboratory of Synchrotron Light in Campinas.

Technological research in Brazil is largely carried out in public universities and research institutes. Nonetheless, more than 73% of funding for basic research still comes from government sources.[205] Some of Brazil's most notable technological hubs are the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, the Butantan Institute, the Air Force's Aerospace Technical Center, the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation and the INPE. The Brazilian Space Agency has the most advanced space program in Latin America, with significant capabilities to launch vehicles, launch sites and satellite manufacturing.[206]

Uranium is enriched at the Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory to fuel the country's energy demands. Plans are on the way to build the country's first nuclear submarine.[207][208] Brazil is one of the three countries in Latin America[209] with an operational Synchrotron Laboratory, a research facility on physics, chemistry, material science and life sciences.

Transport

Main article: Transport in Brazil
BR-116 highway in the outskirts of Fortaleza.
Recife Airport.

As befits such a large country Brazil has a large and diverse transport network. Roads are the primary carriers of freight and passenger traffic. Brazil's road system totaled 1.98 million km (1.23 million mi) in 2002. The total of paved roads increased from 35,496 km (22,056 mi) in 1967 to 184,140 km (114,425 mi) in 2002.[210]

Brazil's railway system has been declining since 1945, when emphasis shifted to highway construction. The total extension of railway track was 30,875 km (19,186 mi) in 2002, as compared with 31,848 km (19,789 mi) in 1970. Most of the railway system belongs to the Federal Railroad Corp., with a majority government interest; there are also seven lines which the government privatized in 1997.[211] The São Paulo Metro was the first underground transit system in Brazil. The other metro systems are located in Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Recife, Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Teresina, Fortaleza, and Salvador.

There are approximately 2,498 airports in Brazil, including landing fields. Is the second largest number in the world, after only the United States.[212] São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport located in the vicinity of São Paulo is the largest and busiest airport in the country, handling the vast majority of popular and commercial traffic of the country and connecting the city with virtually all major cities across the world.[213]

Coastal shipping links widely separated parts of the country. Bolivia and Paraguay have been given free ports at Santos. Of the 36 deep-water ports, Santos, Itajaí, Rio Grande, Paranaguá, Rio de Janeiro, Sepetiba, Vitória, Suape, Manaus and São Francisco do Sul.[214]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Brazil
See also: Immigration to Brazil, Religion in Brazil, and Municipalities of Brazil

The Brazilian people is composed of several ethnic groups.[215] The last National Research for Sample of Domiciles (PNAD) census revealed the following: 49.4% of the population self-declared White, about 93 million; 42.3% self-declared Brown (Multiracial), about 80 million; 7.4% self-declared Black, about 13 million; 0.5% self-declared Asian, about 1 million; and 0.4% self-declared Amerindian, about 519,000.[216] Also, in 2007, the National Indian Foundation reported the presence of 67 different tribes yet living without contact with civilization, up from 40 in 2005. With this figure, now Brazil has the largest number of uncontacted peoples in the world.[217]

Race/Ethnicity (2007)
White 49.4%
Brown (Multiracial) 42.3%
Black 7.4%
Yellow (Asian) 0.5%
Native Brazilian 0.4%

The country has both the largest white population in the Tropics[218] and population of African descent outside of Africa.[219] Most Brazilians can trace their ancestry to the country's indigenous peoples, Portuguese settlers, and African slaves.[218] Since 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, miscegenation between these three groups took place. The Brown population (as it is officially called the multiracial Brazilians)[220][221] is a broader ethnic category that includes Caboclos (descendants of Whites and Indians), Mulattoes (those of Whites and Blacks) and Cafuzos (those of Blacks and Indians).[218][220][221][222][223][224][225] The Caboclos forms the majority of the population in the Northern,[226] Northeastern[227] and Central-Western regions.[228] A large Mulatto population can be found in the eastern coast of the northeastern region from Bahia to Paraíba[225][229] and also in the northern Maranhão,[230][231] southern Minas Gerais[232] and in eastern Rio de Janeiro.[225][232] Beginning in the 19th century, Brazil opened its borders to immigration: people from over 60 countries migrated to Brazil. About 5 million European and Asian immigrants arrived between 1870 and 1953, most of them from Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Germany. In the early 20th century, people from Japan and the Middle-East also arrived.[215]

Christ the Redeemer, symbol of Brazilian Christianity.

In 2005, the literacy rate was 90% of the population, and the youth literacy rate (ages 15–19) was 93.2%.[233] Illiteracy is highest in the Northeast, around 27%, which has a high proportion of rural poor.[234] Although in the same year, Brazil's education had low levels of efficiency by 15-year-old students, particularly in the public school network.[235] Higher education starts with undergraduate or sequential courses, which may offer different specialist choices such as academic or vocational paths. Depending on choice, students may improve their educational background with Stricto Sensu or Lato Sensu postgraduate courses.[236][237]

The Catholicism is dominant, making Brazil the largest Catholic nation in the world.[238] According to the 2000 Demographic Census: 73.89% of the population follow Roman Catholicism; 15.41% - Protestantism; 0.907% - other Christian denominations; 1.332% - Kardecist spiritism; 0.309% - traditional African religions; 0.126% - Buddhism; 0.051% - Judaism; 0.016% - Islam; 0.01% - Amerindian religions; 0.6% - other religions; 7.354% - Agnosticism, Atheism or without a religion.[7][239]

The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte, with 19.7, 11.4, and 5.4 million inhabitants respectively.[240] Almost all the capitals are the largest city in their corresponding state, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, the capital of Santa Catarina. There are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo (Campinas, Santos and the Paraíba Valley), Minas Gerais (Steel Valley), Rio Grande do Sul (Sinos Valley), and Santa Catarina (Itajaí Valley).[241]

 
Largest urban agglomerations in Brazil
Rank Name State Pop. Rank Name State Pop.
São Paulo
São Paulo
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro 		1 São Paulo São Paulo 21,314,716 11 Belém Pará 2,157,180 Belo Horizonte
Belo Horizonte
Recife
Recife
2 Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro 12,389,775 12 Manaus Amazonas 2,130,264
3 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais 5,142,260 13 Campinas São Paulo 2,105,600
4 Recife Pernambuco 4,021,641 14 Vitória Espírito Santo 1,837,047
5 Brasília Federal District 3,986,425 15 Baixada Santista São Paulo 1,702,343
6 Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul 3,894,232 16 São José dos Campos São Paulo 1,572,943
7 Salvador Bahia 3,863,154 17 São Luís Maranhão 1,421,569
8 Fortaleza Ceará 3,594,924 18 Natal Rio Grande do Norte 1,349,743
9 Curitiba Paraná 3,387,985 19 Maceió Alagoas 1,231,965
10 Goiânia Goiás 2,347,557 20 João Pessoa Paraíba 1,168,941

Language

Main articles: Languages of Brazil, Portuguese language, and Brazilian Portuguese
Museum of the Portuguese Language in São Paulo, the first language museum in the world.

Portuguese is the official language of Brazil.[7] It is spoken by almost all of the population and is virtually the only language used in newspapers, radio, television, and for all business and administrative purposes, with the exception of Nheengatu, an indigenous language of South America which was granted co-official status alongside Portuguese in the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira.[245] Moreover, Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity and giving it a national culture distinct from its Spanish-speaking neighbors.[246]

Brazilian Portuguese has had its own development, influenced by the Amerindian and African languages.[247] As a result, the language is somewhat different from that spoken in Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries, mainly for phonological and orthographic differences. These differences are somewhat greater than those of American and British English.[247] As of 2008, the CPLP (Community of Portuguese Language Countries) reached an agreement in the reform of Portuguese as one international language, as opposed to two diverged dialects of the same language, in which all countries with Portuguese as the official language participated. All CPLP countries were given a certain period of time to adjust to the necessary changes, between 2009 and 2014.[248]

Minority languages are spoken throughout the vast national territory. Some of these are spoken by indigenous peoples: 180 Amerindian languages are spoken in remote areas. Others are spoken by immigrants and their descendants.[247] There are important communities of speakers of German (mostly the Hunsrückisch, part of the High German languages) and Italian (mostly the Talian dialect, of Venetian origin) in the south of the country, both largely influenced by the Portuguese language.[246][247]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Brazil

The core culture of Brazil derived from Portuguese culture, because of strong colonial ties with the Portuguese empire. Among other inheritances, the Portuguese introduced the Portuguese language, the Catholic religion and the colonial architectural styles.[249] This culture, however, was strongly influenced by African, Indigenous cultures and traditions, and other non-Portuguese European people.[250] Some aspects of Brazilian culture are contributions of Italian, German and other European immigrants; came in large numbers and their influences are felt closer to the South and Southeast of Brazil.[215] Amerindian peoples influenced Brazil's language and cuisine; and the Africans influenced language, cuisine, music, dance and religion.[215][251]

Cuisine

Main articles: Brazilian cuisine and List of Brazilian dishes
The national dish of Brazil, feijoada, contains black beans cooked with pork and many other elements.

Brazilian cuisine varies greatly by region. This diversity reflects the country's mix of native and immigrants. This has created a national cooking style marked by the preservation of regional differences.[252] Since the colonial period,[253] the Feijoada, directly linked to the presence of blacks in Brazilian land,[254] has been the country's national dish.[255][256] Luís da Câmara Cascudo wrote that, having been revised and adapted in each region of the country, it is no longer just a dish but has become a complete food.[257] Rice and beans, also present in the feijoada, and that are considered basic at Brazilians table, is highly regarded as healthy because it contains almost all amino acids, fiber and starches needed for our body.[258]

Brigadeiro is a candy very popular in birthday parties in Brazil.

Brazil has a variety of candies that are traditionally used for birthdays, like brigadeiros ("brigadiers") and beijinhos ("kissies"). Other foods typically consumed in Brazilian parties are Coxinhas, Churrasco, Sfihas, Empanadas, Pine nut (in Festa Junina). Specially in the state of Minas Gerais, are produced and consumed the famous cheese bun. The typical northern food is pato no tucupi tacacá, caruru, vatapá and maniçoba; the Northeast is known for moqueca (having seafood and palm oil), and acarajé (the salted muffin made with white beans, onion and fried in oil palm (dendê) which is filled with dried shrimp, red pepper), manioc, diz, hominy, dumpling and Quibebe. In the Southeast, it is common to eat Minas cheese, pizza, tutu, sushi, stew, polenta, and masses as macaroni, lasagna, gnocchi. In the South, these foods are also popular, but the churrasco is the typical meal of Rio Grande do Sul. Cachaça is the Brazil's native liquor, distilled from sugar cane, and it is the main ingredient in the national drink, the Caipirinha. Brazil is the world leader in production of green coffee (café);[259] because the Brazilian fertile soil, the country could produce and expand its market maker and often establish its economy with coffee since the Brazilian slavery,[260] whick created a whole culture around this national drink,[261][262] which became known as the "fever of coffee"[263] — and satirized in the novelty song "The Coffee Song" sung by Frank Sinatra and with lyrics by Bob Hilliard, interpreted as an analysis of the coffee industry,[264][265][266] and of the Brazilian economy and culture.[267][268][269][270]

Arts

Main articles: Brazilian art and Academic art in Brazil
Arrufos (Temporary resentments), by Belmiro de Almeida, symbol of Brazilian realism.

The oldest known examples of Brazilian art are cave paintings in Serra da Capivara National Park in the state of Piauí, dating back to c. 13,000 BC.[271] In Minas Gerais and Goiás have been found more recent examples showing geometric patterns and animal forms.[272] One of the most sophisticated kinds of Pre-Columbian artifact found in Brazil is the sophisticated Marajoara pottery (c. 800–1400 AD), from cultures flourishing on Marajó Island and around the region of Santarém, and statuettes and cult objects, such as the small carved-stone amulets called muiraquitãs, also belong to these cultures.[273] Many of the Jesuits worked in Brazil under the influence of the Baroque, the dominant style in Brazil until the early 19th century.[274][275] The Baroque in Brazil flourished in Bahia and Pernambuco and Minas Gerais, generating valuable artists like Manuel da Costa Ataíde and especially the sculptor-architect Aleijadinho.[275]

Ismael Nery, Nude woman crouching , modernist work undated.

In 1816, the French Artistic Mission in Brazil created the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts and imposed a new concept of artistic education and was the basis for a revolution in Brazilian painting, sculpture, architecture, graphic arts, and crafts.[276] A few decades later, under the personal patronage of Emperor Dom Pedro II, who was engaged in an ambitious national project of modernization, the Academy reached its golden age, fostering the emergence of the first generation of Romantic painters, whence Victor Meirelles and Pedro Américo, that, among others, produced lasting visual symbols of national identity. It must be said that in Brazil Romanticism in painting took a peculiar shape, not showing the overwhelming dramaticism, fantasy, violence, or interest in death and the bizarre commonly seen in the European version, and because of its academic and palatial nature all excesses were eschewed.[277][278][279]

The beginning of the 20th century saw a struggle between old schools and modernist trends. Important modern artists Anita Malfatti and Tarsila do Amaral were both early pioneers in Brazilian art.[280] Both participated of The Week of Modern Art festival, held in São Paulo in 1922, that renewed the artistic and cultural environment of the city[281] and also presented artists such as Emiliano Di Cavalcanti, Vicente do Rego Monteiro, and Victor Brecheret.[282] Based on Brazilian folklore, many artists have committed themselves to mix it with the proposals of the European Expressionism, Cubism, and Surrealism. From Surrealism, arises Ismael Nery, concerned with metaphysical subjects where their pictures appear on imaginary scenarios and averse to any recognizable reference.[283] In the next generation, the modernist ideas of the Week of Modern Art have affected a moderate modernism that could enjoy the freedom of the strict academic agenda, with more features conventional method, best exemplified by the artist Candido Portinari, which was the official artist of the government in mid-century.[284] In our times, names such as Oscar Araripe, Beatriz Milhazes and Romero Britto are well acclaimed.

Literature and poetry

Main article: Brazilian literature
Machado de Assis, poet and novelist whose work extends for almost all literary genre, is widely regarded as the greatest Brazilian writer.[285]

Literature in Brazil dates back to the 16th century, to the writings of the first Portuguese explorers in Brazil, such as Pêro Vaz de Caminha, filled with descriptions of fauna, flora and natives that amazed Europeans that arrived in Brazil.[286] When Brazil became a colony of Portugal, there was the "Jesuit Literature", whose main name was father António Vieira, a Portuguese Jesuit who became one of the most celebrated Baroque writers of the Portuguese language. A few more explicitly literary examples survive from this period, José Basílio da Gama's epic poem celebrating the conquest of the Missions by the Portuguese, and the work of Gregório de Matos Guerra, who produced a sizable amount of satirical, religious, and secular poetry. Neoclassicism was widespread in Brazil during the mid-18th century, following the Italian style.

Brazil produced significant works in Romanticism — novelists like Joaquim Manuel de Macedo and José de Alencar wrote novels about love and pain. Alencar, in his long career, also treated Indigenous people as heroes in the Indigenist novels O Guarany, Iracema, Ubirajara.[287] The French Mal du siècle was also introduced in Brazil by the likes of Alvares de Azevedo, whose Lira dos Vinte Anos and Noite na Taverna are national symbols of the Ultra-romanticism. Gonçalves Dias, considered one of the national poets,[288] sang the Brazilian people and the Brazilian land on the famous Song of the Exile (1843), known to every Brazilian schoolchild.[288] Also dates from this period, although his work has hatched in Realism, Machado de Assis, whose works include Helena, Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas, O alienista, Dom Casmurro, and who is widely regarded as the most important writer of Brazilian literature.[289][290] Assis is also highly respected around the world.[291][292]

My land has palm trees, Where the Thrush sings; The birds, that sing here, Do not sing as they do there.

Gonçalves Dias.[293]

Monteiro Lobato, of the Pré-Modernism (literary moviment essentially Brazilian)[294], wrote mainly for children, often bringing Greek mythology and didacticism with Brazilian folklore, as we see in his short stories about Saci Pererê.[295] Some authors of this time, like Lima Barreto and Simões Lopes Neto and Olavo Bilac, already show a distinctly modern character; Augusto dos Anjos, whose works combine Symbolistic, Parnasian and even pre-modernist elements has a "paralytic language".[296] Mário de Andrade and Oswald de Andrade, from Modernism, combined nationalist tendencies with an interest in European modernism and created the Modern Art Week of 1922. João Cabral de Melo Neto and Carlos Drummond de Andrade are placed among the greatest Brazilian poets;[297] the first, post-modernist, concerned with the aesthetics and created a concise and elliptical and lean poetic, against sentimentality;[298] Drummond, in turn, was a supporter of "anti-poetic" where the language was born with the poem.[299] In Post-Modernism, João Guimarães Rosa wrote the novel Grande Sertão: Veredas, about Sertão[300], with a highly original style and almost a grammar of his own,[301] while Clarice Lispector wrote with an introspective and psychological probing of her characters.[302] Nowadays, Rubem Fonseca and Sérgio Sant'Anna, next to Nélida Piñon and Lygia Fagundes Telles, both members of Academia Brasileira de Letras, are important authors who write about contemporary issues sometimes with erotic or political tones. Ferreira Gullar and Manoel de Barros are two highly admired poets and the former has also been nominated for the Nobel Prize.[303]

Cinema

Main articles: Cinema of Brazil and Television in Brazil
Gramado Film Festival.

The Cinema has a long tradition in Brazil, reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century, and gained a new level of international acclaim in recent years.[304] Bus 174 (2002), by José Padilha, about a bus hijacking, is the highest rated foreign film at Rotten Tomatoes.[305] O Pagador de Promessas (1962), directed by Anselmo Duarte, is one of the most acclaimed Brazilian film critics and the first (and only, to date) Brazilian film to won the Palme d'Or at the 1962 Cannes Film Festival.[306] Fernando Meirelles' City of God (2002), is the highest rated Brazilian film on the IMDb Top 250 list,[307] and Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol (1964), from Cinema Novo and directed by Glauber Rocha. The highest-grossing film in Brazilian cinema, taking 12 million viewers to cinemas, is Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands (1976), directed by Bruno Barreto and basead on the novel of the same name by Jorge Amado.[308][309][310]

Music

Main article: Music of Brazil
The São Paulo concerthall.

Brazil's popular music developed parallel to its classical music and it also united traditional European instruments: guitar, piano, and flute, with a whole rhythm section of sounds produced by frying pans, small barrels with a membrane and a stick inside (cuícas) that make wheezing sounds, and tambourines. During the 1930s Brazilian popular music played on the radio became a powerful means of mass communication. In the mid 1960's, the haunting, story-telling lyric of "Garota de Ipanema", carried by a rich melodic line, was the first big international hit to emerge from the bossa nova movement of Brazilian singers and composers.[311] Popular regional music in Brazil includes the forró from the northeast where the accordion and the flute join guitars and percussion in a footstomping country dance.[312] The frevo also from the northeast, which has an energetic, simple style; the chorinho (literally "small tears") from Rio de Janeiro which combines various types and sizes of guitars, flutes, percussions, and an occasional clarinet or saxophone in a tender form of instrumental music. The lambada achieved international fame during the 1980s. Also noteworthy is samba, a highly popular music style in Brazilian southeast.

Sports

Main article: Sport in Brazil
Maracanã Stadium, at the Brazilian Championship, highest division of Brazilian football.

Football (soccer) (Portuguese: futebol) is the most popular sport in Brazil.[252] Many famous Brazilian players such as Pele and Ronaldo, Kaká, and Ronaldinho are among the most well known players in the sport.The Brazilian national football team (Seleção) is currently ranked first in the world according to the FIFA World Rankings. They have been victorious in the World Cup tournament a record five times, in 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994 and 2002.[313] Basketball, volleyball, auto racing, and martial arts also attract large audiences. Though not as regularly followed or practiced as the previously mentioned sports, tennis, team handball, swimming, and gymnastics have found a growing number of enthusiasts over the last decades. Some sport variations have their origins in Brazil. Beach football,[314] futsal (official version of indoor football)[315] and footvolley emerged in the country as variations of football. In martial arts, Brazilians have developed Capoeira,[316] Vale tudo,[317] and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.[318] In auto racing, Brazilian drivers have won the Formula One world championship nine times: Emerson Fittipaldi in 1972 and 1974;[319] Nelson Piquet in 1981, 1983 and 1987;[320] and Ayrton Senna in 1988, 1990 and 1991.[321]

Brazil has undertaken the organization of large-scale sporting events: the country organized and hosted the 1950 FIFA World Cup[322] and is chosen to host the 2014 FIFA World Cup event.[323] The circuit located in São Paulo, Autódromo José Carlos Pace, hosts the annual Grand Prix of Brazil.[324] São Paulo organized the IV Pan American Games in 1963,[325] and Rio de Janeiro hosted the XV Pan American Games in 2007.[325] Brazil also tried for the fourth time to host the Summer Olympics with Rio de Janeiro candidature in 2016.[326] On October 2, 2009, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was selected to host the 2016 Olympic Games, which will be the first to be held in South America.[327]

International rankings

Organization Survey Ranking
Institute for Economics and Peace [6] Global Peace Index[328] 85 out of 144
United Nations Development Programme Human Development Index 75 out of 182
Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 75 out of 180
World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report 56 out of 133

See also

=

Footnotes

  1. ^ Brazil 2009 Estimate IGBE: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d "Brazil". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
  3. ^ "Desigualdade e pobreza continuaram caindo no Brasil mesmo com crise, revela Ipea — Agência Brasil – EBC". Agenciabrasil.gov.br. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
  4. ^ UNDP Human Development Report 2009. "Table H: Human development index 2007 and its components" (PDF). UNDP. Retrieved 2009-10-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ CIA - The CIA calls this nation in long form as Federative Republic of Brazil
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Geography of Brazil". Central Intelligence Agency. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (help)
  7. ^ a b c d "People of Brazil". Central Intelligence Agency. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (help)
  8. ^ a b "Introduction of Brazil". Central Intelligence Agency. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (help)
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Brazilian Federal Constitution" (in Portuguese). Presidency of the Republic. 1988. Retrieved 2008-06-03. "Brazilian Federal Constitution". v-brazil.com. 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-03. Unofficial translate
  10. ^ "Territorial units of the municipality level" (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
  11. ^ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf
  12. ^ a b "Economy of Brazil". Central Intelligence Agency. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (help)
  13. ^ Clendenning, Alan (2008-04-17). "Booming Brazil could be world power soon". USA Today - The Associated Press. p. 2. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
  14. ^ a b c Bueno, p.36
  15. ^ Bueno, p.36 "Since 1351 until at least 1721 the name Hy-Brazil could be seen in maps and globes. Until 1624, expeditions still were sent after it."
  16. ^ CNRTL - Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales Template:Fr
  17. ^ Michaelis - Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Template:Pt
  18. ^ iDicionário Aulete Template:Pt
  19. ^ a b c d Boxer, p.98
  20. ^ Skidmore, p.21
  21. ^ a b Boxer, p.100
  22. ^ Boxer, pp.100-101 - That would be governed by members of the lesser nobility or proceeding from educated families.
  23. ^ a b Skidmore, p.27
  24. ^ Boxer, p.101
  25. ^ Boxer, p.108
  26. ^ a b c Boxer, p.102
  27. ^ Skidmore, p.30 "Os índios que sobreviveram no Brasil retiraram-se para a floresta tropical ou para o interior temperado, onde os portugueses tinham dificuldades para perseguí-los." and p.32 "Os índios que permaneciam sob o controle português na área de cultivo de cana do Nordeste minguavam conforme morriam de doenças contagiosas e maus tratos, obrigando os portugueses a capturar novos índios para manter a força de trabalho."
  28. ^ Skidmore, p.30 "Doenças epidêmicas foram a principal causa. Os europeus trouxeram moléstias infecciosas como a varíola e o sarampo para um ambiente americano carente de qualquer exposição prévia a essas doenças e, portanto, sem nenhuma imunidade a elas. O tratamento brutal por parte dos portugueses, quando encontravam resistência nativa, dizimou ulteriormente as populações indígenas."
  29. ^ Skidmore, p.36 "Por mais de um século o Brasil foi o principal exportador mundial de açúcar. De 1600 a 1650 o açúcar respondia por 90% a 95% dos ganhos brasileiros com exportações."
  30. ^ Boxer, p.110
  31. ^ Skidmore, p.34 "Os escravos africanos e seus descendentes logo passaram a ser encontrados em tod o Brasil. Esses escravos trabalhavam na criação de gado no extremo sul, nas minas de Minas Gerais e na cultura extrativista da Bacia Amazônica. Trabalhavam também na construção e no serviço doméstico."
  32. ^ Skidmore, p.32 "Com a mão-de-obra indígena minguando, os portugueses voltaram-se para a África." and p.33 "Conforme os portugueses se apercebiam, já na década de 1530, de que os índios não poderiam fornecer mão-de-obra suficiente para a coleta de madeira brasileira e o cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, eles se voltaram para a obtenção de escravos na África ocidental".
  33. ^ Bueno, pp.80-81
  34. ^ Bueno, p.96 - The Portuguese suffered a setback with the Dutch invasions that began in 1630 and that managed to conquer large portions of the Brazilian northeastern coastline. The Dutch domain did not last long and they were expelled definitively in 1649.
  35. ^ Calmon, p.294
  36. ^ Bueno, p.86
  37. ^ Boxer, p.164 - Due to competition with the British and Dutch colonies in the Caribbean and also due to high taxes.
  38. ^ Boxer, p.168 and p.170 "...continuaram tomando o rumo do ocidente nas décadas seguintes e descobriram os campos auríferos de Cuiabá, Goiás e Mato Grosso."
  39. ^ Boxer, p.169
  40. ^ Boxer, p.207
  41. ^ a b Boxer, p.213
  42. ^ Bueno, p.145
  43. ^ Calmon (2002), p.191
  44. ^ Lustosa, pp.109-110
  45. ^ Lustosa, pp.117-119
  46. ^ Lustosa, pp.150-153
  47. ^ Vianna, p.418
  48. ^ Kraay, Hendrik apud Aldé, Lorenzo. Revista de História da Bblioteca Nacional. Issue 50. year 5. Rio de Janeiro: SABIN, 2009, p.20 "Símbolo poderoso, a monarquia estava profundamente enraizada na sociedade brasileira."
  49. ^ Holanda (O Brasil Monárquico: o processo de emancipação), p.403 "... o que sabemos é que a idéia republicana no percurso da independência, pelo menos depois de 1821, foi um devaneio de poucos."
  50. ^ Diégues 2004, pp. 168, 164, 178
  51. ^ Diégues 2004, pp. 179–180
  52. ^ Lustosa, p.209
  53. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.9
  54. ^ Vianna, p.140
  55. ^ Carvalho (1993), p.23
  56. ^ Calmon (2002), p.189
  57. ^ Vainfas, p.170
  58. ^ The Brazilian defeat in the Argentina-Brazil War resulting in the loss of Cisplatine (modern Uruguay),[Vainfas, p.322] Pedro I's incapacity in dealing with a representative system where he would have to take in account the opinion of the parliamentary opposition[Vainfas, p.197] and the provincial desire for a higher decentralization[Dohlnikoff, pp.60-61] all contributed for lowering his prestige among the Brazilians. But the main reason for his abdication was due to his continuous interest in the succession crisis in Portugal.[Lustosa, p.278] The emperor refused the Portuguese crown in favor of his eldest daughter in 1826,[Lustosa, p.221] but his brother Dom Miguel usurped the throne.[Lustosa, p.280]
  59. ^ Vianna, p.448 “levando a sua renúncia ao Trono, em favor do filho, o Príncipe Imperial D. Pedro de Alcântara. Agiu, portanto, por sua livre vontade, uma vez que o pronunciamento popular e militar não tinha esse objetivo, destinando-se a volta do Gabinete de março.”
  60. ^ Janotti, p. 180 “Caiu o primeiro monarca – e a bem dizer a verdade por que ele abdicou e não por que quisessem que ele abdicasse – mas a Monarquia não caiu”.
  61. ^ Calmon (2002), p.207
  62. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.17
  63. ^ Carvalho 2007, p.21
  64. ^ Dohlnikoff, p.206
  65. ^ "Rebelions in Bahia, 1798-l838"
  66. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.43
  67. ^ Souza, p.326
  68. ^ Janotti, p.171 "No Pará, [...] declarou-se que a província não reconheceria o Governo da Regência durante a menoridade do Imperador (1835); começava a Cabanagem, para durar até 1840." and p.172 "explodia em novembro de 1837 a Sabinada que, declarava-se em Estado Republicano Independente [...], limitava o tempo da separação até o advento da maioridade de D. Pedro II."
  69. ^ Munro, p.273
  70. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.164
  71. ^ Lyra (v.1),p.225
  72. ^ Lyra (v.1),p.272
  73. ^ Carvalho (2007), pp.9, 222
  74. ^ The emperor, who never owned slaves [Barman (1999), p.194] also led the abolitionist campaign[Lyra (v.3), pp.29-30] However, he took longer than expected "to trespass the political obstacles" [Schwarcz, p.315] making Brazil the last country in the Americas to abolish slavery.[Bueno, p.218]
  75. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.166
  76. ^ Lyra (v.3), p.62
  77. ^ Vainfas, p.18
  78. ^ a b Munro, p.280
  79. ^ Ermakoff, p.189 "Não havia, portanto, clamor pela mudança do regime de governo, exceto alguns gritos de "Viva a República", entoados por pequenos grupos de militantes à espreita da passagem da carruagem imperial."
  80. ^ Schwarcz, p.444
  81. ^ Vainfas, p.201
  82. ^ Barman (1999), p.399
  83. ^ Barman (1999), p.130
  84. ^ Lyra (v.3), p.126
  85. ^ Barman (1999), p.361
  86. ^ Salles, p.194 - However, the monarchist reaction after the fall of the empire and the subsequent exile of the Imperial Family "was not small and even less was its repression".
  87. ^ Lyra (v.3), p.99
  88. ^ Schwarcz, pp.450 and 457
  89. ^ a b Barman (1999), p.403
  90. ^ Barman (1999), p.404
  91. ^ Skidmore, p.153
  92. ^ Bueno, pp.296-301
  93. ^ Skidmore, p.154
  94. ^ Skidmore, pp.155-156
  95. ^ Bueno, pp.328 and 331
  96. ^ Fausto (2005), p.249
  97. ^ Fausto (2005), p.267
  98. ^ Skidmore, p.162
  99. ^ Bueno, p.336
  100. ^ Skidmore, p.164
  101. ^ Fausto (2005), p.272
  102. ^ Dietrich, Ana Maria in História Viva magazine, issue 67, year VI, 2009, p.61
  103. ^ Bueno, pp.343-344
  104. ^ Skidmore, p.173
  105. ^ Fausto (2005), p.281
  106. ^ Skidmore, pp.182-183
  107. ^ Bueno, pp.346-347
  108. ^ Skidmore, pp.188-194
  109. ^ Skidmore, p.201
  110. ^ Skidmore, pp.202-203
  111. ^ Skidmore, p.204
  112. ^ Skidmore, pp.204-205
  113. ^ Skidmore, pp.209-210
  114. ^ Skidmore, p.210
  115. ^ Fausto (2005), p.397 “o regime militar brasileiro, instalado em abril de 1964, teve uma seqüência ininterrupta de mais de vinte anos, até janeiro de 1985 [...] se tomarmos essa data como a mais relevante.”
  116. ^ Gaspari (A Ditadura Envergonhada), p.141-142 “Essa contradição matou primeiro a teoria castelista da ditadura temporária, em seguida liquidou as promessas inconsistentes de abertura política feitas por um governo desastroso como o de Costa e Silva ou simplesmente falsas, como a de Garrastazu Medici. Restabeleceu-se a ordem com Geisel, por que, de todos os presidentes militares, ele foi o único a perceber que, antes de qualquer projeto político, era preciso restabelecer a ordem militar.”
  117. ^ Gaspari (A Ditadura Envergonhada), p.35 “Desde 1868, quando através da vigência do Ato Institucional nº 5 o Brasil entrara no mais longo período ditatorial de sua história”
  118. ^ Gaspari (A Ditadura Escancarada), p.193 - Who did not struggle over the return of democracy, but instead over the implantation of a communist dictatorship) - "A luta armada fracassou por que o objetivo final das organizações que a promoveram era transformar o Brasil numa ditadura, talvez socialista, certamente revolucionária. Seu projeto não passava pelo restabelecimento das liberdades democráticas."
  119. ^ Skidmore, p.239 “Era um outro sinal de que o regime militar brasileiro, embora repressivo, nunca alcançou a profundidade que teve nas ditaduras equivalentes na Argentina e Chile.”
  120. ^ Fausto (2005), p.422 “Nos anos do chamado ‘milagre econômico’, [...] o apoio social ao regime militar, por parte de amplos setores da classe média, renasceu, colorido com as tintas patrioteiras que vislumbrava a entrada do Brasil no quadro das grandes potências, em algumas décadas. Os setores populares, cuja característica maior tinha sido o desinteresse pela vida política, deram também sinais de satisfação, derivados principalmente de seus ganhos materiais.”
  121. ^ Bueno, p.379 “Com a posse de Geisel, em 15 de março de 1974, o general Golbery do Couto e Silva voltou ao poder. Ambos, Golbery e Geisel, articularam um projeto de abertura 'lenta, gradual e segura'[...].”
  122. ^ Fausto (2005), p.455 “É significativo que o processo de abertura tenha começado com as iniciativas do presidente Geisel (no poder a partir de março de 1974) – um oficial cioso da integridade das Forças Armadas e com longa experiência em postos administrativos, entre as quais a presidência da Petrobrás. Não foi também por acaso que o general Geisel selecionou como um de seus alvos principais a eliminação da tortura contra presos políticos, embora a tivesse coonestado, pouco antes de chegar ao poder, condenando-a principalmente, ao que tudo indica, pelo fato de que esses métodos conduziam à desmoralização das Forças Armadas.”
  123. ^ Gaspari (A Ditadura Envergonhada), pp.34-35 ”restabelecendo a autoridade constitucional do presidente da República sobre as Forças Armadas.”
  124. ^ Gaspari (A Ditadura Envergonhada), pp.35-36 ”Antes, acabara com a censura a imprensa e com a tortura de presos políticos, pilares do regime desde 1968.” p.36
  125. ^ Gaspari (A Ditadura Envergonhada), “dois presidentes prometeram restaurar as franquias democráticas. Geisel, o único a não fazer essa promessa, acabou com a ditadura.” and “No dia 31 de dezembro de 1978, 74 dias antes da conclusão de seu mandato, acabou-se o Ato Institucional nº 5, o instrumento parajurídico que vigorara por dez anos, por meio do qual o presidente podia fechar o Congresso, cassar mandatos parlamentares e governar pro decretos uma sociedade onde não havia direito a habeas corpus em casos de crimes contra a segurança nacional.”
  126. ^ Bueno, p.382 ”o quinto general-presidente, João Baptista Figueiredo [...], foi levado ao cargo com a missão de concretizar a abertura iniciada por Ernesto Geisel – o único dos generais-presidentes a fazer o próprio sucessor.”
  127. ^ Fausto (2005), p.460
  128. ^ Fausto (2005), pp.464-465
  129. ^ Fausto (2005), p.465
  130. ^ Fausto (2005), p.475
  131. ^ The name of the current Brazilian currency came from an older currency that existed up to 1942. In Portuguese it is called "Real," meaning "royal," as it originated in Portugal, then a monarchy.
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  254. ^ Gastronomia: Feijoada. Visited on November 8, 2009.
  255. ^ http://www.braziltravelguide.com/feijoada-the-brazilian-national-dish.html
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  267. ^ There's an Awful Lot of Bubbly in Brazil
  268. ^ They've got an awful lot of taxes in Brazil
  269. ^ There's an awful lot of motivation in Brazil
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