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Black Army of Hungary

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 78.92.106.176 (talk) at 13:21, 7 October 2010 (→‎Battles and respective captains of the Black Army: Removed 19th century Czech romantic fantasy paintings. They are inaccurate). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Standard of the Black legion
This characteristic flag with a forked tail was reconstructed after a miniature in Philostratus Chronicle, one of the Corvinas, representing the 1485 entry of János Corvinus, son of king Matthew, into Vienna. The black colour of the flag used to be white (argent) in fact, but the argent paint had become oxidised. The reconstruction preserves the original colour.

The Black Army (Hungarian: Fekete sereg, pronounced [ˈfɛkɛtɛ ˈʃɛrɛɡ] 'Black Legion or Regiment'—possibly named after their black armor panoply, see below) is in historigraphy the common name given to the excellent quality of diverse and polyglot military forces serving under the reign of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary. The ancestor and core of this early standing mercenary army appeared in the era of his father (John Hunyadi) in the early 1440s.

It is recognized as one of the main standing continental European fighting force not under conscription and its founder King Matthias is often compared to Julius Caesar[1] . Hungary's Black Army traditionally encompasses the years from 1458 to 1490. The men of the Black Army fought as well-paid, full-time mercenaries and were purely devoted to the arts of warfare. Most European mercenary armies of the era were conscripted from the general population at times of crisis and soldiers worked as bakers, farmers, brick-makers, etc... for most of the year. This alone put the Black Army at a significant advantage over their opponents[citation needed]. It was an unusually large standing mercenary army for its time, and it conquered parts of Austria, Vienna (1485) and parts of Moravia [2]

The core of the army originally consisted of 8-10 thousand mercenaries, later increasing to a permanent size of 30,000 men and doubling during invasions. The soldiers were mainly Bohemians, Germans, Serbs, Poles[3] and, from 1480, Hungarians. Every fifth soldier in the Black Army had an arquebus, which was a modest ratio at the time. The main troops of the army were the infantry, artillery and light and heavy cavalry. The function of the heavy cavalry was to protect the light armored infantry and artillery, while the other corps inflicted random attacks on the enemy. One important victory of the Black Army of Hungary was at the Battle of Breadfield where the Hungarians defeated the Ottomans. The death of Matthias Corvinus meant the end of the "Black Army", because Vladislaus II was not able to cover the costs of the army.


Development of a modern well-organized drafting

In the first years of Matthias' rule it was the legacy of his ancestor Sigismund of Luxembourg that the structure of army enlisting was built on. The majority of his army consisted of noble banners and the soldiers provided and regulated by the Militia Portalis (eng:manor militia)[4],which outlined that for every twenty serf-lots (portae) a noble was ordered to raise and lend one archer to the king. Later that obligation was reconsidered and the limit was shifted to an archer per 33 manors and three mounted archers per 100 manors. Those who hasn't got serves but owns a manor as a noble had to join a regional count in state of war. No signifant number of mercenaires were present in the Hungarian army during the early years of Matthias. (in the 1463 Janus Pannonius' report of the siege of Jajce Castle has no mention of them)

In case of emergency a last chance occured for the actual King in power to suddenly mobilize the population. Every noble no matter of his social class had to participate in person with his weaponry and all of his personal guards made available. Whenever they were called upon they shouldn't have fought over 15 days and their field of operations was restricted within the borders of Hungary. The so-called "insurrectio" (noble insurrection) was nothing more than an obsolete form of drafting but it was valid until the Battle of Raab in 1809, mainly because it relieved the participting nobles of tax paying. But generally these enlisted armada isn't labelled Black Army, since Matthias only used it twice (1458,1477)[5]

In the laws of 1459 of Szeged he restored the basis of 20 serves induct an archer (this time it's based on the numbers of persons). The barons' militia portalis no longer counted into the local noble's banner but into the army of the county (led by a captain appointed by the king) and could have been sent abroad as well. He also lifted the time insurrectio from 15 days to 3 months.[6]

From the first mercenaires to regularly paid soldiers

Though these efforts sounded well the way they carried out wasn't supervised at all. In 1458 Matthias borrowed as much as 500 heavy cavalry from George of Poděbrady to strenghten his home situation against his rival landlords. This marks the point of tunring away from the obsolete noble banners to skilled soldiers of fortune (at this case they were remnants of Hussites whose battle tactics were later adapted by the Black Army as well)[5]. He needed more seasoned veterans so he chose to settle a group of rogue Czech army deserters led by John Jiskra who were already plundering the northern countryside seeking for daily loot. Jiskra was promised royal pardon in the peace treaty of Wiener Neustadt in 1463 and two territories to own (Soimos and Lipova(in Timisoara) and his soldiers a payment of 25.000 ducats. The very next year he was already stationed in Bosnia to fight the Ottomans.[7] Also in 1462 the king the king sent word to his equerry that he should hire 8000 cavalry to start a holy war against the Ottoman Empire only if the Venetiants - according to their promise - cover the expenses (unfortunately these financial aids were postponed from time to time). The firts major and mass conscription of mercenaries appeared during the Bohemian Wars (1468-78) whereas the core of his royal infantry a force of 6000-8000 armed men were incorporated into the Black Army (the origins of the moniker could also come from this era)[8]

The term Black Army and its captains

Several speculation rose upon the cognomen that the army is identified with. Fact is that no recorded accounts mention the "black" attribute until the death of King Matthias. They are referred so in written memos only after he passed when the rest of the notorious army were already pillaging the borderline villages after becoming unpaid. One theory suggest that they wore a black stripe on their shoulder as a sign of mourning their heir. Italian middle-age historian Bonfini used the word only to describe the "toughness" of veterans serving in their lines. Others suppose that one of their famed captains Frantisek Hag's black chestplate inspired the namegiving. Third idea is that they adopted the adjective from their other captain "Black" John Haugwitz, whose nickname already earned him a heroic recognition during the campaigns. It's worth to mention that since there no such as Black Army namely existed when Matthias' army was in service all of his leaders who was in charge for different army branches count in as Black Army generals. Apart from John Jiskra several reputed head-of-army reached perpetual reputation, even the infamous Vlad Tepes whose name is nowdays widely recognized as the one known as Count Dracula. Other noteworthy general was Pál Kinizsi, who helped Corvinus' successor Uladislaus II to dissolve what remained of the discontent - sacking - Black Army.[5]

Funding the army to its biggest extent

After Matthias income increased perodicly and simoultanously the number of mercenaries increased as well. Historical records vary when it comes to numbers mainly because it changed form battle to battle and most of them were only employed for the duration of combat or longer conflict. Reckoning in the nobles' banners, the mercenaries, the soldiers of the conquered Moravia and Silesia and the troops of the allied Moldova and Wallachia the king could have gathered an enormous army of 90.000 men. The nobles' participation in the battlefield were ignored by time their support could been redeemed in coins later on. The cities were also relieved of paying levies of war if they supplied craftmenship and weapon production for equipping the military.

King Matthias remarkably raised the taxes of serfdom, he switched the basis of taxing from portae to households and it happened occasionally that they collected the royal dues twice an year during wartime. Counting the vassals tribute, the western contribution, the local nobles war payment, the tithe and the city taxes Matthias annual income reached 650.000 florins, while his sworn enemy the Ottoman Empire (vastly larger in size) had 1.800.000 in comparison. In contrary to the popular belief, that historians speculated for decades, the actual sum altogether could circle around the 800.000 florins in a better year at the peak of his reign, but never surpassed the financial threshold of one million florins as it was a previously commonly accepted number[9] . In 1467 Mattias Corvinus reformed the coins used for easier accumulation of taxes and manageable disbursements and introduced an improved dinar, which had a finer silver content (500‰) and weighted half a gram. He also re-establishing its ratio whereas one florin of gold equaled 100 dinars of silver, which was so stable that it remained in place until the mid 16th century.[10]

The army were divided into three parts : the cavalry, paid 3 florins/horse, the Clipeati received double the money, and the archers, light infantry and arquebusiers with the latter consisting of mostly Bohemian, German and Poles (paid differently). Also gunpowder was quite expensive and the King preferred mixing up hussite tactics with mounted warfare (based on defense, placing infantry behing wagon blockades or tall pavises, while the cavalry contantly harrasing the enemy and guarding the "middle") and placing archery in favor of fusiliers with the latter been engaged at the very start of the battle. With firearms production had been made avalaible by local marksmen in Transylvania, these type of ranged infantry became cheaper and handled by Hungarians.[11] [5]

Black Army vs. Black Army

The disadvantage of being a periodically or occasionally paid recruits was that if their money hadn't arrived in time they simply left the battlefield or - in a worse scenario - they revolted on several instances. Since they were the same skilled men-at-arms led by the same charismatic leaders previously fighting for causes, they were equally hard to eliminite as the Black Army was for its enemies. However they could be outnumbered thus it was always a flank or division who betrayed their king. Easier solution was when the captain accepted some lands and castles to be mortgaged in return of service. An example to mass desertation happened in 1981 when a group of 300 horsemen joined the opposite Holy Roman forces. One of the biggest memorable insurrection was conducted by Jan Svehla. He and his men accompanied Corvinus to Slavonia in 1465 to beat the Osmans. But when they were approaching Zagreb he asked for a royal permission to officially leave the offensive for financial reasons. It was deined and as a consequence he and two of his vice-captains escaped with their regiments from the royal banner. George of Poděbrady secretly supported their act of invading into the Comitatus of Nitra and occupied the fort of Kosztolány. The gross of them were composed of Czech and Moravian professionals who were previously in service for Podebrad and Frederick III. Apart from the militia there were religious outcasts (considered heretics) looking for shelter including Hussite Brethrens and rogue Moravian "Žebraks"[nb 1] who favoured pillaging instead of payment. Svehla established a well-defensed fort and he appointed Jorig Lichtenburger and Vöttau as "comeses" for the county. The fort and its looting inhabitants had a surrounding sphere of influence ranging from the valleys of Vág and Nitra to the eastern provinces of Austria. Matthias realized the threat and ordered two of his "upper-land" captains for the enclosure of Kosztolany namely Stefan Zápolya and and Ladislaus Podmaniczky. After returning from Slavonia the King joined the siege. Also one of the few occation rose for cooperation with Frederick upon the events. He sent a strong armoured mounted troop led by commander Ulrich von Grafeneck to help viping out the harrassing expatriot. When reached Bratislava he was reinforced by Knight Georg Pottendorfer with his 600 crusader cavalry. This totaled for a 8-10 thousand people ready to siege, which went to assault after taking some minor fortifications on the 1st January 1467. All of the experienced vanguard Black Army officers were present against their former combatmate. They were Palatine Mihály Országh, Jan Jiskra, Jan Haugwitz, Balázs Magyar, Pál Kinizsi, Nicholaus Ujlaki Ban of Mačva, Peter Sobi Ban of Bosnia-Croatia-Dalmatia with the latter dieing in the assault. In the beginnig of the course Matthias offered Svehla a chance of returning to his service in exchange for a unconditional surrender on all grounds. After a refusal he immediately started the siege and the cannon attacks despite the harsh winter conditions. Svehla and his 2500 men (and additional citizens) resisted the superiority, but food storages got extremely low by time and all the outbreak efforts had no success so he decided to capitulate twice to Matthias with the aforementioned took his revenge in rejecting it. After three weeks Svehla took an unanticipated trick by faking a break-out attempt in front while getting his way out at the rear through the water channel. Though his physically weak and exhausted entourage of 2000 infantry eluded they weren't fast enough to get a clean getaway. Balázs Magyar and Pál Kinizsi rode down to the fort of Čachtice where they clashed. Almost all of the rioters fell, only 250 were taken as prisoners. Svela evaded capture again but was put in custody by peasants when he was so debilitated he couldn't fight. He was handled to Matthias who doomed him to be hung along with the remained couple hundred POWs. This was King Matthias Corvin's most violant retaliation recorded. The very next day on 31 January 1467 seeing the executions the garrison asked for mercy and it was granted. And as a good example of the King's manners of managing his relations with his enemies after taking Ňitra he hired František Hag, officer member of the resistance group as a captain of the Black Army because he found him skilled enough. Although in another case in 1474 František Hag revolted due to the absence of money but it ceased without violence and he remained Matthias' subject all along and until his death.[13][14][5]

Battles and respective captains of the Black Army

Mikoláš Aleš: Meeting of George of Podebrady with Matthias Corvinus
File:Stanislav Hudeček - Královna Johanna vede české vojsko.jpg
Stanislav Hudeček: Queen Johanna leading Czech army against Matthias

Campaign color codes

Against the Czechs
Against the Holy Roman Empire
Against the Ottomans
Against the Moldavians
Against the Papal State
Against Saxony
Outcome Date Location Captain(s) in charge
Victory 1488 Głogów, Duchy of Silesia File:Schlesien (flag & coa).png John Haugwitz[15]
Victory 1484 ۩ Korneuburg, Archduchy of Austria István Dávidházy†[16]
Victory 1474 ۩ Wrocław, Duchy of Silesia Matthias Corvinus[17]
Victory 1468 Olomouc, Margravate of Moravia Matthias Corvinus[18]
Defeat 1469 Hradiště, Margravate of Moravia Matthias Corvinus[18]
Victory 1485 ۩ Vienna, Archduchy of Austria Matthias Corvinus[19]
Victory 1487 ۩ Wiener-Neustadt, Archduchy of Austria Matthias Corvinus
Emeric Zápolya[20]
Victory 1480 Radkersburg, Duchy of Styria Emeric Zápolya[12]
Defeat 1481 ۩ Hainburg, Archduchy of Austria Emeric Zápolya[12]
Victory 1482 ۩ Hainburg, Archduchy of Austria Emeric Zápolya[12]
Victory 1482 ۩ Kőszeg, Kingdom of Hungary Boldizsár Batthyány[21]
Victory 1479 Breadfield, Kingdom of Hungary Pál Kinizsi

Stephen V Báthory
File:Herb Brankovic.jpgVuk Grgurević
Basarab Laiotă cel Bătrân

Defeat 1467 Baia, Principality of Moldavia Matthias Corvinus

Stephen V Báthory

Victory 1475 Vaslui, Principality of Moldavia (supporting army for
the main Moldvian core)
Victory 1463 ۩ Jajce, Bosnia Matthias Corvinus
Kállay V. János
György Parlagi
Kállay I. Pál[22]
Victory 1464 ۩ Jajce, Bosnia Emeric Zápolya[12]
Victory 1464 ۩ Srebrenik, Bosnia Matthias Corvinus
Emeric Zápolya[23]
Defeat 1464 ۩ Zvornik, Bosnia Matthias Corvinus
Emeric Zápolya

Count Zsigmond Szentgyörgyi
Berthold Elderbach Monyorókeréki
Miklós Székely Szentgyörgyi
László Kanizsay [23]

Victory 1476 Šabac, Banate of Bosnia György Matucsinai
Stephen V Báthory[23]
Victory 1481 ≠ Otranto, Kingdom of Napoli Balázs Magyar[24]
Victory 1488 ≠ Naples, Kingdom of Napoli Relief troops for his father-in-law
the Neapolitan King[25]
Victory 1487 ≠ Sankt Pölten, Archduchy of Austria Matthias Corvinus[26]
Defeat 1459 Körmend, Kingdom of Hungary Simon Nagy Szentmártoni
Miklós Rozgonyi† [27]
Victory 1459 Körmend, Kingdom of Hungary Simon Nagy Szentmártoni [27]
Victory 1484 ۩ Bruck, Archduchy of Austria István Dávidházy [28]
Victory 1484 Temesvár, Kingdom of Hungary Pál Kinizsi[29]
Victory 1482 Bečej, Kingdom of Hungary Pál Kinizsi
Peter Dóczy
File:Herb Brankovic.jpg Vuk Grgurević[30]
Defeat 1469 Vilémov, Margravate of Moravia Matthias Corvinus (surrender)[31][32]
Defeat 1469 Uherský Brod, Margravate of Moravia Matthias Corvinus[33]
Victory 1469 ۩ Špilberk Castle, Margravate of Moravia Matthias Corvinus[34]
† : Denotes captain deceased in battle
۩ : Denotes a siege
≠ : Denotes a minor conflict involving less than 5000 Hungarian units

Notes

  1. ^ Žebrák (in Hungarian:Zsebrák) is a distinctive historical and military term deriving from the same Czech word meaning beggar. It refers to Czech booty-hunters ravaging the northern regions of Hungary in the 15th century (but would submit themself to any service if getting paid)[12]

References

  1. ^ Tanner, Marcus (March 18, 2009). Croats at the Court of the Raven King. Croatian embassy in London, England: Balkan Insight. Retrieved October 5, 2010. {{cite conference}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  2. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hunyadi Matthias I". [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]] (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  3. ^ David Nicolle (1988). Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe 1000-1568. London, England: Osprey Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 0850458331. Retrieved 4th October, 2009. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |other= ignored (|others= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Haywood, Matthew (2002). "The Militia Portalis". Hungarian Armies 1300 to 1492. Southampton, United Kingdom: British Historical Games Society. Retrieved 4th October, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e E. Kovács Péter (2008). Mátyás, a reneszánsz király (pdf) (in Hungarian). Budapest, Hungary: Officina Kiadó. pp. 67–94. ISBN 9639705432. Retrieved 1st October, 2010. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  6. ^ Ian Heath (1984). "Hungary". Armies of the Middle Ages, Volume 2. Cambridge, England: Wargames research Group. pp. 58–62. ISBN B001B3PZTG. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  7. ^ Oslansky, František (1996). "The role of John Jiskra in the history of Slovakia" (PDF). Human Affairs, A Postdisciplinary Journal for Humanities & Social Sciences. I, 19–33 (6, 1996). Institute of Historical Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences. ISSN 1210-3055. Retrieved 1st October, 2010. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Pál Engel (2005). The realm of St. Stephen: a history of medieval Hungary, 895-1526. London, United Kingdom: I. B. Tauris. p. 310. ISBN 185043977X. Retrieved 1st October, 2010. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Drakóczy, István (2008). ""Mátyás bevételei és a kincstár"". In Farbaky Péter, Spekner Enikő, Szende Katalin, Végh András (ed.). Hunyadi Mátyás, a király. Hagyomány és megújulás a királyi udvarban 1458-1490 (in Hungarian). Budapest,Hungary: Budapesti Történeti Múzeum. ISBN 9789639340688.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  10. ^ Iliescu, Octavian (2002). "C. Transylvania (including Banat, Crişana and Maramureş)". THE HISTORY OF COINS IN ROMANIA (cca. 1500 B.C. – 2000 AD). NBR LIBRARY SERIES. Bucharest,Romania: EDITURA ENCICLOPEDICĂ. Retrieved 4th October, 2010. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  11. ^ Haywood, Matthew (2002). "Wargaming and Warfare in Eastern Europe (1350 AD to 1500 AD )". Mercenary Infantry of the Hunyadi era. Southampton, United Kingdom: British Historical Games Society. Retrieved 4th October, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  12. ^ a b c d e Gerő Lajos (1897). Pallas Nagylexikon (in Hungarian). Budapest, Hungary: Pallas Irodalmi és Nyomdai Rt. Retrieved 6th October, 2010. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Cite error: The named reference "Gero" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  13. ^ Fenyvesi, László (1990). "Miért került bitófára Svehla?". Mátyás Király fekete serege. Hadtörténelem fiataknak (in Hungarian). Budapest Hungary: Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó. pp. 19–24. ISBN 9633260170. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  14. ^ Bartl, Július (2002). "Black Army". Slovak history: chronology & lexicon. Mundelein, Illinois, USA: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. 196. ISBN 0865164444. Retrieved 5 October 2010. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Tóth Zoltán (1925). Mátyás király idegen zsoldosserege. Budapest, Hungary: Stádium Sajtóvállalat Rt. Retrieved 2nd October, 2010. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  16. ^ Tóth Zoltán (1925). Mátyás király idegen zsoldosserege. Budapest, Hungary: Stádium Sajtóvállalat Rt. Retrieved 2nd October, 2010. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  17. ^ Lynn White, jr. (1973). Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0520023927. Retrieved 2nd October, 2010. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  18. ^ a b Kenneth M. Setton (1978). The papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571, volume 2. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0871691272. Retrieved 2nd October, 2010. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  19. ^ Neal Bedford (2007). Lonely Planet Vienna. Footscray, Victoria, Australia: Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 1740598512. Retrieved 2nd October, 2010. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Komlovszki Tibor (1965). Irodalomtörténeti Közlemények (pdf). 69 (in Hungarian). Vol. 3. Budapest, Hungary: Országos Széchényi Könyvtár. Retrieved 2nd October, 2010. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  21. ^ Kelényi, György (2006). "Kora reneszánsz (1475–1541)". A reneszánsz és a barokk építészete Magyarországon (in Hungarian). Budapest, Hungary: ELTE. Retrieved 2nd October, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ Iván Nagy (1857-1868). Magyarország családai czimerekkel és nemzékrendi táblákkal, 2. kötet (in Hungarian) (7th ed.). Pest, Hungary: Ráth Mór, Helikon Kiadó (reprint). ISBN 9632077741. Archived from the original on 9th March, 2007. Retrieved 3rd October, 2010. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |archivedate= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ a b c Dr. Thallóczy Lajos (1915). Jajcza (bánság, vár és város) története 1450-1527 (in Hungarian). Budapest, Hungary: Hornyánszky Viktor cs. és kir. udv. könyvnyomdája., Históriaantik Könyvesház Kiadó (reprint). ISBN 9782253055754. Archived from the original on 24 July 2010. Retrieved 3rd October, 2010. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  24. ^ Sándor Szilágyi (1896). "7, Mátyás hadserege és diplomatiája". A magyar nemzet története, 5. kötet (in Hungarian). Budapest, Hungary: Athenaeum Irod. és Nyomdai Rt. ISBN 1144242185. Retrieved 4th October, 2010. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  25. ^ Sándor Szilágyi (1896). "7, Mátyás hadserege és diplomatiája". A magyar nemzet története, 5. kötet (in Hungarian). Budapest, Hungary: Athenaeum Irod. és Nyomdai Rt. ISBN 1144242185. Retrieved 4th October, 2010. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  26. ^ Project Gutenberg (1911 (2010)). [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1]]. Distributed Proofreaders. pp. 1975–2470. Retrieved 4th October, 2010. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  27. ^ a b Mórocz Zsolt (August 30, 2008). "Hollószárnyak a Rába fölött" (in Hungarian). Szombathely: Vas Népe Kiadói Kft. Retrieved 4th October, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  28. ^ Jókai Mór (1860). "Mátyás Bécsben". A magyar nemzet története regényes rajzokban (in Hungarian). Budapest, Hungary: Tóth Könyvkereskedés és Kiadó. ISBN 9789635965427. Retrieved 4th October, 2010. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  29. ^ Kenneth M. Setton (1978). The papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571, volume 1. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society. p. 400. ISBN 0871691272. Retrieved 4th October, 2010. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  30. ^ Szentkláray Jenő (2008). "Temesvár és vidéke". Az Osztrák-Magyar Monarchia Irásban és Képben (in Hungarian). Budapest,Hungary: Kempelen Farkas Digitális Tankönyvtár. Retrieved 4th October, 2010. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  31. ^ "George of Podebrady". Prague, Czech Republic: Government Information Center of the CR. April 26, 2010. Retrieved 6th October, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  32. ^ Szentkláray Jenő (2008). "Csehország története". Az Osztrák-Magyar Monarchia Irásban és Képben (in Hungarian). Budapest,Hungary: Kempelen Farkas Digitális Tankönyvtár. Retrieved 6th October, 2010. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  33. ^ Bartl, Július (2002). "1463". Slovak history: chronology & lexicon. Mundelein, Illinois, USA: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. 52. ISBN 0865164444. Retrieved 6th October 2010. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ "Spilberk Castle". Brno, Czech Republic: Muzeum města Brna. April 26, 2010. Retrieved 6th October, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)

See also

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