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Oxford University Conservative Association
File:OUCA1.jpg
Founded 1924
Patron Baroness Thatcher, Somerville College
Honorary President William Hague MP, Magdalen College
Dean The Rev Father David Johnson, Selwyn College, Cambridge
Senior officers of the association, Trinity Term 2011
President Joe Cooke, Oriel College
President-Elect James Lawson, St Edmund Hall
Treasurer Peter Day-Milne, Trinity College
Treasurer-Elect Nikhil Mukherjee, Church Church
Secretary Miles Coates, Worcester College
Political Officer Peter Edwards, Balliol College
Junior officers of the association, Trinity Term 2011
Junior Officer TBC James Price, Worcester College
Junior Officer TBC Michael Towers, Christ Church
Junior Officer TBC Tristan Honeyborne, Magdalen College
Council-Elected Junior Officer Joey Faulkner Wadham College
Returning Officer Matthew Thomson-Ryder, Corpus Christi College
Home page http: //www.ouca.org.uk/

The Oxford University Conservative Association, or OUCA (until recently it had been briefly the Oxford Conservative Association, or OCA) is a student political organisation founded in 1924 whose members are drawn from the University of Oxford. Since October 2009, OUCA has been affiliated to Conservative Future, the Conservative Party youth wing.

Amongst the OUCA alumni are many significant Conservative Party figures, including former Prime Ministers and Cabinet Ministers. Three past Presidents currently serve in the Cabinet: William Hague, Jeremy Hunt, and Dominic Grieve and two others, the Home Secretary, Theresa May and Leader of the House of Commons Sir George Young served on the association's committee whilst undergraduates. Unsurprisingly, OUCA has traditionally been thought of in Conservative Party circles as a training ground for future leading Party figures, with many of the murky skills of student politics being directly related to the skills needed to rise in a major political party.

Past Presidents of OUCA also include Margaret Thatcher, Edward Heath, Jonathan Aitken, Lord Rees-Mogg, Daniel Hannan and Nick Robinson. Other prominent political figures known to be former OUCA committee members or officers include Ann Widdecombe, Ed Vaizey and the Earl of Dartmouth. (Ed Balls, a former Labour Party Cabinet minister, is also an OUCA alumnus, as well as former Labour Foreign Office Minister Chris Bryant.[1])

The Patron of the association is Margaret Thatcher and the Honorary President is William Hague.

Standing with the national Conservative Party

OUCA was, until recently, an independent organisation which was not part of the national Conservative Party or Conservative Future. Historically, relations between OUCA and the national party have been weak, for example OUCA (together with CUCA) were automatically treated as organisations separate to Conservative Future when it was founded in 1998, and after various unflattering stories in the national press, Conservative Party Central Office has traditionally been quick to distance itself from OUCA.

However, as of 6 October 2009, the Association officially voted to affiliate to the Conservative Party, and is now an official representative branch of Conservative Future. New members of the Association will now automatically become members of the Conservative Party and Conservative Future.[2]

In March 2010, an Association event in support of the Oxford West parliamentary candidate, Nicola Blackwood was used to launch Conservative Future's national 'Time to Get Involved Campaign' and the association was praised by the party for its campaigning efforts [3]

OUCA's prominent alumni and history leads to it having a high number of senior political figures speaking every term. Recently the OUCA has been visited by figures such as Margaret Thatcher (November 2002), John Major (April 2010), David Cameron (May 2008), George Osborne, Alan Duncan, John Redwood, Ann Widdecombe, the Earl of Onslow, Iain Duncan Smith (March 2008), David Willetts, Oliver Letwin, Jeremy Hunt, George Young, Charles Moore, Nigel Lawson and Lord Patten[disambiguation needed], and in 2006 it was praised in the Mail on Sunday by Lord Rees-Mogg.[3]

OUCA members are often asked to stand for election to Oxford City Council. Most recently, Alex Stafford (President, Michaelmas 2007) stood unsuccessfully for Holywell Ward in the 2008 Oxford City Council Election achieving an 8.2% swing for the Conservatives - his brother, Gregory Stafford, now a Councillor in the London Borough of Ealing, stood in the same ward in 2004 for OUCA.

Committee

OUCA is run by its officers and committee, who are elected each term.

In addition, there is a Returning Officer, responsible for the elections and for administering OUCA's internal disciplinary procedures, and from time to time, there may also be appointed non-executive officers, such as a Press Officer.

OUCA Events

OUCA events and activities vary dramatically, depending on the President and committee. However, all activities broadly follow four main routes; Port and Policy, speaker meetings, campaigning and social events. Michaelmas Term is always the strongest term with more debates and speakers, as well as many socials, whilst Trinity Term leans more heavily on the social side due to exams.

Port and Policy

OUCA policy discussion has long been connected with high alcoholic consumption, as evidenced by OUCA's 1949 policy pamphlet whose sponsors were Harvey's sherry, G.T. Jones (wine merchants), Dry Fly sherry, Hankey Bannister whisky, James Brown wine and spirit merchants, and Usher’s Export Ale.[4]

OUCA's most popular regular event is Port and Policy, where political discussion is helped along by fortified wine. Started in Trinity Term 1994, Port and Policy is usually held six times a term on Sunday evenings in the Oxford Union. Although the format is up to the President and the Political Officer, it generally follows the lines of a set debate to start with followed by a debate with topics from the floor. This is all done in a relaxed environment with unlimited amounts of port. In May 2007 OUCA's port and Policy featured in a documentary produced for Channel 4 titled Make Me a Tory. In recent terms Port and Policy has been sponsored by The Spectator, who provide numerous complimentary copies of their publication, and Dow's Port who provide discounted Port. The growth in attendance at Port and Policy was featured in the Financial Times as evidence of growing popularity for the Conservatives among students.[5]

Speaker Meetings

One of OUCA's most high profile elements is its speaker meetings. Recently OUCA has been visited by figures such as Margaret Thatcher (November 2002), John Major (April 2010), David Cameron (May 2008), Michael Howard (February 2007 and June 2008) , Michael Ancram, Edward Leigh , George Osborne, Alan Duncan, John Redwood, Ann Widdecombe, the Earl of Onslow, Iain Duncan Smith, David Willetts, Oliver Letwin and Lord Patten[disambiguation needed].

The President of the Association is responsible for inviting guest speakers and organising his term's events. The prestige of the Association means that it often draws prominent conservative figures from various walks of life.

Campaigning

OUCA often campaigns in local and general elections in other constituencies.

Over the last few years, this aspect of the Association's activities has been resurgent, and its success rate has dramatically increased, as demonstrated by an ever-increasing demand by Conservative M.P.s and councillors for OUCA's assistance in their constituencies and wards. The Association aided the Conservative candidate in the Headington Hill and Northway ward of Oxford in Trinity Term 2006 and sitting councillors in Swindon in Michaelmas Term of that year. In Hilary Term 2007 a group from OUCA aided in the local elections in the Ribble Valley, where the Conservatives took control on a large swing. For this, and their work in the Tooting area, Mark Clarke thanked OUCA.

Both The Times and The Oxford Student reported OUCA's 2004 campaigning tour of southern England, led by then President Oliver Pepys (Oriel). The stories centred on the fact that the group stayed with married Tory MPs Virginia and Peter Bottomley, and woke them up in the early hours of the morning by singing Gilbert and Sullivan's Iolanthe under their bedroom window.

During the last General Election, OUCA put in around a thousand man-hours of campaigning in Oxford West and Abingdon, where the Conservative candidate, Nicola Blackwood, overturned the Liberal Democrat MP, Evan Harris with a small majority.

Social events

Politics aside, OUCA's social events have always been extremely popular. Although the arrangements are left to the discretion of the President and the Social Secretary, they usually include a party, a garden party in Trinity term, and trips to London to visit Parliament, the theatre or gentlemans' clubs. In Trinity term there are occasionally sporting fixtures against the Oxford Union and Cambridge University Conservative Association.

From time to the time the association also hosts events with Conservative think tanks and pressure groups, recently including the Freedom Association,[6] the Army Benevolent Fund and the Adam Smith Institute.

Dissolution and Merger of the Oxford University Tory Reform Group

In 1965 a group of OUCA members formed the Oxford University Tory Reform Group, predating the national Tory Reform Group organisation. The OUTRG acted as a One Nation Conservative pressure group in Oxford, although had a substantially smaller membership than OUCA. However due to decline in interest, the national Party's shift towards a more moderate conservatism, and the decline of faction in OUCA the OUTRG voted to disband and merge with OUCA during Michaelmas term 2007.

In an email to OUTRG members, its President Luke Connoly reported that an extraordiniary general meeting held at the Lamb and Flag public house at 3pm on 18 November 2008 unanimously voted to dissolve the OUTRG as of midday Saturday 8th week (1 December 2007) and to merge with OUCA. He cited falling attendance and a belief that OUCA had "genuinely become more liberal". He added that "Being a broad political society as it is, and containing all wings of conservative political thought as it does, there will always be OUCA members to the ‘right’ of the political spectrum, but there will also always be OUCA members on the TRG side of the political spectrum. Being as they will be now within one organisation, it will make debate between wings of the party much easier and more productive."

Later in the year, Douglas Hurd, a patron of the national TRG move lamented the disbanding of the Oxford Branch, saying that "Is very important that the One Nation view is powerfully represented."[7]

OUCA in the Media

OUCA has often featured in the student, local, and national media.

2011

Courtney Love

In Hilary Term 2011, Courtney Love attended a Port and Policy event. In the course of the evening she contributed to the debate, joined the association and the President appointed her Non-Executive Officer for Rock and Roll.[8]

2010

Sexist comments

At a joint event held in Oxford by OUCA and the UCL Conservative Association on 30 May 2010, an uninvited student from Kings College London repeatedly made sexist comments while a female member was speaking according to media reports.[9][10][11][12] The student was consequently asked to leave.

Sir John Major visit

In Trinity Term 2010 just over a week before the 2010 General Election, the Oxford Mail [13] reported John Major's visit to the association. The Daily Mail[14] newspaper subsequently reported the event and criticised the Oxford Student newspaper for their 'anti-Tory' coverage.

2009

Racist jokes at hustings

Ahead of the termly elections in Trinity Term 2009 it was reported in student,[15] local,[16][17][18] and national [19][20][21][22][23] newspapers that two candidates in the OUCA elections had made racist comments at hustings in response to the question "What is the most inappropriate joke you have ever told?"[19] The society's incumbent Publications Officer Nick Gallagher was widely reported as saying "What do you say when you see a television moving around in the dark? Put it down, you nigger, or I'll shoot you"[21] which caused uproar at the meeting, while according to an OUCA member present, "Another [candidate] made a joke about a black family of three getting lynched. Nobody booed."[22] OUCA President Anthony Boutall said he did not hear any racist remarks, but that he would "give a personal pledge that if these individuals are found guilty, (he) shall use (his) powers to their fullest capacity, making it (his) top priority to ensure they play no further part in the association" and commented further, "I cannot reiterate strongly enough that OUCA has no place for racism, and abhors and rejects all racial prejudice"[16] - within a week of the husting, the joke teller was no longer a member of the association. But an OUCA member at the hustings was quoted as saying the remarks were "tongue in cheek, ironic would be the word for it...More banter than anything else", while another explained "It is somewhat of an OUCA tradition to ask two or three slightly outrageous questions...Everyone who's there expects certain things to go on. It's all in good spirits."[15] In his defence, Gallagher stated in a subsequent interview that the incident had been misreported. He asserted "I never delivered the punchline", and that instead, several people in the audience who already knew the joke shouted the punchline back at him after he told the first line of the joke. He further defended his behaviour on the grounds that he believed it "is traditional at OUCA hustings to tell a racist or offensive joke."[24]

These jokes were condemned by the Oxford University Student Union, and before an OUCA disciplinary committee had convened, the two members who had made the remarks were suspended from the national Conservative Party. Former Conservative leader Michael Howard then pulled out of a subsequent OUCA speaker event, reportedly in disgust at the remarks.[22]

The university proctors launched an investigation into the incident, and released a statement noting "We learned in the course of the evidence collection that the conduct displayed at the hustings in 2009 was not atypical of earlier behaviour at association events." [25] As subsequently reported in The Daily Mail, The Times, and The Daily Mirror in response to these allegations the university proctors formally de-registered the society from Oxford University,[19][26][27][28][29] which the Oxford Mail described as "effectively washing its hands of the association indefinitely."[16] In practice, this debarred the society from being able to use the words "Oxford University" in its name for at least two terms, or from booking a stall at the 2009 Freshers' Fair.[15]

The press and the University's response was subsequently criticised for misrepresenting events and blaming the association for the mistakes of a minority of individuals.[30]

2008

Accusations of "Sexism" over poster

In Michaelmas 2008, the society was accused of sexism for a recruitment poster at a fresher's fair, of an attractive young woman under the slogan "Life's better under a Conservative". Student paper Cherwell quoted OUSU's Vice-President Rachel Cummings as saying "It's disappointing that OUCA use female sexuality to publicise themselves. It undermines the significant impact women have had on the Conservative movement and politics more widely; because of their intelligence and competence, not their attractiveness", while Henny Ziai, Treasurer of Oxford's Liberal Democrats, remarked "I was shocked that OUCA, as supposed representatives of David Cameron's new and progressive Conservative Party, would attempt to use sex to sell conservatism and, in doing so, would so unashamedly promote and help perpetuate the sexual objectification of women." But OUCA alumna and Conservative MP Ann Widdecombe commented "What a load of politically correct nonsense. I might find the joke coarse, but I don't find it sexist."[31] A Cherwell oped argued that the poster was "sexist", but not "offensive".[32]

2007

Expulsion over Nazi salute

In May 2007, Cherwell reported that OUCA member Arthur Alekseev was expelled from the association after giving a Nazi salute to former Conservative MP Gyles Brandreth, during a Port and Policy event. The incident was reported in The Times, although Brandreth said that he did not see the salute.[33]

Make Me a Tory

A Channel 4 documentary entitled Make Me a Tory aired on Sunday May 13, 2007 and produced by Daniel Cormack included footage from one of OUCA's Port and Policy meetings. The programme also included an interview with party leader David Cameron and was described by its promotional material as 'an accessible and genuinely revealing look at the political movers and shakers who form the future of the Conservative party'[34][35]

2001

'Hitler Youth' remark

It was reported in both the local press and the New Statesman that OUCA activists at the 2001 Fresher's Fair boasted to potential recruits that the society was "the biggest political group for young people since the Hitler Youth.",.[36][37]

2000

Offensive Nazi demonstration

In 2000, four members of OUCA were expelled from a meeting of Oxford University Student Union for what The Oxford Student described as "a deliberate disruption of proceedings, involving Nazi-style salutes, cries of "Viva Pinochet" and alleged drunken behaviour"

1999

Will Goodhand/Christine Hamilton - Drunken dinner

In Trinty Term 1999, one of OUCA's junior officers, Will Goodhand, was photographed kissing Christine Hamilton during a drinking session which followed the OUCA termly dinner at which she and her husband, former Conservative MP Neil Hamilton, had been guests. The photograph appeared on the front-page of The Sun. According to The Oxford Student, "several guests at the dinner reported that Neil Hamilton's speech was peppered with racist and sexist remarks, explicitly referring to "the natives from Ungabunga land."" The same report quoted one guest as saying, "I left with a real sense it was all incredibly distasteful and utter shock to realise that OUCA was actually as sordid as I always thought it had been" while another guest likened the after-party to an "orgy." A week after the incident made the national newspapers, the Hamiltons appeared on The Big Breakfast and Goodhand was a 'surprise' guest, and 're-enacted' his kiss with Christine Hamilton for the cameras, which was much toned down into an embrace this time.[38] The Oxford Student later reported a reconciliation between Goodhand and the Hamiltons on a return visit, with Goodhand sharing a car with them. He commented: "I took a lift with Neil and Christine Hamilton, but I'd like to make it clear this is the only ride I've had with Christine."

Electoral malpractice and abuse of Union staff

At the start of that term, action had been taken against several members for electoral malpractice. This was after several members ran off with the ballot box during the society's termly elections. It was reported that the ballot box had been stored in a pub next to the Oxford Union "as the society had been banned from using Union facilities for what one Union source described as "systematic unruly behaviour" involving alleged rude behaviour with Union staff and late payment of bills."

1989

Strippers, and convicted rapist

In Trinity Term 2005, a Cherwell oped article referred to OUCA as "...inviting strippers to perform “lewd acts” in 1989".[39] In 2009, the Daily Mail elaborated on this incident in reporting that OUCA's then-Social Secretary Sally Illman (future wife of Speaker of the House of Commons John Bercow) had been "cavorting with a stripper as he performed in front of Young Conservatives. What she couldn’t have known when she hopped up on stage to join ‘Terry The Minder’ was that he would later become infamous as the Black Cab rapist John Worboys", dubbed by the paper as "Britain's most notorious rapist." The Mail elaborated that "The Association booked the strippers for a £3.50-a-head event in the Baring Room at Hertford College" and quoted the then-Dean of Hertford College as saying it would be "a long time before the Conservative Association get to use that hall again", while university officials removed OUCA's right to use the prefix "Oxford University" for a while. A ban on OUCA holding events at Hertford College still stands to this day.[40][41]

1981

William Hague - Electoral malpractice

In Trinity Term 1999, The Oxford Student reported that when William Hague had been President of OUCA in 1981, he had been "convicted of electoral malpractice"[42] and that on a subsequent visit to the Association in the 1990s, he was recorded to have said: "It is not the election that one needs to worry about...it's more the tribunal thereafter.' " [36]

1951-2

Breakaway group

Julian Critchley described OUCA on his arrival at Pembroke in 1951 – despite its 2,000 members, "It was dominated by a patrician clique who preserved their power by preventing the membership at large from electing officers of the Association. These were chosen by the Committee which, although directly elected, was easily open to manipulation." – Critchley and Michael Heseltine, defeated in their bids for OUCA office, set up a rival Conservative society, the Blue Ribbon Club.[43]

Recurring allegations of "Vote-buying"

OUCA has been repeatedly hit by allegations of widespread 'vote-buying' - the practice of potential candidates signing up dozens of friends as members, to vote for them in forthcoming elections. This involves a substantial financial outlay, as the friends' membership needs to be paid for. Membership costs £15 each, and at least several dozen votes are required to win an election. This has, consequently, resulted in a large membership and a very high income for the society. In 1999, Robin Conway, a former member of OUCA's governing body, commented "I happen to know that the practice of buying votes is widespread and that when you go in you are encouraged to buy votes and told you'll never get on without doing so." This was reported as recently as March 2009, when an OUCA member told Cherwell that "it was widespread for candidates to buy memberships for their friends just before the elections so they could vote for them. "Everybody knows it goes on," he said while another member stated "it's what candidates tend to do." [15]

Recent Presidents

For a complete list of Presidents dating back to 1924, see Former Presidents of Oxford University Conservative Association

Year Term President College
2009 Hilary Niall Gallagher Worcester College
2009 Trinity Anthony Boutall St Edmund Hall
2009 Michaelmas Alexander Elias Pembroke College
2010 Hilary Oliver Harvey Christ Church
2010 Trinity Natalie Shina St. Peter's College
2010 Michaelmas Andrew Mason University College
2011 Hilary Henry Evans Corpus Christi College

See also

References

  1. ^ Adams, Guy (2006-07-05). "Revealed: How Ed Balls was a Tory under Thatcher - Pandora, People". London: The Independent. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  2. ^ Tories support OUCA after racism ‘hiccup’, The Oxford Student
  3. ^ a b "Launching Time to Get Involved". Conservative Future. 2010-02-24. Retrieved 2010-08-31. Cite error: The named reference "ouca.org.uk" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  4. ^ Anthony Berry and Douglas Wilson (eds.) with a foreword by the Rt. Hon. Anthony Eden, Conservative Oxford (Oxford University Conservative Association, Oxford, 1949)
  5. ^ Financial Times, 22/5/08 "Students back in force as party regains its 'cool'" http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3205128e-279a-11dd-b7cb-000077b07658.html
  6. ^ "THE FREEDOM ASSOCIATION: Oxford University Conservative Association". Tfa.net. 1979-05-04. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  7. ^ <http://www.cherwell.org/content/7468
  8. ^ <http://order-order.com/2011/01/23/courtney-love-elected-ouca-officer-for-rock-and-roll/
  9. ^ "News - Sexism outrage at OUCA drinks event". Cherwell. 2010-06-03. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  10. ^ Hale, Beth; Lewis, Carl (2010-06-05). "Go back to your kitchen, woman! Sexiest heckler in row at Oxford Tories meeting | Mail Online". London: Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  11. ^ ANI, Jun 6, 2010, 12.40am IST (2010-06-06). "Kitchen jibe stuns Oxford - UK - World - The Times of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2010-08-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ "Sexist slurs at OUCA event | The Oxford Student". Oxfordstudent.com. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  13. ^ "Ex-PM Major speaks at Oxford Union (From Oxford Mail)". Oxfordmail.co.uk. 2010-04-27. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  14. ^ Pierce, Andrew (2010-05-04). "GENERAL ELECTION 2010: Clean-up Nick Clegg and a spot of dirty washing | Mail Online". London: Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  15. ^ a b c d http://www.Cherwell.org/content/8911
  16. ^ a b c "University Tory association's racism claims investigated (From Oxford Mail)". Oxfordmail.co.uk. 2009-06-11. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  17. ^ "icCheshireOnline - Tory students suspended over jokes". Iccheshireonline.icnetwork.co.uk. 2009-06-11. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  18. ^ http://www.eadt.co.uk/content/eadt/blogs/dines_days.aspx?PostURL=http%3A//www.eadt.co.uk/cs_eadt/cs/blogs/dines_days/archive/2009/06/11/1718336.aspx
  19. ^ a b c "The Tories' racist friends | Paul Sagar | Comment is free | guardian.co.uk". London: Guardian. 2009-06-12. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  20. ^ Daniel Bates (2009-11-06). "Race shame outrage as Oxford student Tories clap and cheer at N-word jokes during meeting | Mail Online". London: Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  21. ^ a b Irvine, Chris (2009-06-11). "Oxford student Tories in racism row". London: Telegraph. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  22. ^ a b c Rajan, Amol (2009-06-11). "Oxford Tories suspended over 'racist jokes' - UK Politics, UK". London: The Independent. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  23. ^ [1][dead link]
  24. ^ http://www.Cherwell.org/content/9141
  25. ^ "The Oxford Student | Oxford's newspaper since 1992". Oxfordstudent.com. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  26. ^ [2][dead link]
  27. ^ James Lyons. "Oxford University Conservative Association ban over race joke". mirror.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  28. ^ "UK | England | Oxfordshire | University cuts ties with Tories". BBC News. 2009-09-01. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  29. ^ [3][dead link]
  30. ^ "Oxford's Conservative Association: the other scandal". Globalcomment.com. 2009-09-04. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  31. ^ http://www.Cherwell.org/content/7818
  32. ^ http://www.Cherwell.org/content/7834
  33. ^ [4][dead link]
  34. ^ 12:30 PM (2007-05-12). "Iain Dale's Diary: Make Me a Tory: Sunday 8.25-8.55am Channel 4". Iaindale.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2010-08-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0993771/
  36. ^ a b [5][dead link]
  37. ^ "I have seen the future, and it's lousy". New Statesman. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  38. ^ "Beauty and the Geek UK - Contestants - Will". Beauty-and-the-geek.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  39. ^ http://www.Cherwell.org/oped/comment/notebook_5
  40. ^ Glen Owen (2009-06-28). "Mrs Speaker and Terry the Minder... the male stripper who became Britain's most notorious rapist | Mail Online". London: Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  41. ^ Walters, Simon; Owen, Glen (2009-11-22). "Speaker's wife lost job over Oxford degree that wasn't | Mail Online". London: Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  42. ^ Crick, Michael (2000-10-05). "Through a beer glass darkly - Profiles, People". London: The Independent. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  43. ^ David Blair, and ed. Andrew Page, The History of the Oxford University Conservative Association (OUCA, Oxford, 1995), pp.17-8

General references

  • Anthony Berry and Douglas Wilson (eds.) with a foreword by the Rt. Hon. Anthony Eden, Conservative Oxford (Oxford University Conservative Association, Oxford, 1949) OCLC: 67886997
  • Martin Ceadel, "The 'King and Country' Debate, 1933: Student Politics, Pacifism and the Dictators The Historical Journal, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Jun., 1979), pp. 397–422 Jstor link
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