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Aedes aegypti

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Aedes aegypti
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Diptera
Family:
Culicidae
Genus:
Aedes
Subgenus:
Stegomyia
Species:
A. aegypti
Binomial name
Aedes aegypti
(Linnaeus, 1762)

The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (=Stegomyia aegypti, =Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti), is a mosquito that can spread the dengue fever, Chikungunya and yellow fever viruses, and other diseases. The mosquito can be recognized by white markings on legs and a marking in the form of a lyre on the thorax. The mosquito originated in Africa[1] but is now found in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world.[2]

Worldwide dengue distribution, 2006. Red: Epidemic dengue. Blue: Aedes aegypti.

Spread of disease and prevention

The mosquito feeding off a human host

Aedes aegypti is a vector for transmitting yellow fever. Only the female bites for blood which she needs to mature her eggs. Understanding how the mosquito detects its host is a crucial step in the spread of the disease. Aedes aegypti are attracted to chemical compounds that are emitted by mammals. These compounds include ammonia, carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and octenol. Scientists at the Agricultural Research Service have studied the specific chemical structure of octenol in order to better understand why this chemical attracts the mosquito to its host.[3] They found that the mosquito has a preference for “right-handed” octenol molecules. The term “right-handed” refers to the specific orientation of the molecule, which can either be “right-handed” or “left –handed.” This discovery helps scientists understand how the mosquito seeks out its host and may enable them to develop more effective forms of mosquito repellant.

Larva of Aedes aegypti

The CDC traveler's page on preventing dengue fever suggests using mosquito repellents that contain DEET (N, N-diethylmetatoluamide, between 20% to 30% concentration, but not more). It also suggests the following:

  1. The mosquito usually bites at dusk and dawn but may bite at any time during the day – especially indoors, in shady areas, or when the weather is cloudy.[4]
  2. The mosquito's preferred breeding areas are in areas of stagnant water, such as flower vases, uncovered barrels, buckets, and discarded tires, but the most dangerous areas are wet shower floors and toilet tanks, as they allow the mosquitos to breed in the residence. Research has shown that certain chemicals emanating from bacteria in water containers stimulate the female mosquitoes to lay their eggs. They are particularly motivated to lay eggs in water containers that have the correct amounts of specific fatty acids associated with bacteria involved in the degradation of leaves and other organic matter in water. The chemicals associated with the microbial stew are far more stimulating to discerning female mosquitoes than plain or filtered water in which the bacteria once lived.[5]
  3. Wear long-sleeved clothing and long trousers when outdoors during the day and evening.
  4. Spray permethrin or DEET repellents on clothing, as mosquitos may bite through thin clothing.
  5. Use mosquito netting over the bed if the bedroom is not air conditioned or screened. For additional protection, treat the mosquito netting with the insecticide permethrin.
  6. Spray permethrin or a similar insecticide in the bedroom before retiring.

Although the lifespan of an adult Aedes aegypti is between two to four weeks depending on conditions,[6] Aedes aegypti's eggs can be viable for over a year in a dry state, which allows the mosquito to re-emerge after a cold winter or dry spell.[7]

Genomics

The genome of this species of mosquito was sequenced and analyzed by a consortium including scientists at The Institute for Genomic Research (now part of the J. Craig Venter Institute), the European Bioinformatics Institute, the Broad Institute, and the University of Notre Dame, and published in 2007. The effort in sequencing its DNA was intended to provide new avenues for research into insecticides and possible genetic modification to prevent the spread of virus. This was the second mosquito species to have its genome sequenced in full (the first was Anopheles gambiae). The published data included the 1.38 billion base pairs containing the insect's estimated 15,419 protein encoding genes. The sequence indicates that the species diverged from Drosophila melanogaster (the common fruit fly) about 250 million years ago, and that Anopheles gambiae and this species diverged about 150 million years ago.[8][9]

Systematics and name controversy

The yellow fever mosquito belongs to the tribe Aedini of the dipteran family Culicidae and to the genus Aedes and subgenus Stegomyia. According to the recent analyses, some authors raised the subgenus Stegomyia of the genus Aedes to the level of genus.[10] The proposed name change has not been completely accepted;Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

See also

References

  1. ^ Mousson L, Dauga C, Garrigues T, Schaffner F, Vazeille M, Failloux AB (2005). "Phylogeography of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, Diptera: Culicidae) based on mitochondrial DNA variations". Genetics Research. 86 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1017/S0016672305007627. PMID 16181519. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Womack, M. (1993). "The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti". Wing Beats. 5 (4): 4.
  3. ^ Dennis O'Brien (March 9, 2010). "ARS Study Provides a Better Understanding of How Mosquitoes Find a Host". U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  4. ^ "Travelers' Health Outbreak Notice". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. June 02, 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ "Lay Your Eggs Here". Newswise, Inc. 07-03-2008. Retrieved 2010-08-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Catherine Zettel and Phillip Kaufman. "Yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti". University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  7. ^ Roland Mortimer. "Aedes aegypti and Dengue fever". Onview.net Ltd, Microscopy-UK. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  8. ^ Kowalski, Heather (May 17, 2007). "Scientists at J. Craig Venter Institute Publish Draft Genome Sequence from Aedes aegypti, Mosquito Responsible for Yellow Fever, Dengue Fever". J. Craig Venter Institute.
  9. ^ Nene, V.; Wortman, J. R.; Lawson, D.; Kodira, C; Tu, ZJ; Loftus, B; Xi, Z; Megy, K; et al. (2007). "Genome sequence of Aedes aegypti, a major arbovirus vector". Science. 316 (5832): 1718–1723. doi:10.1126/science.1138878. PMC 2868357. PMID 17510324. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last4= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Reinert JF; et al. (2004). "Phylogeny and classification of Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae), based on morphological characters of all life stages". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 142: 289–368. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00144.x. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
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