J'Accuse...!

This article is about the open letter by Émile Zola. For other uses, see J'Accuse...! (disambiguation).

The letter "J'accuse"

Edition of the Polish Życie reporting on Zola's letter and the Dreyfus affair

"J'accuse" (French pronunciation: [ʒaˈkyz], "I accuse") was an open letter published on January 13, 1898, in the newspaper L'Aurore by the influential writer Émile Zola.

In the letter, Zola addressed President of France Félix Faure, and accused the government of anti-Semitism and the unlawful jailing of Alfred Dreyfus, a French Army General Staff officer sentenced to penal servitude for life for espionage. Zola pointed out judicial errors and lack of serious evidence. The letter was printed on the front page of the newspaper, and caused a stir in France and abroad. Zola was prosecuted and found guilty of libel on 23 February 1898. To avoid imprisonment, he fled to England, returning home in June 1899.

Other pamphlets proclaiming Dreyfus's innocence include Bernard Lazare's A Miscarriage of Justice: The Truth about the Dreyfus Affair (November 1896).

As a result of the popularity of the letter, even in the English-speaking world, J'accuse! has become a common generic expression of outrage and accusation against someone powerful.

Alfred Dreyfus

Alfred Dreyfus was born in 1859 in the city of Mulhouse, which was then located in the province of Alsace in northeast France. Born into a prosperous Jewish family, he left his native town for Paris in 1871 in response to the annexation of the province by Germany following the Franco-Prussian War. In 1894, while an artillery captain for the General Staff of France, Dreyfus was suspected of providing secret military information to the German government.

A cleaning woman and French spy by the name of Madame Bastian working at the German Embassy was at the source of the investigation. She routinely searched wastebaskets and mailboxes at the German Embassy for suspicious documents. She found a suspicious bordereau (detailed listing of documents) at the German Embassy in 1894, and delivered it to Commandant Hubert-Joseph Henry, who worked for French military counterintelligence in the General Staff.

The bordereau had been torn into six pieces, and had been found by Madame Bastian in the wastepaper basket of Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen, the German military attaché. When the document was investigated, Dreyfus was convicted largely on the basis of testimony by professional handwriting experts: the graphologists' assertion was that "the lack of resemblance between Dreyfus' writing and that of the bordereau was proof of a 'self-forgery,' and prepared a fantastically detailed diagram to demonstrate that this was so." There were also assertions from military officers who provided confidential evidence.

Dreyfus was found guilty of treason in a secret military court-martial, during which he was denied the right to examine the evidence against him. The Army stripped him of his rank in a humiliating ceremony and shipped him off to Devil's Island, a penal colony located off the coast of South America.

At this time France was experiencing a period of anti-Semitism, and there were very few outside his family who defended Dreyfus. In 1899, Dreyfus returned to France for a retrial, but although found guilty again, he was pardoned. In 1906, Dreyfus appealed his case again, to obtain the annulment of his guilty verdict. In 1906, he was also awarded the Cross of the Légion d'honneur, which stated, “a soldier who has endured an unparallelled martyrdom.”

History of Émile Zola

Émile Zola was born on April 2, 1840 in Paris. Zola's main literary work was Les Rougon-Macquart, a monumental cycle of twenty novels about Parisian society during the French Second Empire under Napoleon III and after the Franco-Prussian War. He was also the founder of the Naturalist movement in 19th-century literature. Zola was among the strongest proponents of the Third Republic and was elected to the Légion d'honneur. He risked his career in January 1898 when he decided to stand up for Alfred Dreyfus. Zola wrote an open letter to the President of France, Félix Faure, accusing the French government of falsely convicting Alfred Dreyfus and of anti-Semitism. Zola titled his letter "J’accuse" (French for "I accuse"), which was published on the front page of Georges Clemenceau's liberal Paris daily L'Aurore. Zola was brought to trial for libel for publishing his letter to the President, and was convicted two weeks later. He was sentenced to jail and was removed from the Légion d'honneur. To avoid jail time, Zola fled to England, and stayed there until the French Government collapsed; he continued to defend Dreyfus. Four years after this famous letter to the president, Zola died from carbon monoxide poisoning caused by a blocked chimney. On 4 June 1908, Zola's remains were laid to rest in the Panthéon in Paris.

Arguments in J'accuse

Émile Zola argued that "the conviction of Alfred Dreyfus was based on false accusations of espionage and was a misrepresentation of justice." He first points out that the real man behind all of this is Major du Paty de Clam. Zola states: "He was the one who came up with the scheme of dictating the text of the bordereau to Dreyfus; he was the one who had the idea of observing him in a mirror-lined room. And he was the one whom Major Forzinetti caught carrying a shuttered lantern that he planned to throw open on the accused man while he slept, hoping that, jolted awake by the sudden flash of light, Dreyfus would blurt out his guilt."

Next Zola points out that if the investigation of the traitor was done properly, then the evidence would clearly show that the bordereau came from an infantry officer and not artillery, such as Dreyfus.

Émile Zola strongly defends Alfred Dreyfus and all of justice when he states: "These, Sir, are the facts that explain how this miscarriage of justice came about; The evidence of Dreyfus's character, his affluence, the lack of motive and his continued affirmation of innocence combine to show that he is the victim of the lurid imagination of Major du Paty de Clam, the religious circles surrounding him, and the 'dirty Jew' obsession that is the scourge of our time."

After more investigation, Zola points out that a man by the name of Major Esterhazy was the man who should have been convicted of this crime, and there was proof provided, but he could not be known as guilty unless the entire General Staff was guilty, so the War Office covered up for Esterhazy.

At the end of his letter, Zola accuses General Billot of having held in his hands absolute proof of Dreyfus's innocence and covering it up. He accuses both General de Boisdeffre and General Gonse of religious prejudice against Alfred Dreyfus. He accuses the three handwriting experts, Messrs. Belhomme, Varinard, and Couard, of submitting false reports that were deceitful, unless a medical examination finds them to be suffering from a condition that impairs their eyesight and judgment.

Zola's final accusations were to the first court martial for violating the law by convicting Alfred Dreyfus on the basis of a document that was kept secret, and to the second court martial for committing the judicial crime of knowingly acquitting Major Esterhazy.

Subsequent use of the term

• In 1915, the German pacifist Richard Grelling wrote a book entitled J'Accuse! in which he condemned the actions of the German Empire.
• In 1919, Abel Gance released his film J'accuse as a statement against World War I, shooting Gance to international fame.
• In 1950, on Easter Sunday, members of the Lettrist movement proclaimed the death of God before the congregation of the Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris. Michel Mourre used the phrase "J'accuse" to proclaim what he saw as the wickedness of the Roman Catholic Church.
• In 1954, during the controversy surrounding J. Robert Oppenheimer and the allegations that he posed a security risk to the Atomic Energy Commission, journalists Joseph and Stewart Alsop wrote an article for Harper's Magazine titled "We Accuse!", in which they defend Oppenheimer as the victim of a petty grudge held by AEC chairman Lewis Strauss.
• In 1982, Graham Greene declared in his pamphlet J'Accuse — The Dark Side of Nice that organized crime flourished in Nice.
• In 1982, Commentary Magazine editor Norman Podhoretz used the title J'Accuse for an article blaming anti-semitism for allegedly excessive criticism of Israel during the 1982 Israel-Lebanon war.
• In the 1995 film Murder in the First, defense attorney Christian Slater makes the opening statement in defense of prison murderer Henri Young "I point to the associate warden Mr. Glenn, to the warden Mr. Humson, and the institution know as Alcatraz and say 'I accuse!'”
• In October 2000, Senator Teofisto Guingona of the Philippines made a privilege speech in the Senate titled I Accuse, accusing then-President Joseph Estrada of allowing friends to operate multibillion peso illegal numbers game called Jueteng. This accusation led to Estrada being impeached in 2001. Senator Guingona was nominated, and unanimously approved by the Philippine Senate as the next Vice President, resulting in the Vice President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's ascension to the Presidency following Estrada's resignation.
• In 2001, in The West Wing episode The Indians in the Lobby Josiah Bartlet proclaims J'accuse! to his wife, before saying 'mon petite fromage', unaware that he called her his little cheese.
• In 2003, in The President Wore Pearls, a fifteenth season episode of The Simpsons, Lisa runs for student body president. During the presidential debate, Lisa emphasizes the school's need for a French teacher that actually speaks French, calling out the current French teacher while exclaiming "J'Accuse, Monsieur Cochferberg!" to which he replies, "what is she yackin' about?" in a crude Brooklyn accent.
• In 2003, New Directions published Israeli poet Aharon Shabtai's J'Accuse, a collection of poems drawn from two different collections, Politika and Artzenu and translated by Peter Cole.
• In 2008 film director Peter Greenaway released a documentary entitled Rembrandt's J'accuse. It is a companion piece to his film Nightwatching. It illustrates Greenaway's theory that Rembrandt's painting The Night Watch leaves clues to a murder by some of those portrayed.
• In 2010 author Naomi Wolf wrote an article called "J'Accuse: Sweden, Britain, and Interpol Insult Rape Victims Worldwide" on the issue of Julian Assange being treated in a different way by the authorities than other men who allegedly committed rape, and how this is not fair on women who were raped and who try to get a serious investigation in their case, sometimes finding themselves being denied justice.
• In 2011, executive director of the Egyptian weekly Al-Ahram, Hani Sukrallah published an article entitled "J'accuse" following the New Year's Eve 2011 Alexandria massacre that left at least 23 Copts dead. In it he criticised the double standards of moderate Muslims in Egypt for allowing an environment to thrive that could allow the killing of Egyptian Coptic Christians.
• In 2011, the New York Times Magazine published an article about their involvement with Wikileaks. It included artwork by Eric Yahnker depicting Julian Assange's face with the phrase "j'accuse j'assange" superimposed in cursive.

Further reading

• Wilkes, Donald E., Jr. (11 February 1998), "'J'accuse...!': Émile Zola, Alfred Dreyfus, and the greatest newspaper article in history", Flagpole Magazine, vol. 12, p. 12, OCLC 30323514, retrieved 28 January 2011{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)