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CrossFit

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CrossFit Trainer Certification, 2007

CrossFit, Inc. is a fitness company[1] founded by Greg Glassman in 2000. As of 2012, there are approximately 3400 CrossFit-affiliated gyms worldwide,[2] most of them in the United States. Some followers practice CrossFit's exercise program on their own rather than at an affiliated gym, completing workouts which are posted daily on the company's website.

Programming and usage

CrossFit describes its strength and conditioning program as “constantly varied, high intensity, functional movement,"[3] with the stated goal of improving fitness (and therefore general physical preparedness), which it defines as "work capacity across broad time and modal domains."[4] Workouts are typically short—20 minutes or less—and intense, demanding all-out physical exertion. They combine movements such as sprinting, rowing, jumping rope, climbing rope, weightlifting, and carrying odd objects; they use barbells, dumbbells, gymnastics rings, pull-up bars, kettlebells, medicine balls, and many bodyweight exercises.[5][6][7] These elements are mixed in numerous combinations to form prescribed "Workouts of the Day" or "WODs". Hour-long classes at affiliated gyms, or "boxes," typically include a warm-up, a skill development segment, the high-intensity WOD, and a period of individual or group stretching. Performance on each WOD is often scored and/or ranked to encourage competition and to track individual progress. Some affiliates offer additional classes, such as Olympic weightlifting, which are not centered around a WOD.[8]

CrossFit programming is used by a few thousand private affiliated gyms and many fire departments, law enforcement agencies, and military organizations including the Canadian Forces and the Royal Danish Life Guards,[9][10][11][12][13] as well as by some U.S. and Canadian high school physical education teachers, high school and college sports teams, and a major league baseball team.[14][15][16] In addition, there are a number of gyms that use CrossFit-style exercises and workouts but are not officially affiliated with CrossFit, Inc., and people who do CrossFit workouts on their own, often posting their results on CrossFit's website.


Business model and CrossFit culture

CrossFit, Inc. licenses the CrossFit name to gyms for an annual fee and certifies trainers. Besides the standard "Level 1" certification course, there are as yet uncertified[17] speciality seminars including CrossFit Level 2, gymnastics, Olympic weightlifting, powerlifting, running and endurance, kettlebells, mobility and recovery, jump rope (discontinued),[18] CrossFit Kids, and CrossFit Football (developed by former NFL player John Welbourn). Other specialized adaptations include programs for pregnant women, seniors, and military special forces candidates.[6] Affiliates develop their own programming, pricing, and instructional methods, though most adhere closely to the recommendations of CrossFit headquarters, or "HQ". Many athletes and trainers see themselves as part of a contrarian, insurgent movement that questions conventional fitness wisdom;[19] besides performing prescribed workouts, they follow CrossFit's nutrition recommendations (adopting a paleo and/or zone diet[20]), and favor minimalist footwear.

CrossFit is noteworthy for its use of a virtual community Internet model.[21][22] The company says this de-centralized approach shares some common features with open source software projects and allows best practices to emerge from a variety of approaches,[23] a contention that is disputed by some subject matter experts, competitors, and even affiliates who have parted company with CrossFit.[24]

CrossFit Games

The "CrossFit Games" have been held every summer since 2007. Participation, sponsorship, and prize money have grown rapidly. Early prizes were a few hundred dollars; in 2011, Reebok, the current sponsor of the CrossFit Games, increased the total purse to $1,000,000, with $250,000 each for the male and female champions.[25] Athletes at the Games compete in workouts they learn about only hours beforehand, sometimes including surprise elements that are not part of the typical CrossFit regimen—past examples include a rough-water swim and a softball throw. The Games are styled as a venue for determining the "Fittest on Earth," where competitors should be "ready for anything."

In 2011, the Games adopted an online format for the sectional event, facilitating participation by athletes worldwide. During the so-called "CrossFit Open", a new workout is released each week. Athletes have several days to complete the workout and submit their score online, with either a video or validation by a CrossFit affiliate. The top CrossFit Open performers in each region advance to the regional events, held over the following two months. As of 2012 there are 17 regional divisions, including 12 in North America (North West, Canada West, Canada East, North Central, Central East, North East, Mid Atlantic, South East, South Central, South West, Southern California, and Northern California), and five in the rest of the world (Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Australia). The top athletes (up to 3 of each gender) from each region are eligible to compete in the CrossFit Games. The 2012 Crossfit Games will be held July 13-15 at the Home Depot Center in Carson, Calif.[26]

The Games include divisions for individuals of each gender, and for a number of Masters age groups: 45-49, 50-54, 55-59, and 60+, as well as for co-ed teams comprising 3 men and 3 women. Masters competitors qualify for the Games based on performance in the CrossFit Open--there are no Masters regional events.

File:Annie Mist Þórisdóttir (Annie Mist Thorisdottir - World crossfit champion 2011).jpg
Annie Mist Thórisdóttir


Champions and Categories from 2007 - 2010
Year Male champion Female champion Affiliate Cup Masters Men Masters Women
2007 James "OPT" Fitzgerald Jolie Gentry CrossFit Santa Cruz
2008 Jason Khalipa[27] Caity Matter[28] CrossFit Oakland
2009 Mikko Salo Tanya Wagner Northwest CrossFit
2010 Graham Holmberg Kristan Clever CrossFit Fort Vancouver Brian Curley Laurie Carver
Champions and Categories from 2011 - present
Year Male champion Female champion Affiliate Cup Masters Men (45-49) Masters Women (45-49) Masters Men (50-54) Masters Women (50-54) Masters Men (55-59) Masters Women (55-59) Masters Men (60+)
2011 Rich Froning, Jr. Anníe Mist Thórisdóttir CrossFit New England Scot DeTore Susan Habbe Gord Mackinnon Mary Beth Litsheim Steve Anderson Shelley Noyce Greg Walker

History and contributors

Greg Glassman opened a gym in Santa Cruz, California in 1995, the same year he was hired to train the Santa Cruz police department. Glassman founded CrossFit, Inc. in 2000,[16][29] and the number of CrossFit affiliated gyms grew to 13 by 2005 and to more than 3,400 by 2012.[30] Coaches associated with CrossFit include Louie Simmons, Bill Starr, and Mike Burgener. Another CrossFit subject matter expert is Dr. Nicholas Romanov, inventor of the Pose Method of running. Fitness experts formerly associated with CrossFit include Mark Twight, Mark Rippetoe, Robb Wolf[31], Greg Everett, and the inaugural Crossfit Champion James Fitzgerald.

Common CrossFit Movements

The following is a list of movements/exercises common in CrossFit workouts, with brief descriptions.

Body weight exercises

Air squat
Athlete moves from the standing position to a squatting position with the hips below the knees, and back to standing. One-legged air squats are referred to as pistols.
Back extension
Using a GHD machine, the athlete moves from an L-shaped position with the head directly below the pelvis to an extended horizontal position.
Box jump
From a standing position on the floor, the athlete jumps and lands with both feet on top of a box, and fully extends before returning to the floor. Typical box heights in inches are 15", 20", 24", and 30".
Burpee
Beginning in a standing position, the athlete drops to the floor with the feet extending backward, contacts the floor with the chest, and then pulls the legs forward, landing in a squatting position before standing up, usually ending with a small jump.
Handstand push-up
Beginning in a handstand, with the arms straight and (usually) the heels gently resting against a wall, the athletes bends the arms until the head touches the ground, and then pushes back up into a handstand position.
Jump rope
The most common variation is CrossFit is the "double under" in which the jump rope makes two revolutions for each jump.
Knees-to-elbows
Hanging from a bar, starting in an extended position, the athlete raises the knees until they make contact with the elbows.
L-sit
With the body supported on gymnastics rings or parallettes, the athlete holds the feet at or above the level of the hips with the legs straight.
Lunge
Athlete takes a large step forward, bends the forward knee until the back knee makes contact with the ground, and rises.
Muscle-up
Hanging from gymnastics rings or a bar, the athlete pulls up and over the rings or bar, ending with the arms straight and the hands below the hips.
Ring dip
Starting with the body supported on the rings with straight vertical arms, the athlete bends the arms, lowering the body until the shoulder drops below the elbow, and then straightens the arms.
Pull-up
Starting from a hanging position with straight arms, the athlete pulls up until the chin is over the bar. Variations include: strict, in which no swinging is allowed; kipping, in which momentum is used to help complete the movement; weighted, in which extra weight is hung from the athlete; chest-to-bar, in which the ending point of the movement is higher, and the chest makes contact with the bar; jumping, in which the legs are used to help propel the athlete upwards; assisted, in which an elastic band allows the movement to be completed with less than full body weight.
Push-up
Starting in a plank position with the arms straight, the athlete lowers until the chest makes contact with the ground, keeping the body straight throughout, and pushes back up into the plank position. A weighted variation, with weights stacked on the athlete's shoulders, is sometimes used.
Rope climb
Starting from the ground, the athlete climbs a rope and touches a point at a designated height, often 15 feet. Variations include no feet, and L-sit, in which the feet are held above the level of the hips during the climb.
Sit-up
Athlete moves from a supine position, with the shoulders on the ground, to a sitting position with the shoulders over the hips. The feet are sometimes anchored. An "ab-mat" is sometimes placed under the lower back.
Toes-to-bar
Hanging from a bar in an extended position, the athlete brings the feet upward until they make contact with the bar.

Endurance movements

Running
Typical distances range from 200 meters to 1 mile. Shuttle runs back and forth between marks 10 meters apart are also used.
Rowing
Many workouts include rowing machine distances from 500 meters to 2000 meters, or rowing "for calories".

Movements with weights

Deadlift
Barbell is lifted from the ground until the athlete reaches an upright standing position.
Clean
Barbell (or dumbbells) is lifted from the ground to a "rack position" in front of the athlete's neck. Athlete ends in a standing position.
Kettlebell swing
A kettlebell is swung from between the legs to overhead.
Press
Barbell is moved from the "rack position" to the overhead position. In a strict press, also called a shoulder press or military press, the lower body remains stationary. In a push press, the bar is "jumped" off the body using a "dip and drive" motion. A push jerk is like a push press, but with a re-bend of the knees to allow the athlete to drop under the bar and receive it with straight arms. A split jerk is like a push jerk, but one leg goes forward and the other backward when the athlete drops under the bar.
Snatch
Barbell is raised from the floor to the overhead position in one motion. In a squat snatch the athlete receives the bar in a squatting position and stands to finish the lift. In a power clean, the athlete receives the bar in a partial squat.
Squat
Barbell is supported on upper back (back squat), in the rack position (front squat), or in the overhead position (overhead squat). From a standing position with a wider-than-shoulder-width stance, the athlete bends the knees until the hips are below the knees, and then stands, keeping the heels on the floor.
Sumo deadlift high pull
With a wide stance, an barbell or kettlebell is lifted from the ground to a position just under the chin.
Thruster
A combination of a front squat and a push press: starting with the barbell in the rack position, the athlete squats (hips below knees) and then stands, driving the barbell overhead.

Discussion

Support

Dr. Tony Webster of the Pacific Institute for Sports Medicine at Camosun College in Victoria, British Columbia suggests CrossFit be used "safely and sensibly" and finds some support for the program in current academic research: "It’s safe to say that a CrossFit-style program performed three-to-five times per week will almost certainly provide a weekly dose of “vigorous” aerobic exercise that will easily satisfy current public-health guidelines. More and more research studies are demonstrating the efficiency of shorter high-intensity exercise bouts in improving not only fitness but also a whole range of health markers. In fact, plenty of scientific evidence suggests vigorous activity has inherently greater health benefits than moderate activity. Used safely and sensibly, I believe CrossFit has potential not just to change people’s lives, but also to change the fitness industry for the better."[32]

The editors of PureHealthMD writing for Discovery Health Channel found CrossFit "equals better fitness and stronger muscles in a more reasonable amount of time" compared to trying to "build muscle and get in shape by spending 60 minutes or more in the gym several days a week..." Their conclusion was that the program "is a different type of exercise routine ...a well-rounded and very efficient way to achieve a higher level of fitness ...that does not need a whole lot of fancy equipment, but does offer a nice variety to keep the interest level up and provide the challenge needed to keep the exercise fun."[33]

Criticism

Makimba Mimms, who suffered injuries while performing a CrossFit workout on December 11, 2005, at Manassas World Gym in Manassas, VA under the supervision of an uncertified trainer,[34] claimed that CrossFit poses an elevated risk of rhabdomyolysis. He successfully sued his trainers and was awarded $300,000 in damages.[35] According to Dr. Stuart McGill, a professor of spine biomechanics at the University of Waterloo, the risk of injury from some CrossFit exercises outweighs their benefits when they are performed with poor form in timed workouts. He added there are similar risks in other exercise programs but noted that CrossFit's online community enables athletes to follow the program without proper guidance, increasing the risk.[36]

Articles on many websites criticize CrossFit for lack of periodization, illogical or random exercise sequences, and lacking quality-control accreditation standards for trainers and affiliates.[37][24]

Response to criticism

Crossfit Level 1 trainers are certified through the American National Standards Institute. Since May 2005,[35] CrossFit has published numerous articles about rhabdomyolysis[38][39][40][41] in their online CrossFit Journal (which is not peer-reviewed). Three of the articles are included in the CrossFit Manual provided to all prospective trainers.[42]

References

  1. ^ Bloomberg Businessweek
  2. ^ Schwecherl, Laura. "A Look Inside the World of CrossFit". Greatist.com. Retrieved 2/11/2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  3. ^ Glassman, Greg. "Understanding CrossFit" (PDF). The CrossFit Journaly. Retrieved 2/18/2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  4. ^ CrossFit. "What is CrossFit?". CrossFit. Retrieved 2/18/2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  5. ^ Barker, Jill (2006-02-14). "Crossfit is fast and furious". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
  6. ^ a b Scott, Paul (October 23, 2007). "A no-nonsense look at the often nonsensical world of fitness clubs" (PDF). Best Life.
  7. ^ Stoddard, Grant (October 11, 2011). "Inside the Cult of CrossFit". Men’s Health.
  8. ^ "Prairie Crossfit". Prairie Crossfit.
  9. ^ Wallack, Roy M. (2009). Run For Life: The Anti-Aging, Anti-Injury, Super Fitness Plan. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-60239-344-8.
  10. ^ Hoffman, Michael (March 7, 2010). "More want combat element in fitness test". AirForce Times.
  11. ^ Svan, Jennifer H. (January 13, 2009). "CrossFit Workouts are Rarely Routine". Military Advantage.
  12. ^ "Welcome to The Royal Life Guards Sports Association". Royal Danish Life Guards Sports Association.
  13. ^ Mitchell, Bryan (June 25, 2008). "CrossFit workout craze sweeps the Corps". Marine Corps Times.
  14. ^ Rodriguez, Juan C. (March 2, 2010). "Florida Marlins: Cameron Maybin's improved swing/miss numbers encouraging". South Florida Sun Sentinel.
  15. ^ Stewart, I.A. (December 14, 2007). "UCSC Notebook: Men's rugby getting fit for the season". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Archived from the original on 2007-12-23.
  16. ^ a b Sanderlin, Rebekah. "Commando-style workout has cult following". Fayetteville Observer.
  17. ^ ANSI "ANSI Directory Details"
  18. ^ "Certifications". CrossFit.
  19. ^ "More financial news". The Boston Globe. August 24, 2009.
  20. ^ CrossFit dietary prescription
  21. ^ Walsh, Bob (2007). How People Blogging Are Changing The World and How You Can Join Them. Apress. ISBN 978-1-59059-691-3.
  22. ^ Godin, Seth (2009). Tribes. Piatkus Books. p. 160. ISBN 0-7499-3975-3.
  23. ^ Velazquez, Eric (May 2008). "Sweatstorm". Muscle & Fitness.
  24. ^ a b Shugart, Chris (November 4, 2008). "The Truth About CrossFit". Testosterone Muscle. Cite error: The named reference "Shugart_20081104" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  25. ^ "Finding the Fittest on Earth". CrossFit.com. February 11, 2011.
  26. ^ http://games.crossfit.com/about-the-games/the-games-season
  27. ^ http://games2009.crossfit.com/competitors/athlete-profile-jason-kahlipa-1-in-2008.html
  28. ^ http://games2008.crossfit.com/crossfit-games/the-womens-results-are-in.html
  29. ^ Stephanie Cooperman (December 22, 2005). "Getting Fit, Even if it Kills You". New York Times.
  30. ^ "CrossFit Affiliates". CrossFit.com. Retrieved 2/12/2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  31. ^ http://robbwolf.com/2009/11/24/the-black-box-summit-or-how-i-got-fired-from-the-crossfit-nutrition-certification/ |accessdate=3/28/2012
  32. ^ How We Got Here: CrossFit vs. the Fitness Industry, CrossFit Journal, August 27, 2009
  33. ^ the editors of PureHealthMD (2010). "CrossFit". Discovery Health Channel. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  34. ^ Mummolo, Jonathan (October 7, 2008). "Gym's High-Intensity Workout Left Me Disabled, Man Testifies". The Washington Post.
  35. ^ a b Mitchell, Bryan (August 16, 2006). "Lawsuit alleges CrossFit workout damaging". Marine Corps Times. Retrieved 2008-08-16.
  36. ^ Dube, Rebecca (January 11, 2008). "No puke, no pain - no gain". Globe and Mail. Toronto.
  37. ^ Firefighter Strength and Why Crossfit Sucks! nunnsperformancetraining.blogspot.com
  38. ^ Savage, Phil. "The Truth About Rhabdo by Dr. Michael Ray - CrossFit Journal". Journal.crossfit.com. Retrieved 2011-06-30.
  39. ^ Ray, Mike. "CrossFit Induced Rhabdo by Greg Glassman - CrossFit Journal". Journal.crossfit.com. Retrieved 2011-06-30.
  40. ^ Glassman, Greg. "Killer Workouts by Eugene Allen - CrossFit Journal". Journal.crossfit.com. Retrieved 2011-06-30.
  41. ^ Starrett, Kelly. "Rhabdomyolysis Revisited by Dr. Will Wright - CrossFit Journal". Journal.crossfit.com. Retrieved 2011-06-30.
  42. ^ CrossFit instructor manual
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