List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/David_Cameron_official.jpg/200px-David_Cameron_official.jpg)
The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the political leader of the country and the Head of Her Majesty's Government. The office holder is responsible for nominating all other members of the government, chairing Cabinet meetings and deciding when to call a new general election for the House of Commons.[1][2] The Prime Minister can also make nominations to senior positions in the Church of England, nominate judges and propose the creation of new life peers.[3]
There is no specific date when the office of Prime Minister first appeared, as the role was not created but evolved over a period of time.[4] The term was certainly in Parliamentary use by the 1880s,[5] and in 1905 post of Prime Minister was officially given recognition in the order of precedence.[6] Modern historians generally apply the title of First Prime Minister to Sir Robert Walpole, who led the government of Great Britain for twenty-one years from 1721 to 1742[7][8] and is the longest serving Prime Minister of the country.[9]
Due to the gradual evolution of the post of Prime Minister, the title is applied to early Prime Ministers only retrospectively; this has sometimes given rise to academic dispute. William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath and James Waldegrave, 2nd Earl Waldegrave are both sometimes listed as Prime Ministers. Bath was invited to form a ministry following the resignation of Henry Pelham in 1746, as was Waldegrave in 1757 following the dismissal of William Pitt the Elder (the dominant figure of the first Devonshire Ministry). Neither was able to command sufficient Parliamentary support to form a government; Bath stepped down after two days, and Waldegrave after four. Modern academic consensus does not consider either man to have held the office of Prime Minister, and they are not listed below.
Before Walpole
Main article: Lord High Treasurer (list).
From Medieval times (since c. 1126), the Treasury was led by the Lord High Treasurer. From Tudor times the Lord High Treasurer was regarded as one of the Great Officers of State, and was often (though not always) the dominant figure in the government: Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (Lord High Treasurer 1547–1549) served as Lord Protector to his nephew Edward VI; William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (Lord High Treasurer 1572–1598) served Elizabeth I as chief advisor; Burghley's son Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury (Lord Privy Seal and Secretary of State; Lord High Treasurer 1608–1612) succeeded his father as chief minister to Elizabeth I and then James I.
The last Lord High Treasurers before the post went permanently into commission, Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin (Lord High Treasurer 1702–1710) and Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer (Lord High Treasurer 1711–1714), led the government of Queen Anne.
Main article: First Lord of the Treasury.
From the seventeenth century onwards, the office of Lord High Treasurer was frequently exercised not by a single individual, but by a commission of Lords of the Treasury, led by the First Lord of the Treasury. Following the succession of George I in 1714, this arrangement became permanent, with the First Lord of the Treasury being seen as the titular leader of a ministry. During the period 1717–1721, Lords Stanhope and Sunderland led the administration jointly, with Stanhope managing foreign affairs and Sunderland managing domestic affairs. Stanhope died in February 1721 and Sunderland resigned in April 1721; Walpole returned to office. From this point, the First Lord was known unofficially as the "Prime Minister"; the Prime Minister still holds the title of First Lord of the Treasury.
List of Prime Ministers
Colour key
(for political parties)
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) Constituency/Title |
Term of office — Electoral mandates |
Other ministerial offices held while Prime Minister |
Political party of PM |
Government | Refs | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Sir Robert Walpole (1676–1745) MP for King's Lynn until 1742 Earl of Orford from 1742 |
4 April 1721 |
15 May 1730 |
First Lord of the Treasury, Chancellor of the Exchequer & Leader of the House of Commons |
Whig | Walpole/Townshend | [7][9] |
15 May 1730 |
11 February 1742 |
Walpole | ||||||
1722, 1727, 1734, 1741 | ||||||||
Regarded as the first Prime Minister in the modern sense; the South Sea Company bubble; criticised for Great Britain's poor performance in the War of Jenkins' Ear. | ||||||||
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Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington (1673–1743) |
16 February 1742 |
2 July 1743† |
First Lord of the Treasury | Whig | Carteret | [10] |
— | ||||||||
Increased tax on spirits; in poor health for much of his time as Prime Minister, the government was led de facto by John Carteret. †Died in office. | ||||||||
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Henry Pelham (1694–1754) MP for Sussex |
27 August 1743 |
6 March 1754† |
First Lord of the Treasury, Chancellor of the Exchequer & Leader of the House of Commons |
Whig | Carteret; Broad Bottom |
[11] |
1747 | ||||||||
Reorganisation of the Royal Navy; 1745 Jacobite Rebellion; adoption of the Gregorian Calendar; Marriage Act 1753; helped end the War of the Austrian Succession. †Died in office. | ||||||||
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Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle (1693–1768) |
16 March 1754 |
16 November 1756 |
First Lord of the Treasury & Leader of the House of Lords |
Whig | Newcastle I | [10] |
1754 | ||||||||
Led Great Britain into the Seven Years' War with France in North America. | ||||||||
rowspan="3" style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | | William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire (1720–1764) |
16 November 1756 |
25 June 1757 |
First Lord of the Treasury & Leader of the House of Lords |
Whig | Devonshire/Pitt; 1757 Caretaker |
[10] | |
— | ||||||||
The government was largely run by William Pitt the Elder. | ||||||||
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Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle (1693–1768) |
2 July 1757 |
26 May 1762 |
First Lord of the Treasury & Leader of the House of Lords |
Whig | Newcastle II | [10] |
1761 | ||||||||
Great Britain gained more influence abroad in the Seven Years' War; the war was largely prosecuted by Pitt the Elder as Secretary of State. |
Prime Ministers under George III (1760–1820)
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) Constituency/Title |
Term of office — Electoral mandates |
Other ministerial offices held while Prime Minister |
Political party of PM |
Government | Refs | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute (1713–1792) |
26 May 1762 |
8 April 1763 |
First Lord of the Treasury & Leader of the House of Lords |
Tory | Bute | [12] |
— | ||||||||
First Scottish Prime Minister. Ended the dominance of the Whigs; Treaty of Paris (1763) ending the Seven Years' War; resigned after fierce criticism of Treaty of Paris concessions. | ||||||||
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George Grenville (1712–1770) MP for Buckingham |
16 April 1763 |
13 July 1765 |
First Lord of the Treasury, Chancellor of the Exchequer & Leader of the House of Commons |
Whig (Grenvillite) | Grenville | [13] |
— | ||||||||
Briefly lowered domestic tax at the expense of the colonies, though this was rapidly repealed; introduced the unenforceable Stamp Act 1765 (which is popularly cited as one of the causes of the American Revolution). His repealing of the taxes he rolled out were for all except that on tea, which was used as a reason for the Boston Tea Party. | ||||||||
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Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham (1730–1782) |
13 July 1765 |
30 July 1766 |
First Lord of the Treasury & Leader of the House of Lords |
Whig (Rockingham) | Rockingham I | [14] |
— | ||||||||
Repealed the controversial Stamp Act 1765, inspired by protests from both American colonists and British manufacturers who were affected by it and its difficulty to enforce; introduced the Declaratory Act 1766. | ||||||||
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William Pitt the Elder, 1st Earl of Chatham (1708–1778) |
30 July 1766 |
14 October 1768 |
Lord Privy Seal | Whig (Chathamite) | Chatham | [15] |
— | ||||||||
The first real Imperialist; credited with the birth of the British Empire; defeated France in Canada, thereby indirectly precipitating the French Revolution. | ||||||||
rowspan="3" style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | | Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton (1735–1811) |
14 October 1768 |
28 January 1770 |
First Lord of the Treasury & Leader of the House of Lords |
Whig (Chathamite) | Grafton | [16] | |
1768 | ||||||||
Attempted to reconcile with the American colonies. | ||||||||
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Frederick North, Lord North (1732–1792) MP for Banbury |
28 January 1770 |
22 March 1782 |
First Lord of the Treasury, Chancellor of the Exchequer & Leader of the House of Commons |
Tory | North | [17] |
1774, 1780 | ||||||||
Led Great Britain into the American Revolution; the Gordon Riots; attempted reform in Ireland; resigned after a vote of no confidence against the will of the King. | ||||||||
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Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham (1730–1782) |
27 March 1782 |
1 July 1782† |
First Lord of the Treasury & Leader of the House of Lords |
Whig (Rockingham) | Rockingham II | [10] |
— | ||||||||
Acknowledged the independence of the United States; began a process of economic reform. †Died in office. | ||||||||
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William Petty-FitzMaurice, 2nd Earl of Shelburne (1737–1805) |
4 July 1782 |
2 April 1783 |
First Lord of the Treasury & Leader of the House of Lords |
Whig (Chathamite) | Shelburne | [10] |
— | ||||||||
Planned political reform; secured peace with the United States, France and Spain. | ||||||||
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William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland (1738–1809) |
2 April 1783 |
19 December 1783 |
First Lord of the Treasury & Leader of the House of Lords |
Whig | Fox-North Coalition | [10] |
— | ||||||||
Titular head of the Fox-North Coalition. Attempted to reform the British East India Company, but was blocked by George III. | ||||||||
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William Pitt the Younger (1759–1806) MP for Appleby until 1784 MP for Cambridge University from 1784 |
19 December 1783 |
14 March 1801 |
First Lord of the Treasury, Chancellor of the Exchequer & Leader of the House of Commons |
Tory (Pittite) | Pitt the Younger I | [18] |
1784, 1790, 1796 | ||||||||
Youngest Prime Minister. India Act 1784; attempted to remove rotten boroughs; personally opposed to the slave trade; reduced the national debt due to the rebellion in the North American colonies; formed the Triple Alliance; Constitutional Act of 1791; the Macartney Embassy (1792–1794), first of its kind to China; war with France starting in 1793; Cape Colony (South Africa) taken 1795; introduced the first income tax; Act of Union 1800. | ||||||||
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Henry Addington (1757–1844) MP for Devizes |
17 March 1801 |
10 May 1804 |
First Lord of the Treasury, Chancellor of the Exchequer & Leader of the House of Commons |
Tory (Pittite) | Addington | [10] |
1801 co-option, 1802 | ||||||||
Negotiated the Treaty of Amiens with France in 1802. | ||||||||
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William Pitt the Younger (1759–1806) MP for Cambridge University |
10 May 1804 |
23 January 1806† |
First Lord of the Treasury, Chancellor of the Exchequer & Leader of the House of Commons |
Tory (Pittite) | Pitt the Younger II | [10] |
— | ||||||||
Alliance with Russia, Austria and Sweden against France (Third Coalition); Battle of Trafalgar; Battle of Ulm; Battle of Austerlitz. †Died in office. | ||||||||
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William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Lord Grenville (1759–1834) |
11 February 1806 |
31 March 1807 |
First Lord of the Treasury & Leader of the House of Lords |
Whig | Ministry of All the Talents | [10] |
1806 | ||||||||
Abolition of the slave trade. | ||||||||
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William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland (1738–1809) |
31 March 1807 |
4 October 1809 |
First Lord of the Treasury | nominally Tory | Portland II | [10] |
1807 | ||||||||
He headed a Tory government; was old and ill, leaving the Cabinet to their own devices (largely headed by Spencer Perceval). | ||||||||
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Spencer Perceval (1762–1812) MP for Northampton |
4 October 1809 |
11 May 1812† |
First Lord of the Treasury, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster & Leader of the House of Commons |
Tory | Perceval | [19] |
— | ||||||||
Descent of George III into madness and the outset of the Regency era; his administration was notable for the lack of senior statesmen (Perceval also served as the Chancellor of the Exchequer); Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars. †The only Prime Minister to have been assassinated. | ||||||||
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Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool (1770–1828) |
8 June 1812 |
9 April 1827 |
First Lord of the Treasury & Leader of the House of Lords |
Tory | Liverpool | [20] |
1812, 1818, 1820, 1826 | ||||||||
Oversaw the United Kingdom's victory in the Napoleonic Wars; the Congress of Vienna; an economic recession in 1817; the Luddite movement; The War of 1812 (in Britain, the American War of 1812 to 1815); Peterloo Massacre in 1819; return to the gold standard in 1819; victory over the Marathas in the Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1819; the Cato Street Conspiracy to assassinate Liverpool in 1820. |
Prime Ministers under George IV (1820–1830)
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) Constituency/Title |
Term of office — Electoral mandates |
Other ministerial offices held while Prime Minister |
Political party of PM |
Government | Refs | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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George Canning (1770–1827) MP for Seaford |
10 April 1827 |
8 August 1827† |
First Lord of the Treasury, Chancellor of the Exchequer & Leader of the House of Commons |
Tory (Canningite) | Canning (Canningite–Whig) |
[10] |
— | ||||||||
†Died shortly after taking office. | ||||||||
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Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich (1782–1859) |
31 August 1827 |
21 January 1828 |
First Lord of the Treasury & Leader of the House of Lords |
Tory (Canningite) | Goderich (Canningite–Whig) |
[10] |
— | ||||||||
Lacked support amongst colleagues; resigned. | ||||||||
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Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1769–1852) |
22 January 1828 |
16 November 1830 |
First Lord of the Treasury & Leader of the House of Lords |
Tory | Wellington | [10] |
1830 | ||||||||
First Irish Prime Minister; Catholic Emancipation Bill (over which he fought a duel). |
Prime Ministers under William IV (1830–1837)
Prime Ministers under Victoria (1837–1901)
Prime Ministers under Edward VII (1901–1910)
Prime Ministers under George V (1910–1936)
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) Constituency/Title |
Term of office — Electoral mandates |
Other ministerial offices held while Prime Minister |
Political party of PM |
Government | Refs | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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David Lloyd George (1863–1945) MP for Caernarvon Boroughs |
7 December 1916 |
19 October 1922 |
First Lord of the Treasury | Liberal | Lloyd George (Lib.–Cons.–Lab.) |
[46] |
1918 | ||||||||
Welsh-speaking: only Prime Minister whose mother tongue was not English. End of World War I; Paris Peace Conference; attempted to extend conscription to Ireland during the First World War; Chanak Crisis. | ||||||||
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Andrew Bonar Law (1858–1923) MP for Glasgow Central |
23 October 1922 |
20 May 1923 |
First Lord of the Treasury & Leader of the House of Commons |
Conservative | Bonar Law | [47] |
1922 | ||||||||
Canadian-born: only Prime Minister born outside the British Isles. Became Prime Minister following Conservative backbenchers' decision at the Carlton Club meeting to withdraw from the Lloyd George Coalition. Resigned due to ill health; died six months after leaving office. | ||||||||
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Stanley Baldwin (1867–1947) MP for Bewdley |
23 May 1923 |
16 January 1924 |
First Lord of the Treasury, Leader of the House of Commons & Chancellor of the Exchequer (1923) |
Conservative | Baldwin I | [48] |
— | ||||||||
Called a general election to gain a mandate for protectionist tariffs but failed to gain a majority; resigned after losing a vote of confidence. | ||||||||
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Ramsay MacDonald (1866–1937) MP for Aberavon |
22 January 1924 |
4 November 1924 |
First Lord of the Treasury, Leader of the House of Commons & Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs |
Labour | MacDonald I | [49] |
1923§ | ||||||||
§Hung Parliament; minority government reliant on Liberal support. First Labour Prime Minister; did not have a majority so could not introduce radical legislation; settled reparations with Germany following World War I; Zinoviev letter. | ||||||||
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Stanley Baldwin (1867–1947) MP for Bewdley |
4 November 1924 |
5 June 1929 |
First Lord of the Treasury & Leader of the House of Commons |
Conservative | Baldwin II | [50] |
1924 | ||||||||
Treaty of Locarno; signatory of the Kellogg-Briand Pact; Pensions Act; enfranchisement of women over 21; UK General Strike of 1926. | ||||||||
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Ramsay MacDonald (1866–1937) MP for Seaham |
5 June 1929 |
24 August 1931 |
First Lord of the Treasury & Leader of the House of Commons |
Labour | MacDonald II | [51] |
1929§ | ||||||||
§Hung Parliament. Appointed the first female minister, Margaret Bondfield; economic crises following the Wall Street Crash of 1929. | ||||||||
rowspan="3" style="background-color: Template:National Labour Party (UK)/meta/color" | | 24 August 1931 |
7 June 1935 |
First Lord of the Treasury & Leader of the House of Commons |
National Labour | 1st National; 2nd National (Lab.Nat.–Cons.–Lib.Nat. –Lib. until 1932) |
[52] | ||
1931 | ||||||||
The Labour Government split on measures to resolve a budget crisis; MacDonald resigned, but was reappointed at the head of a National Government with the support of the Conservative and Liberal parties. He was subsequently expelled from the Labour Party; the National Government fought and won the election on the basis of a 'Doctor's Mandate'. Ottawa Conference supports protectionism, after which the free trade Ministers (Liberal and Viscount Snowden) resign. | ||||||||
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Stanley Baldwin (1867–1947) MP for Bewdley |
7 June 1935 |
28 May 1937 |
First Lord of the Treasury & Leader of the House of Commons |
Conservative | 3rd National (Cons.–Lab.Nat.–Lib.Nat.) |
[53] |
1935 | ||||||||
Edward VIII abdication crisis; started rearmament but later criticised for failing to rearm more when Adolf Hitler broke Germany's Treaty of Versailles obligations. |
Prime Ministers under Edward VIII (1936)
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) Constituency/Title |
Term of office — Electoral mandates |
Other ministerial offices held while Prime Minister |
Political party of PM |
Government | Refs | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Stanley Baldwin (1867–1947) MP for Bewdley |
7 June 1935 |
28 May 1937 |
First Lord of the Treasury & Leader of the House of Commons |
Conservative | 3rd National (Cons.–Lab.Nat.–Lib.Nat.) |
[53] |
1935 | ||||||||
Edward VIII abdication crisis; started rearmament but later criticised for failing to rearm more when Adolf Hitler broke Germany's Treaty of Versailles obligations. |
Prime Ministers under George VI (1936–1952)
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) Constituency/Title |
Term of office — Electoral mandates |
Other ministerial offices held while Prime Minister |
Political party of PM |
Government | Refs | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Stanley Baldwin (1867–1947) MP for Bewdley |
7 June 1935 |
28 May 1937 |
First Lord of the Treasury & Leader of the House of Commons |
Conservative | 3rd National (Cons.–Lab.Nat.–Lib.Nat.) |
[53] |
1935 | ||||||||
Edward VIII abdication crisis; started rearmament but later criticised for failing to rearm more when Adolf Hitler broke Germany's Treaty of Versailles obligations. | ||||||||
rowspan="4" style="background-color: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | | File:Arthur-Neville-Chamberlain.jpg | Neville Chamberlain (1869–1940) MP for Birmingham Edgbaston |
28 May 1937 |
3 September 1939 |
First Lord of the Treasury & Leader of the House of Commons |
Conservative | 4th National (Cons.–Lab.Nat.–Lib.Nat.) |
[10] |
3 September 1939 |
10 May 1940 |
Chamberlain War (Cons.–Lab.Nat.–Lib.Nat.) | ||||||
— | ||||||||
Attempted to maintain "peace for our time" through appeasement of Germany, settling the Munich Agreement; widely criticised following the German Invasion of Poland and consequent outbreak of World War II; resigned after failing to form a Coalition Government. | ||||||||
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Winston Churchill (1874–1965) MP for Epping |
10 May 1940 |
23 May 1945 |
First Lord of the Treasury, Minister of Defence & Leader of the House of Commons (1940–42) |
Conservative | Churchill War (All parties) |
[54][55] |
23 May 1945 |
26 July 1945 |
Churchill Caretaker (Cons.–Lib.Nat.) | ||||||
— | ||||||||
World War II; led a Coalition Government; foundation of the United Nations; proposed what would eventually lead to the European Union; Beveridge Report. Following the ending of his all-party coalition, Churchill formed a "caretaker" government out of Conservatives, Liberal Nationals and non-party figures. However after two months it was defeated in the 1945 general election. | ||||||||
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Clement Attlee (1883–1967) MP for Limehouse until 1950 MP for Walthamstow West from 1950 |
26 July 1945 |
26 October 1951 |
First Lord of the Treasury & Minister of Defence (1945–46) |
Labour | Attlee | [56] |
1945, 1950 | ||||||||
Initiated the post-war consensus; introduced nationalisation of utilities; foundation of the National Health Service; extended national insurance scheme; Independence of India and the end of the British role in Palestine; foundation of NATO; beginning of the Cold War; the Berlin Blockade and the resulting Berlin Airlift; the start of British involvement in the Korean War. | ||||||||
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Sir Winston Churchill (1874–1965) MP for Woodford |
26 October 1951 |
7 April 1955 |
First Lord of the Treasury & Minister of Defence (1951–52) |
Conservative | Churchill III | [57] |
1951 | ||||||||
Domestic policy interrupted by foreign disputes (Korean War, Operation Ajax, Mau Mau Uprising, Malayan Emergency). |
Prime Ministers under Elizabeth II (1952 – present)
See also
- Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- Spouses of the Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
- Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
- Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
- List of United Kingdom general elections
- List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom by longevity
- List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom by nickname
- List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom by term length
- List of Presidents of the United States
Timelines
- Graphical list of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
- Graphical list of Prime Ministers showing birth, death and political career of each Prime Minister from Palmerston to Cameron
References
- ^ "Government and Opposition roles". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 25 October 2008.
- ^ "Prime minister". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 16 October 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2008.
- ^ "Glossary — Parliamentary Jargon Explained; Prime Minister". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 25 October 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Hennessy (2001), pp. 39–40
- ^ Hansard, 20 March 1885 and 14 April 1885
- ^ Marriott (1921), p. 85
- ^ a b Clarke (1993), p. 266
- ^ Hennessy (2001), p. 39
- ^ a b "Parties and Prime Ministers". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 19 May 1998. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "PMs through history". The Daily Telegraph. London: Telegraph Media Group. 21 September 2007. Retrieved 16 October 2008.
- ^ "Leaders of the House; Henry Pelham". Office and Ministers. Office of the Leader of the House of Commons. Retrieved 16 October 2008.
- ^ Thomas (2002), pp. 66–94
- ^ Thomas (2002), pp. 95–124
- ^ Thomas (2002), pp. 125–147
- ^ Thomas (2002), pp. 148–196
- ^ Thomas (2002), pp. 197–218
- ^ Clarke (1993), pp. 278–279
- ^ Clarke (1993), p. 281
- ^ Priestley (2002), p. 62
- ^ Priestley (2002), p. 65
- ^ Clarke (1993), pp. 293–294
- ^ Black (2006), p. 180
- ^ Anderson (1856), pp. 442–443
- ^ Black (2006), pp. 180–181
- ^ Clarke (1993), p. 294
- ^ Longford (1998), p. 63
- ^ Longford (1998), pp. 156–157
- ^ Longford (1998), p. 187
- ^ Longford (1998), pp. 228–231
- ^ Longford (1998), p. 232
- ^ Longford (1998), p. 246
- ^ Longford (1998), p. 281
- ^ Longford (1998), p. 282
- ^ Longford (1998), p. 346
- ^ Longford (1998), p. 351
- ^ Longford (1998), p. 353
- ^ Longford (1998), p. 357
- ^ Longford (1998), p. 396
- ^ Longford (1998), p. 433
- ^ Hunt, William (1907). The Political History of England. Longmans, Green and co. p. 505.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Longford (1998), p. 484
- ^ Longford (1998), pp. 492–493
- ^ Longford (1998), pp. 518–519
- ^ Longford (1998), pp. 527–528
- ^ Longford (1998), pp. 533–534
- ^ Rose (1983), pp. 196–198
- ^ Rose (1983), p. 265
- ^ Rose (1983), p. 272
- ^ Rose (1983), p. 326
- ^ Rose (1983), p. 337
- ^ Rose (1983), p. 361
- ^ Rose (1983), pp. 373–374
- ^ a b c Rose (1983), p. 398
- ^ Hennessy (2001), p. 179
- ^ Hennessy (2001), p. 158
- ^ Hennessy (2001), p. 147
- ^ a b Hennessy (2001), p. 178
- ^ Hennessy (2001), p. 207
- ^ Hennessy (2001), p. 248
- ^ Hennessy (2001), p. 272
- ^ Hennessy (2001), p. 286
- ^ Hennessy (2001), p. 331
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- ^ Hennessy (2001), p. 376
- ^ "Lord Callaghan of Cardiff". The Times. London: Times Newspapers Ltd. 28 March 2005. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
- ^ Hennessy (2001), p. 397
- ^ Ballantyne, Aileen (5 May 1979). "Crowd's long cold wait for lady of the hour". The Guardian. London: Guardian and Manchester Evening News Ltd. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
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- ^ Summers, Deborah (27 June 2007). "Brown declared prime minister". The Guardian. London: Guardian News & Media. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "BBC News – David Cameron is UK's new prime minister". news.bbc.co.uk. BBC. 12 May 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
Bibliography
- Anderson, John (1856). A History of Edinburgh from the Earliest Period to the Completion of the Half Century 1850: With Brief Notices of Eminent Or Remarkable Individuals. A. Fullarton & co. ISBN 9781852855819. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- Black, Jeremy (2006). The Hanoverians: The History of a Dynasty. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 1852855819. OCLC 70765876.
- Clarke, John (1993) [1975]. Fraser, Antonia (ed.). The Lives Of The Kings And Queens Of England. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0297832387. OCLC 257417674.
- Hennessy, Peter (2001) [2000]. The Prime Minister; The Office And Its Holders Since 1945. Penguin Group. ISBN 0140283935. OCLC 47063414.
- Longford, Elizabeth (1998) [1964]. Victoria R.I. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0297841424. OCLC 41510024.
- Marriott, J. A. R. (1925). English Political Institutions. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- Priestley, J. B. (2002) [1969]. The Prince of Pleasure and his Regency 1811–20. Penguin Group. ISBN 0141391065. OCLC 59475591.
- Rose, Kenneth (1983). King George V. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0297782452. OCLC 9909629.
- Thomas, Peter David Garner (2002). George III: King and Politicians, 1760–1770. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719064296. OCLC 50191954.
External links
- Prime Ministers in History from the 10 Downing Street website