List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities
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The following is a list of adjectival forms of cities in English and their demonymic equivalents, which denote the people or the inhabitants of these cities.
Note: Demonyms are given in plural forms. Singular forms simply remove the final 's' or, in the case of -ese endings, are the same as the plural forms. The ending -men has feminine equivalent -women (e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman). The French terminations -ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine; adding 'e' (-oise / aise) makes them singular feminine; 'es' (-oises / aises) makes them plural feminine. The Spanish termination "-o" usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by dropping the "-o" and adding "-a". The plural forms are usually "-os" and "-as" respectively.
Adjectives ending -ish can be used as collective demonyms (e.g. the English, the Cornish). So can those ending in -ch / -tch (e.g. the French, the Dutch) provided they are pronounced with a 'ch' /tʃ/ sound (e.g. the adjective Czech in /k/ does not qualify).
Where an adjective is a link, the link is to the language or dialect of the same name. (Reference: Ethnologue, Languages of the World)
Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things, sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words. (Sometimes, the use of one or more additional words is optional.) Notable examples are cheeses, cat breeds, dog breeds, and horse breeds. (See List of words derived from toponyms.)
Note: Many of these adjectivals and demonyms are not used in English as frequently as their counterparts in other languages. A common practice is to use a city's name as if it were an adjective, as in "Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra", "Melbourne suburbs", etc.
City | Country | Adjective | Demonym (colloquial) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aberdeen | United Kingdom | Aberdonian | Aberdonians | ||||
Adelaide | Australia | Adelaidean | Adelaideans | ||||
Albany | United States | Albanian | Albanians | ||||
Alexandria | Egypt | Alexandrian | Alexandrines | ||||
Amalfi | Italy | Amalfitan | Amalfitans | ||||
Angeles | Philippines | Angelino | Angelinos | ||||
Aosta | Italy | Aostan, Aostain | Aostans, Aostains | ||||
Armagh | United Kingdom | Armachian | Armachians | ||||
Asheville | United States | Ashevillain | Ashevillains | ||||
Athens | Greece | Athenian | Athenians | ||||
Atlanta | United States | Atlantan | Atlantans | ||||
Auckland | New Zealand | Auckland | Aucklanders ("Jafas") | ||||
Austin | United States | Austonian | Austinites | ||||
Baltimore | United States | Baltimorean | Baltimoreans | ||||
Bangalore | India | Bangalorean | Bangaloreans | ||||
Bangkok | Thailand | Bangkokian | Bangkokians | ||||
Baton Rouge | United States | Baton Rougean | Baton Rougeans | ||||
Bedford | United Kingdom | Bedfordian (not Bedfordite) | Bedfordians | ||||
Beijing (Peking) | China | Pekinese | Beijinger, Pekinese | ||||
Belfast | United Kingdom | Belfast | Belfastite | ||||
Belo Horizonte | Brazil | Belo-Horizontino | Belo-Horizontinos | ||||
Belgrade | Serbia | Belgradian | Belgraders | ||||
Benevento | Italy | Beneventan | Beneventans | ||||
Bergamo | Italy | Bergamasque | Bergamasques | ||||
Berlin | Germany | Berliner | Berliners | ||||
Bern | Switzerland | Bernese | Bernese | ||||
Birmingham | United Kingdom | Birminghamian ("Brummie") | Birminghamians ("Brummies") | ||||
Birmingham | United States | Birminghamian | Birminghamians ("Birminghamsters") | ||||
Bologna | Italy | Bolognese | Bolognese | ||||
Bogota | Colombia | Bogotan | Bogotans | ||||
Bolton | United Kingdom | Boltonian | Boltonians | ||||
Bordeaux | France | Bordelais | Bordelais | ||||
Boston | United States | Bostonian | Bostonians | ||||
Brasilia | Brazil | Brasiliense | Brasilienses | ||||
Bratislava | Slovakia | Bratislavan | Bratislavan | ||||
Brescia | Italy | Brescian | Brescians | ||||
Brighton | United Kingdom | Brightonian | Brightonians | ||||
Brisbane | Australia | Brisbanian | Brisbanians (Brisbanites) | ||||
Bristol | United Kingdom | Bristolian | Bristolians | ||||
Brussels | Belgium | Bruxellois1, Brusselaar2, Brusseleer3 | |||||
Budapest | Hungary | Budapesti | Budapesters | ||||
Buenos Aires | Argentina | Porteño | Porteños | ||||
Buffalo | United States | Buffalonian | Buffalonians | ||||
Cagayan de Oro | Philippines | Cagayanon | Cagayanons | ||||
Cairns | Australia | Cairnian | Cairnians | ||||
Cairo | Egypt | (Cairene) | Cairenes | ||||
Calgary | Canada | Calgarian | Calgarians | ||||
Cambridge | United Kingdom | Cantabrigian | Cantabrigians4 | ||||
Cambridge | United States | ||||||
Campinas | Brazil | Campineiro | Campineiros | ||||
Canberra | Australia | Canberran | Canberrans | ||||
Cape Town | South Africa | (Capetonian) | Capetonians | ||||
Caracas | Venezuela | Caraquenian | Caraquenians | ||||
Cardiff | United Kingdom | Cardiffian | Cardiffian | ||||
Carystus | Greece | Carystian | Carystians | ||||
Cebu | Philippines | Cebuano | Cebuanos | ||||
Charlotte | United States | Charlottean | Charlotteans | ||||
Chelmsford | United Kingdom | Chelmsfordian | Chelmsfordians | ||||
Chennai | India | Chennaite | Chennaites | ||||
Chicago | United States | Chicagoan | Chicagoans | ||||
Christchurch | New Zealand | Cantabrian | Cantabrians | ||||
Cincinnati | United States | Cincinnatian | Cincinnatian | ||||
Cleveland | United States | Clevelander | |||||
Copenhagen | Denmark | Copenhagener | Copenhageners | ||||
Corinth | Greece | Corinthian | Corinthians | ||||
Cork | Republic of Ireland | Cork | Corkonians ("Leesiders") | ||||
Cracow (Kraków) | Poland | Cracovian (Krakovian) | Cracovians (Krakovians) | ||||
Curitiba | Brazil | Curitibano | Curitibanos | ||||
Dallas | United States | Dallasites | |||||
Da Lat | Vietnam | Dalatese | Dalatese | ||||
Darwin | Australia | Darwinian5 | Darwinians | ||||
Davao | Philippines | Davaoeño | Davaoeños | ||||
Delhi | India | Delhiite | Delhiites | ||||
Denver | United States | Denverite | Denverites | ||||
Derry | United Kingdom | Derry | Derrian | ||||
Detroit | United States | Detroiters | |||||
Devonport | Australia | Devonportian | Devonportians | ||||
Dresden | Germany | Dresdener | Dresdeners | ||||
Dublin | Republic of Ireland | Dublin | Dubliners ("Dubs") | ||||
Dundee | United Kingdom | Dundonian | Dundonians | ||||
Dunedin | New Zealand | Dunedin | Dunedinites | ||||
Durban | South Africa | Durban | Durbanites | ||||
East Troy | United States | East Trojan | East Trojans | ||||
Edinburgh | United Kingdom | Edinburgensian | Edinburger | ||||
Edmonton | Canada | Edmontonian | Edmontonians | ||||
Epidaurus | Greece | Epidaurian | Epidaurians | ||||
Florence | Italy | Florentine | Florentines | ||||
Fort Lauderdale | United States | Fort Lauderdalers, Fort Lauderdalians | |||||
Fort Wayne | United States | Fort Wayniacs | |||||
Foz do Iguaçu | Brazil | Iguaçuense | Iguaçuenses | ||||
Frankfurt | Germany | Frankfurter | Frankfurters | ||||
Fredericton | Canada | Frederictonian | Frederictonians | ||||
Fresno | United States | Fresnans, Fresnoans | |||||
Galway | Republic of Ireland | Galway | Galwegians | ||||
Geneva | Switzerland | Genevan, Genevese | Genevans, Genevese | ||||
Genoa | Italy | Genoese | Genoese | ||||
Glasgow | United Kingdom | Glaswegian | Glaswegians | ||||
Gold Coast | Australia | Gold Coast | Gold Coasters | ||||
Grand Rapids | United States | Grand Rapidian | Grand Rapidians | ||||
Guadalajara | Mexico | Tapatío | Tapatíos | ||||
Halifax | Canada | Haligonian | Haligonians | ||||
Hamburg | Germany | Hamburger | Hamburgers | ||||
Hamilton | Canada | Hamiltonian | Hamiltonians | ||||
Hamilton | New Zealand | ||||||
Hanoi | Vietnam | Hanoian | Hanoians | ||||
Hanover | Germany | Hanoverian | Hanoverians | ||||
Hartlepool | United Kingdom | Hartlepudlian | Hartlepudlian ("Monkey hanger") | ||||
Hastings | New Zealand | Hastingite | Hastingites | ||||
Helsinki | Finland | Helsinkian | Helsinkians | ||||
Ho Chi Minh City | Vietnam | Saigonese | Saigoners | ||||
Hong Kong | China | Hong Kong, Hongkongish | Hongkongers, Hongkongish, Honger | ||||
Honolulu | United States | Honolulan | Honolulans | ||||
Houston | United States | Houstonian | Houstonians | ||||
Hyderabad | India | Hyderabadi | Hyderabadis | ||||
Iloilo | Philippines | Ilonggo | Ilonggos | ||||
Invercargill | New Zealand | Invercargill | Invercargillites, Invercargillonians | ||||
Inverness | United Kingdom | Invernessian | Invernessians | ||||
Iqaluit | Canada | Iqalummiut (sing. Iqalummiuq) | |||||
Islamabad | Pakistan | Islamabadi | Islamabadians | ||||
Itabira | Brazil | Itabirano | Itabiranos | ||||
Istanbul | Turkey | Istanbulite | Istanbulites | ||||
Jacksonville | United States | Jacksonvillian; Jaxon | Jacksonvillians; Jaxons[1] | ||||
Izmir | Turkey | Izmirian | Izmirians | ||||
Jerusalem | Israel | Jerusalemite, Yerushalmi ירושלמי (Hebrew) |
Jerusalemites, Yerushalmim | ||||
Juiz de Fora | Brazil | Juiz-forano | Juiz-foranos | ||||
Juneau City/Borough | United States | Juneauites | |||||
Karachi | Pakistan | Karachiite | Karachiites | ||||
Kastoria | Greece | Kastorian | Kastorians | ||||
Kenosha | United States | Kenoshan | Kenoshans | ||||
Kiev | Ukraine | Kievan | Kievans | ||||
Kingston | United States | Kingstonian | Kingstonians | ||||
Knoxville | United States | Knoxvillian | Knoxvillians | ||||
Kota Kinabalu | Malaysia | Kota Kinabaluan | Kota Kinabaluans | ||||
Kuala Lumpur | Malaysia | ("KL-ites"6) | |||||
Kuching | Malaysia | Kuchingite | Kuchingites | ||||
Lagos | Nigeria | Lagosian | Lagosians | ||||
Lahore | Pakistan | Lahori | Lahoris | ||||
La Paz | Bolivia | Paceño | Paceños | ||||
Las Vegas | United States | Las Vegan | Vegan | ||||
Leeds | United Kingdom | Leodensian | Leodensians | ||||
León | Spain | Leonese | Leoneses | ||||
Lima | Peru | Limeño | Limeños | ||||
Liverpool | United Kingdom | Liverpudlian | Liverpudlians ("Scousers") | ||||
Livorno | Italy | Leghornese, Livornese | Leghornese, Livornese | ||||
London | United Kingdom | Londoner | Londoners | ||||
Londrina | Brazil | Londrinense | Londrinenses | ||||
Los Angeles | United States | Angeleno | Angelenos | ||||
Lucca | Italy | Lucchese | Lucchesi | ||||
Lviv | Ukraine | Leopolitan | Lviviane | ||||
Lyon (Lyons) | France | Lyonese; Lyonnais (French) | Lyonese; Lyonnais (French) | ||||
Macau | China | Macanese | Macanese | ||||
Madrid | Spain | Madrilenian; Madrileño (Spanish) | Madrilenians; Madrileños (Spanish) | ||||
Malacca | Malaysia | Malaccan | Malaccans | ||||
Málaga | Spain | Malagan; Malagüeño (Spanish) | Malagans; Malagüeños (Spanish) | ||||
Manchester | United Kingdom | Mancunian | Mancunians ("Mancs") | ||||
Manila | Philippines | Manileño | Manileños | ||||
Mantua | Italy | Mantuan | Mantuans | ||||
Marathon | Greece | Marathonian | Marathonians | ||||
Marseille | France | Marseillais | Marseillais | ||||
Megara | Greece | Megarian | Megarians | ||||
Melbourne | Australia | Melburnian | Melburnians | ||||
Memphis | United States | Memphian | Memphians | ||||
Messina | Italy | Messinese | Messinese | ||||
Mexico City | Mexico | Capitalino | Capitalinos ("Chilangos"/"Defeños") | ||||
Milan | Italy | Milanese | Milanese | ||||
Milan | United States | Milanites, Milaners | |||||
Milwaukee | United States | Milwaukeean | Milwaukeeans | ||||
Misrata | Libya | Misratan | Misratans | ||||
Minneapolis | United States | Minneapolitan | Minneapolitans | ||||
Minot | United States | Minotian | Minoters | ||||
Modena | Italy | Modenese | Modenese | ||||
Monterrey | Mexico | Regiomontano | Regiomontanos | ||||
Montreal | Canada | Montreal | Montrealers/Montrealais | ||||
Moscow | Russia | Muscovite | Muscovites | ||||
Mumbai | India | Mumbaikar | Mumbaikars | ||||
Muncie | United States | Munsonian | Munsonian | ||||
Munich | Germany | Münchner | Münchner | ||||
Napier | New Zealand | Napieran | Napierans | ||||
Naples | Italy | Neapolitan | Neapolitans | ||||
Nashville | United States | Nashvillian | Nashvillians | ||||
Nassau | The Bahamas | Nassuvian | Nassuvians | ||||
Nelson | New Zealand | Nelson | Nelsonians | ||||
New Orleans | United States | New Orleanian | New Orleanians, New Orleaners ("Yats") | ||||
New York City | United States | New York | New Yorkers ("Gothamites"/"Knickerbockers") | ||||
• The Bronx | Bronx | Bronxites, Bronxers | |||||
• Brooklyn | Brooklyn | Brooklynites (archaic: "Trolley Dodgers") | |||||
• Manhattan | Manhattan | Manhattanites | |||||
• Queens | Queens | Queensites | |||||
• Staten Island7 | Staten Island | Staten Islanders | |||||
Newcastle | Australia | Novocastrian | Novocastrians | ||||
Newcastle upon Tyne | United Kingdom | Novocastrian ("Geordie") | Novocastrians ("Geordies") | ||||
Nice | France | Niçois | Niçois | ||||
Nicosia | Cyprus | Nicosian | Nicosians | ||||
Northampton | United Kingdom | Northamptonian | Northamptonians | ||||
Oakbank | Canada | Oakbankian | Oakbankians | ||||
Oakland | United States | Oaklander | Oaklanders | ||||
Oamaru | New Zealand | Oamaru, Oamaruvian | Oamaruvians | ||||
Odessa | Ukraine | Odessit(e) | Odessites | ||||
Omak | United States | Omakian | Omakians[2] | ||||
Oslo | Norway | Oslovian | Oslovians | ||||
Osaka | Japan | Osakan | Naniwakko (難波っ子/浪速っ子; Japanese), Osakans (English) | ||||
Ottawa | Canada | Ottawan | Ottawans | ||||
Oxford | United Kingdom | Oxonian | Oxonians8 | ||||
Paddock Lake | United States | Paddock Laker | Paddock Lakers | ||||
Padua | Italy | Paduan | Paduans | ||||
Palermo | Italy | Palermitan | Palermitans | ||||
Palmerston North | New Zealand | Palmerstonian | Palmerstonians | ||||
Paris | France | Parisian | Parisians | ||||
Parma | Italy | Parmesan | Parmesans | ||||
Penang | Malaysia | Penangite | Penangites | ||||
Perth | Australia | Perth | Perthites, Perthians | ||||
Perugia | Italy | Perugian | Perugians | ||||
Peterborough | United Kingdom | Peterbourian | Peterbourians | ||||
Philadelphia | United States | (Philadelphian) | Philadelphians | ||||
Phoenix | United States | Phoenician, Phoenixer | Phoenicians, Phoenixers | ||||
Pisa | Italy | Pisan | Pisans | ||||
Pittsburgh | United States | Pittsburgher | Pittsburghers | ||||
Polmont | United Kingdom | Polmontarian | Polmontarians | ||||
Pompeii | Italy | Pompei(i)an | Pompei(i)ans | ||||
Ponferrada | Spain | Ponferradian | Ponferradians | ||||
Porto Alegre | Brazil | Porto-Alegrense | Porto-Alegrenses | ||||
Portland | United States | Portlander | Portlanders | ||||
Prague | Czech Republic | Praguer | Praguers | ||||
Pristina | Kosovo | Prishtinali, Prishtinas (Albanian) Prištinci, Prištevci (Serbian) | |||||
Providence | United States | Providentian | Providentians | ||||
Pylos | Greece | Pylian | Pylians | ||||
Quebec City | Canada | Quebec (City) (English); québécois (French) | Quebeckers, Quebecers (English); Québécois9 (French) | ||||
Randall | United States | Randallite | Randallites | ||||
Reading | United Kingdom | Readingite | Readingites | Regina | Canada | Regina (modifier), Reginan | Reginans |
Rethymno | Greece | Rethymnian | Rethymnians | ||||
Reims (or Rheims) | France | Rémois (Cornichons) | Rémois | ||||
Richmond | United States | Richmonder | Richmonders | ||||
Riga | Latvia | Rigan | Rigans | ||||
Rio de Janeiro | Brazil | Carioca | Cariocas | ||||
Rhodes | Greece | Rhodian | Rhodians | ||||
Rochester | United States | (Rochesterian) | Rochesterians | ||||
Rome | Italy | Roman | Romans | ||||
Rotorua | New Zealand | Rotoruan | Rotoruans | ||||
St. Louis | United States | St. Louisan | St. Louisans | ||||
Sacramento | United States | Sacramentan | Sacramentans | ||||
Saint Petersburg | Russia | Saint Petersburgian | Saint Petersburgians | ||||
Salem | United States | Salemander | Salemanders | ||||
Salerno | Italy | Salernitan | Salernitans | ||||
Salt Lake City | United States | Salt Lakers | |||||
Salvador | Brazil | Soteropolitano | Soteropolitanos | ||||
San Antonio | United States | San Antonian | San Antonians | ||||
San Diego | United States | San Diegan | San Diegans | ||||
San Francisco | United States | San Franciscan | San Franciscans | ||||
Santa Clarita | United States | Santa Claritan | Santa Claritans | ||||
Santa Cruz de la Sierra | Bolivia | Cruceño | Cruceños | ||||
São Carlos | Brazil | Sãocarlense and Carlopolitano | Sãocarlenses and Carlopolitanos | ||||
São Paulo | Brazil | Paulistano | Paulistanos | ||||
Saskatoon | Canada | Saskatoon (modifier), Saskatonian | Saskatonians ("Saskabushers") | ||||
Savannah | United States | Savannaian | Savannians | ||||
Seattle | United States | Seattleite | Seattleites | ||||
Seoul | South Korea | Seoulite | Seoulites | ||||
Serres | Greece | Serrean | Serreans | ||||
Shanghai | China | Shanghainese | Shanghainese | ||||
Siena | Italy | Sien(n)ese | Sien(n)ese | ||||
Silver Lake | United States | Silver Laker | Silver Laker | ||||
Sheffield | United Kingdom | Sheffielders | |||||
Skopje | Macedonia | Skopjan | Skopjans | ||||
Slough | United Kingdom | Sluff | Sluffs | ||||
Sofia | Bulgaria | Sofian | Sofians | ||||
Solihull | United Kingdom | Silhillian | Silhillians | ||||
Somers | United States | Somersite | Somersites | ||||
Sorrento | Italy | Sorrentine | Sorrentines | ||||
Sparta | Greece | Spartan | Spartans | ||||
Spoleto | Italy | Spoletian | Spoletians | ||||
Stockholm | Sweden | Stockholmer | Stockholmers | ||||
Strasbourg | France | Strasbourgeois | Strasbourgeois | ||||
Stuttgart | Germany | Stuttgarter | Stuttgarters | ||||
Sunderland | United Kingdom | "Mackems" | |||||
Swindon | United Kingdom | Swindonian | Swindonians | ||||
Sydney | Australia | Sydney | Sydneysiders | ||||
Syracuse | Italy | Syracusan | Syracusans | ||||
Tallinn | Estonia | Tallinner | Tallinners | ||||
Taranto | Italy | Tarantine, Tarentine | Tarantines, Tarentines | ||||
Tbilisi | Georgia | Tbilisian | Tbilisians; Tbiliselebi (Georgian) | ||||
Thebes | Greece | Theban | Thebans | ||||
Thessaloniki | Greece | Thessalonian | Thessalonians | ||||
Tokyo | Japan | Edokko (江戸っ子; Japanese), Tokyoites (English) | |||||
Toowoomba | Australia | Toowoomban | Toowoombans | ||||
Toronto | Canada | Toronto, Torontonian | Torontonians[3] | ||||
Tournai | Belgium | Tournaisian | Tournaisian | ||||
Townsville | Australia | Townsvillian | Townsvillians | ||||
Trevor | United States | Trevorite | Trevorites | ||||
Trent | Italy | Tridentine | Tridentines | ||||
Trieste | Italy | Triestine | Triestines | ||||
Tripoli | Libya | Tripolitan | Tripolitans | ||||
Trois-Rivières | Canada | Trifluvien, Trifluvienne (French); Trifluvian (English) | Trifluviens/Trifluviennes (French); Trifluvians (English) | ||||
Trois-Rivières | France | Trois-rivieran | Trois-rivieran | ||||
Tucson | United States | Tucsonan | Tucsonans | ||||
Tulsa | United States | Tulsan | Tulsans | ||||
Turin | Italy | Turinese | Turinese | ||||
Twin Lakes | United States | Twin Laker | Twin Lakers | ||||
Uberlândia | Brazil | Uberlandense | Uberlandenses | ||||
Valencia | Spain | Valencian | Valencians | ||||
Vancouver | Canada | Vancouverite | Vancouverites | ||||
Venice | Italy | Venetian | Venetians | ||||
Veracruz | Mexico | Veracruzano | Veracruzano (Jarocho) | ||||
Verona | Italy | Veronese | Veronese | ||||
Vicenza | Italy | Vicentine | Vicentines | ||||
Vichy | France | Vichyssois | Vichyssois | ||||
Vienna | Austria | Viennese | Viennese | ||||
Warsaw | Poland | Varsovian | Varsovians | ||||
Washington, D.C. | United States | Washingtonian | Washingtonians10 | ||||
Wellington | New Zealand | Wellington, Wellingtonian | Wellingtonians | ||||
Wheatland | United States | Wheatlander | Wheatlanders | ||||
Wichita | United States | Wichitan | Wichitans | ||||
Wilmot | United States | Wilmotter | Wilmotters | ||||
Winchester | United Kingdom | Wintonians | |||||
Winnipeg | Canada | Winnipeggers, Winnipegers | |||||
Wolverhampton | United Kingdom | Wulfrunians | |||||
Xalapa | Veracruz | Xalapeño | Xalapeños | ||||
Xanthi | Greece | Xanthian | Xanthians | ||||
Yerevan | Armenia | Yerevani | Yerevanis | ||||
Zintan | Libya | Zintani | Zintanis | ||||
|
See also
- List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names
- Adjectivals and demonyms for countries and nations
References
- ^ "Call Box". The Florida Times-Union. April 26, 2000. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
- ^ Clark, Doug (March 26, 1996). "Town Tradition Goads Residents Into Donations". The Spokesman-Review. Cowles Publishing Company. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ Street, Hudson (1911-09-13). "Old Torontonian; If He Likes Toronto So Much, Why Live Here?". The New York Times. p. 8. Retrieved 2008-02-23.