Video quality
Video quality is a characteristic of a video passed through a video transmission/processing system, a formal or informal measure of perceived video degradation (typically, compared to the original video). Video processing systems may introduce some amount of distortion or artifacts in the video signal, which negatively impacts the user's perception of a system. For many stakeholders such as content providers, service providers and network operators, the assurance of video quality is an important task.
Video quality evaluation is performed to describe the quality of a set of video sequences under study. Video quality can be evaluated objectively (by mathematical models) or subjectively (by asking users for their rating). Also, the quality of a system can be determined offline (i.e., in a laboratory setting for developing new codecs or services), or in-service (to monitor and ensure a certain level of quality).
From analog to digital video
Since the world's first video sequence was recorded and transmitted, many video processing systems have been designed. Such systems encode video streams and transmit them over various kinds of networks or channels. In the ages of analog video systems, it was possible to evaluate the quality aspects of a video processing system by calculating the system's frequency response using test signals (for example, a collection of color bars and circles).
Digital video systems have almost fully replaced analog ones, and quality evaluation methods have changed. The performance of a digital video processing and transmission system can vary significantly and depends, amongst others, on the characteristics of the input video signal (e.g. amount of motion or spatial details), the settings used for encoding and transmission, and the channel fidelity or network performance.
Objective video quality
Objective video models are mathematical models that approximate results from subjective quality assessment, in which human observers are asked to rate the quality of a video. In this context, the term model may refer to a simple statistical model in which several independent variables (e.g. the packet loss rate on a network and the video coding parameters) are fit against results obtained in a subjective quality evaluation test using regression techniques. A model may also be a more complicated algorithm implemented in software or hardware. The terms model and metric are often used interchangeably.
In general, the aforementioned models are based on criteria that can be measured objectively – that is, free from human interpretation. They can be automatically evaluated by a computer program. Unlike a panel of human observers, an objective model will always output the same quality score for a given set of input parameters.
Classification of objective video quality metrics
Objective metrics can be classified by the amount of information available about the original signal, the received signal, or whether there is a signal present at all:[1]
- Full Reference Methods (FR): FR metrics compute the quality difference by comparing the original video signal against the received video signal. Typically, every pixel from the source is compared against the corresponding pixel at the received video, with no knowledge about the encoding or transmission process in between. More elaborate algorithms may choose to combine the pixel-based estimation with other approaches such as described below. FR metrics are usually the most accurate at the expense of higher computational effort.
- Reduced Reference Methods (RR): RR metrics extract some features of both videos and compare them to give a quality score. They are used when all the original video is not available, or when it would be practically impossible to do so, e.g. in a transmission with a limited bandwidth. This makes them more efficient than FR metrics.
- No-Reference Methods (NR): NR metrics try to assess the quality of a distorted video without any reference to the original signal. Due to the absence of an original signal, they may be less accurate than FR or RR approaches, but are more efficient to compute.
- Pixel-Based Methods (NR-P): Pixel-based metrics use a decoded representation of the signal and analyze the quality based on the pixel information. They typically evaluate specific degradation types only, such as blurring or other coding artifacts.
- Parametric/Bitstream Methods (NR-B): These metrics make use of features extracted from the transmission container and/or video bitstream, e.g. MPEG-TS packet headers, motion vectors and quantization parameters. They do not have access to the original signal and require no decoding of the video, which makes them more efficient. In contrast to NR-P metrics, they have no access to the final decoded signal.
- Hybrid Methods (Hybrid NR-P-B): Hybrid metrics combine parameters extracted from the bitstream with a decoded video signal. They are therefore a mix between NR-P and NR-B models.
Examples
The most traditional ways of evaluating quality of digital video processing system (e.g. a video codec) are FR-based. Among the oldest FR metrics are signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), which are calculated between the original video signal and signal passed through a system (e.g., an encoder or a transmission channel). PSNR is the most widely used objective video quality metric. However, PSNR values do not perfectly correlate with a perceived visual quality due to the non-linear behavior of the human visual system.[2]
With the success of digital video, a large number of more precise metrics were developed. These metrics are inherently more complex than PSNR, needing more computational effort to calculate the video quality. Among those metrics are for example UQI, VQM, PEVQ, SSIM, [[MOVIE Index]], VQuad-HD and CZD. Based on a benchmark by the Video Quality Experts Group (VQEG) in the course of the Multimedia Test Phase (2007–2008) and the HDTV Test Phase I (2009–2011) some metrics were standardized as:
- ITU-T Rec. J.246 (RR), 2008
- ITU-T Rec. J.247 (FR), 2008
- ITU-T Rec. J.341 (FR), 2011
- ITU-T Rec. J.342 (RR), 2011
The above metrics still require access to the original video bitstream before transmission, or at least part of it. In practice, an original stream may not always be available for comparison, for example when measuring the quality from the user side. For a more efficient estimation of video quality in such cases, parametric/bitstream-based metrics were also standardized as ITU-T Rec. P.1201 and P.1202.
Training and performance evaluation
Since objective video quality models are expected to predict results given by human observers, they are developed with the aid of subjective test results. During development of an objective model, its parameters should be trained so as to achieve the best correlation between the objectively predicted values and the subjective scores, often available as mean opinion scores (MOS).
In theory, a model can be trained on a set of data in such a way that it produces perfectly matching scores on that dataset. However, such a model will be over-trained and will therefore not perform well on new datasets. It is therefore advised to validate models against new data and use the resulting performance as a real indicator of the model's prediction accuracy.
To measure the performance of a model, some frequently used metrics are the linear correlation coefficient, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, and the root mean square error (RMSE). Other metrics are the kappa coefficient and the outliers ratio. ITU-T Rec. P.1401 gives an overview of statistical procedures to evaluate and compare objective models.
Uses and application of objective metrics
Objective video quality metrics can be used in various application areas. In video codec development, the performance of a codec is often evaluated in terms of PSNR. For service providers, objective metrics can be used for monitoring a system. For example, an IPTV provider may choose to monitor their service quality by means of objective metrics, rather than asking users for their opinion, or waiting for customer complaints about bad video quality.
An objective metric should only be used in the context that it was developed for. For example, a model that was developed using a particular video codec is not guaranteed to be accurate for another video codec. Similarly, a model trained on tests performed on a large TV screen should not be used for evaluating the quality of a video watched on a mobile phone.
Other approaches
When estimating quality of a video codec, all the mentioned objective methods may require repeating post-encoding tests in order to determine the encoding parameters that satisfy a required level of visual quality, making them time consuming, complex and impractical for implementation in real commercial applications. There is ongoing research into developing novel objective evaluation methods which enable prediction of the perceived quality level of the encoded video before the actual encoding is performed [1].
Subjective video quality
The main goal of many objective video quality metrics is to automatically estimate the average user's (viewer's) opinion on the quality of a video processed by a system. Procedures for subjective video quality measurements are described in ITU-R recommendation BT.500 and ITU-T recommendation P.910. Their main idea is the same as in Mean Opinion Score for audio: video sequences are shown to a group of viewers and then their opinion is recorded and averaged to evaluate the quality of each video sequence. However, the testing procedure may vary depending on what kind of system is tested.
See also
- Subjective video quality
- Video codecs
- Glossary of video terms
- MDI
- Mean Opinion Score
- Perceptual Evaluation of Video Quality (PEVQ, ITU-T J.247)
- PSNR
- SSIM
References
- ^ Shahid, Muhammad (2014-02-16). "No-reference image and video quality assessment: a classification and review of recent approaches". EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing.
- ^ Winkler, Stefan. "The evolution of video quality measurement: from PSNR to hybrid metrics". IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting. doi:10.1109/TBC.2008.2000733.
- ITU-T Rec. J.246: Perceptual visual quality measurement techniques for multimedia services over digital cable television networks in the presence of a reduced bandwidth reference, 2008
- ITU-T Rec. J.247: Objective perceptual multimedia video quality measurement in the presence of a full reference, 2008
- ITU-T Rec. J.341: Objective perceptual multimedia video quality measurement of HDTV for digital cable television in the presence of a full reference, 2011
- ITU-T Rec. J.342: Objective multimedia video quality measurement of HDTV for digital cable television in the presence of a reduced reference signal, 2011
- ITU-T Rec. P.1201: Parametric non-intrusive assessment of audiovisual media streaming quality, 2012
- ITU-T Rec. P.1202: Parametric non-intrusive bitstream assessment of video media streaming quality, 2012
- Digital Video Quality, Stefan Winkler, Wiley, March 2005, ISBN 0-470-02404-6
- "Quality Control", Duvall, Richard, Broadcast Engineering, February 2010