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2020 United States presidential election
← 2016 November 3, 2020 2024 →
538 members of the Electoral College
270 electoral votes needed to win
Opinion polls
 
Nominee Donald Trump Joe Biden
Party Republican Democratic
Home state Florida[a] Delaware
Running mate Mike Pence Kamala Harris
Projected electoral vote 275[b] 253[b]
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The electoral map for the 2020 election, based on populations from the 2010 Census
President before election

Donald Trump
Republican

Elected President

TBD

2020 U.S. presidential election
Attempts to overturn
Democratic Party
Republican Party
Third parties
Related races
← 2016 2020 2024 →

The 2020 United States presidential election is scheduled for Tuesday, November 3, 2020. It will be the 59th quadrennial presidential election. Voters will select presidential electors who in turn will vote on December 14, 2020, to either elect a new president and vice president or reelect the incumbents Donald Trump and Mike Pence respectively.[2] The series of presidential primary elections and caucuses were held from February to August 2020. This nominating process is an indirect election, where voters cast ballots selecting a slate of delegates to a political party's nominating convention, who then in turn elect their parties' nominees for president and vice president.

Trump secured the Republican nomination without any serious opposition alongside incumbent vice president Pence. Former vice president Joe Biden secured the Democratic nomination over his closest rival, Senator Bernie Sanders, in a competitive primary which featured the largest field of presidential candidates for any political party in the modern era of American politics. On August 11, 2020, Biden announced that his running mate would be Senator Kamala Harris, making her the first African-American, the first Indian-American, the first Asian-American, and the third female vice presidential nominee on a major party ticket (after Geraldine Ferraro in 1984 and Sarah Palin in 2008).

The winner of the 2020 presidential election is scheduled to be inaugurated on January 20, 2021. Trump or Biden will be the oldest candidate to be elected president. If sworn in, Biden will become the oldest person to serve as president at 78 years old, while Trump will become the oldest, also 78, if he serves a full second term (surpassing Ronald Reagan who was 77 years old at the end of his second term). This is the first presidential election where both major candidates are over 70.

Background

Procedure

Further information: United States presidential election § Procedure

Article Two of the United States Constitution states that for a person to serve as president, the individual must be a natural-born citizen of the United States, at least 35 years old and a United States resident for at least 14 years. Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the various political parties of the United States, in which case each party develops a method (such as a primary election) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position. The primary elections are usually indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The party's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party's behalf. The presidential nominee typically chooses a vice presidential running mate to form that party's ticket, who is then ratified by the delegates at the party's convention (with the exception of the Libertarian Party, which nominates its vice-presidential candidate by delegate vote regardless of the presidential nominee's preference). The general election in November is also an indirect election, in which voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College; these electors then directly elect the president and vice president.[3] If no candidate receives the minimum 270 electoral votes needed to win the election, the United States House of Representatives will select the president from the three candidates who received the most electoral votes, and the United States Senate will select the vice president from the candidates who received the two highest totals. The election will occur simultaneously alongside elections for the House of Representatives, Senate, and various state and local-level elections.

On August 26, 2019, the Maine Legislature passed a bill adopting ranked-choice voting (RCV) both for presidential primaries and for the general election.[4][5] On September 6, 2019, Governor Janet Mills allowed the bill to become law without her signature, which delayed it from taking effect until after the 2020 Democratic primary in March, but put Maine on track to be the first state to use RCV for a presidential general election. The law continues the use of the congressional district method for the allocation of electors, as Maine and Nebraska have used in recent elections.[6] However, in June the Maine Republican Party filed signatures for a veto referendum to ask voters if they want the law repealed and preclude the use of RCV for the 2020 election. Matthew Dunlap, the Maine Secretary of State, rejected a number of signatures that had not been collected by a registered voter as required under the Maine Constitution, resulting in there being insufficient signatures for the veto referendum to qualify for the ballot. A challenge to Dunlap's decision in Maine Superior Court was successful for the Maine Republican Party, but the case was appealed to the Maine Supreme Judicial Court.[7][8] On September 8, the Court issued a stay of the Superior Court ruling pending appeal on the merits, causing confusion and uncertainty regarding the 2020 election.[9] Nevertheless, ballots began being printed later that day without the veto referendum and including RCV for the presidential election,[10][11] and the Court ruled in favor of the Secretary of State on September 22, allowing RCV to be used.[12] An emergency appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court claiming a 1st Amendment violation was denied by Justice Stephen Breyer (the circuit justice for the First Circuit) on October 6.[13] Implementation of RCV could potentially delay the projection of the winner(s) of Maine's electoral votes for days after election day,[14] and will also complicate interpretation of the national popular vote.[15]

Further information: Demography of the United States

The age group of what will then be people in the 18-to-45-year-old bracket is expected to represent just under 40 percent of the United States' eligible voters in 2020. It is expected that more than 30 percent of eligible American voters will be nonwhite.[16]

A bipartisan report indicates that changes in voter demographics since the 2016 election could impact the results of the 2020 election. African Americans, Hispanics, Asians, and other ethnic minorities, as well as "whites with a college degree", are expected to all increase their percentage of national eligible voters by 2020, while "whites without a college degree" will decrease. The Hispanic likely voter population has increased by approximately 600,000 since the 2016 election.[17] has increased Generation Z, those born after 1996, will more than double to 10% of the eligible voters.[18] It is possible Trump could win the Electoral College while still losing the popular vote, possibly by an even larger margin than in 2016.[19]

Simultaneous elections

Further information: 2020 United States Senate elections and 2020 United States House of Representatives elections

The presidential election will occur simultaneously with elections to the Senate and the House of Representatives. Gubernatorial and legislative elections will also be held in several states. Following the election, the United States House will redistribute the seats among the 50 states based on the results of the 2020 United States Census, and the states will conduct a redistricting of Congressional and state legislative districts. In most states, the governor and the state legislature conduct the redistricting (although some states have redistricting commissions), and often a party that wins a presidential election experiences a coattail effect which also helps other candidates of that party win elections.[20] Therefore, the party that wins the 2020 presidential election could also win a significant advantage in the drawing of new Congressional and state legislative districts that would stay in effect until the 2032 elections.[21]

Nominations

Republican Party nomination

Main article: 2020 Republican Party presidential primaries

Primaries

In election cycles with incumbent presidents running for re-election, the race for the party nomination is usually pro-forma, with token opposition instead of any serious challengers and with their party rules being fixed in their favor.[22][23] The 2020 election was no exception; with Donald Trump formally seeking a second term,[24][25] the official Republican apparatus, both state and national, coordinated with his campaign to implement changes to make it difficult for any primary opponent to mount a serious challenge.[26][27] On January 25, 2019, the Republican National Committee unofficially endorsed Trump.[28]

Several Republican state committees scrapped their respective primaries or caucuses,[29] citing the fact that Republicans canceled several state primaries when George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush sought a second term in 1992 and 2004, respectively; and Democrats scrapped some of their primaries when Bill Clinton and Barack Obama were seeking reelection in 1996 and 2012, respectively.[30][31] After cancelling their races, some of those states, such as Hawaii and New York, immediately pledged their delegates to Trump,[32][33] while other such states like Kansas and Nevada later formally held a convention or meeting to officially award their delegates to him.[34][35]

In addition, the Trump campaign urged Republican state committees that used proportional methods to award delegates in 2016 (where a state's delegates are basically divided proportionally among the candidates based on the vote percentage) to switch to a "winner-takes-all" (where the winning candidate in a state gets all its delegates) or "winner-takes-most" (where the winning candidate only wins all of the state's delegates if he exceeds a predetermined amount, otherwise they are divided proportionally) for 2020.[23][36]

Nevertheless, reports arose beginning in August 2017 that members of the Republican Party were preparing a "shadow campaign" against the president, particularly from the moderate or establishment wings of the party. Then-Arizona senator John McCain said, "Republicans see weakness in this president."[37][38] Maine senator Susan Collins, Kentucky senator Rand Paul, and former New Jersey governor Chris Christie all expressed doubts in 2017 that Trump would be the 2020 nominee, with Collins stating, "It's too difficult to say."[39][40] Senator Jeff Flake claimed in 2017 that Trump was "inviting" a primary challenger by the way he was governing.[41] Longtime political strategist Roger Stone, however, predicted in May 2018 that Trump might not seek a second term were he to succeed in keeping all his campaign promises and "mak[ing] America great again".[42]

Former Massachusetts governor Bill Weld became Trump's first major challenger in the Republican primaries following an announcement on April 15, 2019.[43] Weld, who was the Libertarian Party's nominee for vice president in 2016, was considered a long shot because of the popularity of Trump within his own party and Weld's positions on issues such as abortion, gun control and same-sex marriage that conflicted with conservative positions on those issues.[44] In addition, businessman Rocky De La Fuente also entered the race, but was not widely recognized as a major candidate.[45][46]

Former Illinois representative Joe Walsh launched a primary challenge on August 25, 2019, saying, "I'm going to do whatever I can. I don't want [Trump] to win. The country cannot afford to have him win. If I'm not successful, I'm not voting for him."[47] Walsh ended his presidential bid on February 7, 2020, after drawing around 1% support in the Iowa caucuses. Walsh declared that "nobody can beat Trump in a Republican primary" because the Republican Party was now "a cult" of Trump. According to Walsh, Trump supporters had become "followers" who think that Trump "can do no wrong", after absorbing misinformation from conservative media. He stated, "They don't know what the truth is and—more importantly—they don't care."[48] On September 8, 2019, former South Carolina governor and representative Mark Sanford officially announced that he would be another Republican primary challenger to Trump.[49] He dropped out of the race 65 days later on November 12, 2019, after failing to gain support in Republican circles.[50]

Donald Trump's re-election campaign has essentially been ongoing since his victory in 2016, leading pundits to describe his tactic of holding rallies continuously throughout his presidency as a "never-ending campaign".[51] On January 20, 2017, at 5:11 p.m., he submitted a letter as a substitute of FEC Form 2, by which he reached the legal threshold for filing, in compliance with the Federal Election Campaign Act.[52] Trump ran an active campaign during the primary season, even holding rallies in the February primary states, including South Carolina and Nevada where Republican primaries were canceled.[53][54] Trump won every race and, having won enough delegates to ensure his nomination at the convention, became the presumptive nominee on March 17, 2020.[55] Weld suspended his campaign the next day.[56]

Nominee

This article is part of
a series about
Donald Trump
Business and personal
45th President of the United States
Tenure
Policies
Appointments
Presidential campaigns
Impeachments
Civil and criminal prosecutions
Interactions involving Russia
COVID-19 pandemic
Donald Trump's signature
Seal of the President of the United States
2020 Republican Party ticket
Donald Trump Mike Pence
for President for Vice President
45th
President of the United States
(2017–present) 		48th
Vice President of the United States
(2017–present)

Candidates

The following major candidates have either: (a) held public office, (b) been included in a minimum of five independent national polls, or (c) received substantial media coverage.[57][58][59]

colspan="7" style="text-align:center; font-size:120%; color:white; background:Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" |Candidates in this section are sorted by popular vote
Bill Weld Joe Walsh Rocky De La Fuente Mark Sanford
File:Rocky De La Fuente1 (2) (cropped).jpg
Governor of Massachusetts
(1991–1997) 		U.S. Representative from IL-08
(2011–2013) 		Businessman and perennial candidate U.S. Representative from SC-01
(1995–2001, 2013–2019)
Governor of South Carolina
(2003–2011)
Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign
W: March 18, 2020
454,402 votes
1 delegate 		W: February 7, 2020
173,519 votes

 		Accepted
3rd party nomination
April 23, 2020
108,357 votes

 		W: November 12, 2019
4,258 votes
[60][61] [62][63] [64][better source needed] [49][65]

Democratic Party nomination

Main article: 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries

Primaries

In August 2018, the Democratic National Committee voted to disallow superdelegates from voting on the first ballot of the nominating process, beginning with the 2020 election. This required a candidate to win a majority of pledged delegates from the assorted primary elections in order to win the party's nomination. The last time this did not occur was the nomination of Adlai Stevenson II at the 1952 Democratic National Convention.[66] Meanwhile, six states used ranked-choice voting in the primaries: Alaska, Hawaii, Kansas, and Wyoming for all voters; and Iowa and Nevada for absentee voters.[67]

After Hillary Clinton's loss in the previous election, the Democratic Party was seen largely as leaderless[68] and fractured between the centrist Clinton wing and the more progressive Sanders wing of the party, echoing the rift brought up in the 2016 primary election.[69][70] In 2018, several U.S. House districts that Democrats hoped to gain from the Republican majority had contentious primary elections. These clashes were described by Politico's Elena Schneider as a "Democratic civil war".[71] Meanwhile, there has been a general shift to the left in regards to college tuition, healthcare, and immigration among Democrats in the Senate.[72][73]

Overall, the 2020 primary field had 29 major candidates,[74] breaking the record for the largest field under the modern presidential primary system previously set during the 2016 GOP primaries with 17 major candidates.[75] Several female candidates entered the race, increasing the likelihood of the Democrats nominating a woman for the second time in a row.[76]

Entering the Iowa caucuses on February 3, 2020, the field had decreased to 11 major candidates. Pete Buttigieg narrowly defeated Bernie Sanders in Iowa, then Sanders edged out Buttigieg in the February 11, New Hampshire primary. Following Michael Bennet, Deval Patrick, and Andrew Yang dropping out, Sanders won the Nevada caucuses on February 22. Joe Biden then won the South Carolina primary, causing Buttigieg, Amy Klobuchar, and Tom Steyer to abandon their campaigns (Buttigieg and Klobuchar then immediately endorsed Biden). After Super Tuesday, March 3, Michael Bloomberg and Elizabeth Warren quit the race, leaving three candidates left: Biden and Sanders, the main contenders, and Tulsi Gabbard, who remained in the race despite facing nigh-on insurmountable odds.[77] Gabbard then dropped out and endorsed Biden after the March 17, Arizona, Florida, and Illinois races.[78] On April 8, 2020, Sanders dropped out, reportedly after being convinced by former president Barack Obama, leaving Biden as the only major candidate remaining, and the presumptive nominee.[79][80] Biden then gained endorsements from Obama, Sanders and Warren.[81] By June 5, 2020, Biden had officially gained enough delegates to ensure his nomination at the convention,[82] and proceeded to work with Sanders to develop a joint policy task force.[83]

Vice presidential selection

Further information: 2020 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection

Senator Kamala Harris was announced as former vice president Joe Biden's running mate on August 11, 2020. If elected and inaugurated, Harris would be the second person of color to be vice-president (after Herbert Hoover's vice president Charles Curtis), first woman, first African-American, and first Asian-American vice president of the United States. She is the third female vice presidential running mate after Geraldine Ferraro in 1984 and Sarah Palin in 2008. She is the first person representing the Western United States to appear on the Democratic Party presidential ticket.[84]

Nominee

This article is part of
a series about
Joe Biden
Personal
U.S. Senator from Delaware
47th Vice President of the United States
Vice presidential campaigns
46th President of the United States
Incumbent
Tenure
Policies
Appointments
Presidential campaigns
Joe Biden's signature
Seal of the President of the United States
2020 Democratic Party ticket
Joe Biden Kamala Harris
for President for Vice President
47th
Vice President of the United States
(2009–2017) 		U.S. senator
from California
(2017–present)

Candidates

The following major candidates have either: (a) served as vice president, a member of the cabinet, a U.S. senator, a U.S. representative, or a governor, (b) been included in a minimum of five independent national polls, or (c) received substantial media coverage.

colspan="9" style="text-align:center; font-size:120%; color:white; background:Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;"|Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal
Bernie Sanders Tulsi Gabbard Elizabeth Warren Michael Bloomberg Amy Klobuchar Pete Buttigieg Tom Steyer
U.S. senator from Vermont
(2007–present)
U.S. representative from VT-AL
(1991–2007)
Mayor of Burlington, Vermont
(1981-1989) 		U.S. representative from HI-02
(2013–present) 		U.S. senator from Massachusetts
(2013–present) 		Mayor of New York City, New York
(2002–2013)
CEO of Bloomberg L.P. 		U.S. senator from Minnesota
(2007–present) 		Mayor of South Bend, Indiana
(2012–2020) 		Hedge fund manager
Founder of Farallon Capital and Beneficial State Bank
Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign
W: April 8, 2020

(endorsed Biden)
8,823,936 votes
1,073 delegates

W: March 19, 2020

(endorsed Biden)
233,079 votes
2 delegates

W: March 5, 2020

(endorsed Biden)
2,668,057 votes
58 delegates

W: March 4, 2020

(endorsed Biden)
2,430,062 votes
43 delegates

W: March 2, 2020

(endorsed Biden)
501,332 votes
7 delegates

W: March 1, 2020

(endorsed Biden)
874,727 votes
21 delegates

W: February 29, 2020

(endorsed Biden)
250,513 votes


[85][86] [87][88] [89][90] [91][92] [93][94] [95][96] [97][98]
Deval Patrick Michael Bennet Andrew Yang John Delaney Cory Booker Marianne Williamson Julián Castro
Governor of Massachusetts
(2007–2015) 		U.S. senator from Colorado
(2009–present) 		Entrepreneur
Founder of Venture for America 		U.S. representative from MD-06
(2013–2019) 		U.S. senator from New Jersey
(2013–present)
Mayor of Newark, New Jersey
(2006–2013) 		Author
Founder of Project Angel Food
Independent candidate for U.S. House from CA-33 in 2014 		Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
(2014–2017)
Mayor of San Antonio, Texas
(2009–2014)
Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign
W: February 12, 2020

(endorsed Biden)
20,761 votes

W: February 11, 2020

(endorsed Biden)
43,682 votes

W: February 11, 2020

(endorsed Biden)
119,862 votes

W: January 31, 2020

(endorsed Biden)
15,985 votes

W: January 13, 2020

(endorsed Biden)
30,191 votes

W: January 10, 2020

(endorsed Sanders)
21,993 votes

W: January 2, 2020

(endorsed Warren, then Biden)
36,694 votes

[99][100] [101][102] [103][104] [105][106] [107][108] [109][110] [111][112]
Kamala Harris Steve Bullock Joe Sestak Wayne Messam Beto O'Rourke Tim Ryan Bill de Blasio
U.S. senator from California
(2017–present)
Attorney General of California
(2011–2017) 		Governor of Montana
(2013–present)
Attorney General of Montana
(2009–2013) 		U.S. representative from PA-07
(2007–2011)
Former vice admiral of the United States Navy 		Mayor of Miramar, Florida
(2015–present) 		U.S. representative from TX-16
(2013–2019) 		U.S. representative from OH-13
(2013–present)
U.S. representative from OH-17
(2003–2013) 		Mayor of New York City, New York
(2014–present)
—
Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign
W: December 3, 2019

(endorsed Biden and
nominated for vice president)
844 votes

W: December 2, 2019


549 votes

W: December 1, 2019

(endorsed Klobuchar)
5,251 votes

W: November 19, 2019


0 votes[c]

W: November 1, 2019

(endorsed Biden)
1 vote[c]

W: October 24, 2019

(endorsed Biden)
0 votes[c]

W: September 20, 2019

(endorsed Sanders)
0 votes[c]

[113][114] [115][116] [117][118] [119][120] [121][122] [123][124] [125][126]
Kirsten Gillibrand Seth Moulton Jay Inslee John Hickenlooper Mike Gravel Eric Swalwell Richard Ojeda
U.S. senator from New York
(2009–present)
U.S. representative from NY-20
(2007–2009) 		U.S. representative from MA-06
(2015–present) 		Governor of Washington
(2013–present)
U.S. representative from WA-01
(1999–2012)
U.S. representative from WA-04
(1993–1995) 		Governor of Colorado
(2011–2019)
Mayor of Denver, Colorado
(2003–2011) 		U.S. senator from Alaska
(1969–1981) 		U.S. representative from CA-15
(2013–present) 		West Virginia state senator from WV-SD07
(2016–2019)
—
Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign
W: August 28, 2019

(endorsed Biden)
0 votes[c]

W: August 23, 2019

(endorsed Biden)
0 votes[c]

W: August 21, 2019

(endorsed Biden)
1 vote[c]

W: August 15, 2019

(endorsed Bennet)
1 vote[c]

W: August 6, 2019

(endorsed Gabbard and Sanders, then Howie Hawkins)
0 votes[c]

W: July 8, 2019


0 votes[c]

W: January 25, 2019


0 votes[c]

[127][128] [129][130] [131][132] [133][134] [135][136] [137][138] [139][140]

Other parties and independent candidates

Main articles: Third party and independent candidates for the 2020 United States presidential election, 2020 Libertarian Party presidential primaries, and 2020 Green Party presidential primaries

Jo Jorgensen, who was the running mate of author Harry Browne in 1996, received the Libertarian nomination at the national convention on May 23, 2020.[141] She achieved ballot access in all 50 states and the District of Columbia on September 15, 2020.[142]

Howie Hawkins became the presumptive nominee of the Green Party on June 21, 2020, and was officially nominated by the party on July 11, 2020.[143][144] Hawkins has also been nominated by the Socialist Party USA, Solidarity, Socialist Alternative, and the Legal Marijuana Now Party.[145] Hawkins has secured ballot access to 381 electoral votes as of September 20, 2020, and has write-in access to 133 electoral votes.[146]

Various other minor party and independent candidate campaigns are on the ballot in several states, the most notable of these are activist and writer Gloria La Riva,[147] businessman and perennial candidate Rocky De La Fuente,[148] coal executive Don Blankenship,[149] entrepreneur Brock Pierce,[150] rapper Kanye West,[151] and educator Brian Carroll.[152]

General election campaign

Ballot access

Presidential ticket Party Ballot access Votes Percentage
States Electors % of voters
Trump / Pence Republican 50 + DC 538 100%
Biden / Harris Democratic 50 + DC 538 100%
Jorgensen / Cohen Libertarian 50 + DC 538 100%
Hawkins / Walker Green 29 + DC 381 73.8%
La Riva / Freeman Socialism and Liberation 14 + DC 195 37.7%
De La Fuente / Richardson Alliance 16 186 34.6%
Carroll / Patel American Solidarity 8 66 11.1%
  • Candidates in bold are on ballots representing ≥270 electoral votes, without needing write-in states.
  • All other candidates do not have ballot access adding up to more than 270 electoral votes, but have write-in access to more than 270.

Party conventions

Map of United States showing Milwaukee, Charlotte, and Austin.
Milwaukee
Milwaukee
Charlotte
Charlotte
Virtual
Virtual
Virtual
Virtual
class=notpageimage|
  Democratic Party
  Republican Party
  Libertarian Party (virtual)
  Green Party (virtual)

The 2020 Democratic National Convention was originally scheduled for July 13–16 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin,[153][154] but was delayed to August 17–20 due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.[155] On June 24, 2020, it was announced that the convention would be held in a mixed online-in person format, with most delegates attending remotely but a few still attending the physical convention site.[156] On August 5, the in-person portion of the Convention was scaled down even further, with major speeches including Biden's being switched to a virtual format.[157]

The 2020 Republican National Convention took place from August 24–27 in Charlotte, North Carolina and various remote locations. Originally, a three-day convention was planned to be held in North Carolina, but due to North Carolina's insistence that the convention follow COVID-19 social distancing rules, the speeches and celebrations were moved to Jacksonville, Florida (official convention business was still contractually obligated to be conducted in Charlotte).[158][159] However, due to the worsening situation with regards to COVID-19 in Florida, the plans there were cancelled, and the convention was moved back to Charlotte in a scaled-down capacity.[160]

The 2020 Libertarian National Convention was originally going to be held in Austin, Texas, over Memorial Day weekend from May 22 to 25,[161][162] but all reservations at the JW Marriott Downtown Austin for the convention were cancelled on April 26 due to the coronavirus pandemic.[163] It was eventually decided by the Libertarian National Committee that the party would hold two conventions, one online from May 22–24 to select the presidential and vice-presidential nominees and one at a physical convention in Orlando, Florida, from July 8–12 for other business.[164]

The 2020 Green National Convention was originally to be held in Detroit, Michigan, from July 9 to 12.[165] However, due to the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, it was instead decided to conduct the convention online, without a change in date.[166]

Issues unique to the 2020 election

Impeachment

The House of Representatives voted to impeach President Trump on two counts on December 18, 2019.[167] The trial in the Senate began on January 21, 2020,[168] and ended on February 5, resulting in acquittal by the United States Senate.[169]

This is the second time a president has been impeached during his first term while running for a second term.[170][d] Trump continued to hold campaign rallies during the impeachment.[171][172] This is also the first time since the modern presidential primaries were established in 1911 that a president has been subjected to impeachment while the primary season was underway.[173] The impeachment process overlapped with the primary campaigns, forcing senators running for the Democratic nomination to remain in Washington for the trial in the days before and after the Iowa caucuses.[174][175]

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic

States with at least one local, state, or federal primary election date or method of voting altered as of August 5, 2020.
Further information: COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics, and White House COVID-19 outbreak

Several events related to the 2020 presidential election have been altered or postponed due to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. On March 10, following primary elections in six states, Democratic candidates Joe Biden and Bernie Sanders cancelled planned campaign night events and further in-person campaigning and campaign rallies.[176][177] On March 12, President Trump also stated his intent to postpone further campaign rallies.[178] The 11th Democratic debate was held on March 15 without an audience at the CNN studios in Washington, D.C.[179] Several states also postponed their primaries to a later date, including Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Ohio, and Maryland.[180] As of March 24, 2020, all major-party presidential candidates had halted in-person campaigning and campaign rallies over coronavirus concerns. Political analysts have stated that the moratorium on traditional campaigning coupled with the effects of the pandemic on the nation could have unpredictable effects on the voting populace and possibly, how the election will be conducted.[181][182][183]

Some presidential primary elections were severely disrupted by COVID-19-related issues, including long lines at polling places, greatly increased requests for absentee ballots, and technology issues.[184] The number of polling places was often greatly reduced due to a shortage of election workers able or willing to work during the pandemic. Most states expanded or encouraged voting by mail as an alternative, but many voters complained that they never received the absentee ballots they had requested.[185]

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act included money for states to increase mail-in voting. Trump and his campaign have strongly opposed mail-in-voting, claiming that it would cause widespread voter fraud, a belief which has been debunked by a number of media organizations.[186][187] Government response to the impact of the pandemic from the Trump administration, coupled to the differing positions taken by congressional Democrats and Republicans regarding economic stimulus remains a major campaign issue for both parties.[188][189]

Due to the coronavirus pandemic spread in the United States, and the subsequent effects such as the stay-at-home order and social distancing guidelines by local governments, all presidential candidates are unable to hold campaign rallies and public gatherings. As a result, at the daily White House coronavirus briefing in April, President Trump played a campaign-style video talking about his early response to the coronavirus. According to the president, the mainstream media was initially responsible for "downplaying the effects of the virus".[190]

On April 6, the Supreme Court and Republicans in the State Legislature of Wisconsin rebuffed Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers's request to move the election in Wisconsin to June. As a result, the election (among them was a presidential primary) went ahead as planned.[191] At least seven new cases of the coronavirus infection were traced to this election. Voting-rights advocates have expressed fear of similar chaos on a nationwide scale in November, recommending states to move to expand vote-by-mail options.[192]

On June 20, 2020, despite continuing concerns over COVID-19,[193] the Oklahoma Supreme Court ruled that Trump's campaign could hold a rally in Tulsa, Oklahoma at the Bank of Oklahoma (BOK) Center. Originally scheduled for June 19, the Trump campaign changed the date of this gathering due to the Juneteenth holiday. [194] Attendance at the rally was far lower than expected, being described as a "flop", with it leading to a significant worsening of relations between Trump and his campaign manager Brad Parscale.[195] 7.7 million people watched the event on Fox News, a Saturday audience record for that channel.[196] Three weeks after the rally, the Oklahoma State Department of Health recorded record numbers of cases of the coronavirus,[197] and former Republican presidential candidate Herman Cain died of the virus, although it was not confirmed that he caught the disease due to his attendance at the rally.[198]

On October 2, 2020, Trump and First Lady Melania Trump tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 following a positive test from his senior adviser Hope Hicks. Both the president and first lady immediately entered quarantine, which prevented Trump from further campaigning, notably at campaign rallies.[199][200][201] Later that day, the President was admitted to Walter Reed National Military Medical Center with a low grade fever, where he was reported to have received an experimental antibody treatment.[202][203] Press Secretary Kayleigh McEnany said, "Out of an abundance of caution, and at the recommendation of his physician and medical experts, the president will be working from the presidential offices at Walter Reed for the next few days."[204] Trump's diagnosis came only two days after he had shared the stage with Joe Biden at the first presidential debate. This led to the concern that Biden may have contracted the virus from Trump; however, Biden tested negative.[205][206]

Trump being diagnosed with COVID-19 was widely seen as having a negative effect on his campaign and has shifted the attention of the public back onto COVID-19, an issue which is generally seen as a liability for Trump, due to his response to the COVID-19 pandemic suffering from low approval ratings.[207][208] Being in quarantine also meant that Trump was unable to attend rallies, which were a major part of his campaign. As a result of Trump contracting COVID-19, Biden continued campaigning but temporarily ceased running attack ads against him.[209][210]

Foreign interference

Further information: Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections and Foreign electoral intervention

U.S. officials have accused Russia, China and Iran of trying to influence the 2020 United States elections.[211][212] On October 4, 2019, Microsoft announced that "Phosphorus", a group of hackers linked to the Iranian government, had attempted to compromise e-mail accounts belonging to journalists, U.S. government officials and the campaign of a U.S. presidential candidate.[213][214] The Voice of America reported in April 2020 that "Internet security researchers say there have already been signs that China-allied hackers have engaged in so-called 'spear-phishing' attacks on American political targets ahead of the 2020 vote."[215]

On February 13, 2020, American intelligence officials advised members of the House Intelligence Committee that Russia was interfering in the 2020 election in an effort to get Trump re-elected.[216] The briefing was delivered by Shelby Pierson, the intelligence community's top election security official and an aide to acting Director of National Intelligence Joseph Maguire. On February 21, The Washington Post reported that, according to unnamed U.S. officials, Russia was interfering in the Democratic primary in an effort to support the nomination of Senator Bernie Sanders. Sanders issued a statement after the news report, saying in part, "I don't care, frankly, who Putin wants to be president. My message to Putin is clear: stay out of American elections, and as president, I will make sure that you do."[217] Sanders acknowledged that his campaign was briefed about Russia's alleged efforts about a month prior.[218] Russia has repeatedly interfered in the election to support the candidacy of President Trump,[219][220] while China has allegedly repeatedly interfered in the election to support the candidacy of Vice President Biden.[221][220]

Potential rejection of election results

Further information: Blue shift (politics) and Peaceful transition of power

During the election, multiple articles have been published suggesting that Trump may not, or will not, accept the election results, owing primarily to his tweets suggesting that the election will be rigged against him and his own suggestions that he will not accept electoral defeat.[222][223] The White House has dismissed these suggestions and President Trump told Fox News' Harris Faulkner on June 5, 2020 that "[c]ertainly if I don't win, I don't win". On July 19, Trump declined to answer whether he would accept the results, telling Fox News anchor Chris Wallace that "I have to see. No, I'm not going to just say yes. I'm not going to say no."[224][225][226] At an August 17 campaign event in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, Trump said that "the only way we're going to lose this election is if this election is rigged".[227] Trump repeated this sentiment during an appearance at the 2020 Republican National Convention.[228] At a September 19 campaign rally at Fayetteville, North Carolina, Trump declared that "[y]ou can't have [Biden] as your president. Maybe I'll sign an executive order that you cannot have him as your president."[229]

On September 23, 2020, Trump again declined to commit to a peaceful transition of power after the election.[230] Congressional Republicans rebuked Trump by saying there would be a peaceful transition if Trump lost, although they did not explain how they would guarantee such a transition if Trump were to refuse leaving the presidency.[231] This has been described as a threat "to upend the constitutional order".[232] Trump also stated he expected the Supreme Court to decide the election and that he wanted a conservative majority in case of an election dispute, reiterating his commitment to have a 9th justice following the death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg.[233]

Election delay suggestion

In April 2020, Biden suggested that Trump may try to delay the election, saying that Trump "is gonna try to kick back the election somehow, come up with some rationale why it can't be held".[234][235] On July 30, Trump tweeted that "With Universal Mail-In Voting (not Absentee Voting, which is good), 2020 will be the most INACCURATE & FRAUDULENT Election in history" and asked if it should be delayed until people can safely cast ballots in person. Experts have indicated that, for the election to be legally delayed, such a decision must be undertaken by Congress.[236][237] It has been noted by several legal experts that the Constitution sets the end of the presidential and vice-presidential terms as January 20, a hard deadline which cannot be altered by Congress.[238][239]

Notes

  1. ^ Trump's official state of residence was New York in the 2016 election but has since changed to Florida, with his permanent residence switching from Trump Tower to Mar-a-Lago in 2019.[1]
  2. ^ a b This projected electoral vote tally is based on the AP's projections. However, states are added to the map using a different criteria: a state is called once at least 3 major news organizations or the AP & at least 1 major news organization that does not rely on the AP, projects that that state was won by the candidate. Using the map's criteria, Trump's projected electoral vote tally would be 229, and Biden's projected electoral vote tally would be 218.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Candidate did not appear on any ballots.
  4. ^ Andrew Johnson received votes during the 1868 Democratic National Convention, four months after having been impeached.
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