Chinatown bus lines

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This article is about intercity bus travel. For Chinese-owned intracity public transit, see Dollar vans in the New York metropolitan area § Chinatown vans.

Passengers waiting at the now defunct Fung Wah Lines ticket window on Canal Street and the Bowery in Manhattan's Chinatown.

Chinatown bus lines are discount intercity bus services, often run by Chinese Americans and Chinese Canadians, that have been established primarily in the Chinatown communities of the East Coast of the United States and Central Canada since 1998, although similar services have cropped up on the West Coast. They operate in 24 U.S. states and 3 Canadian provinces. The vast majority of Chinatown bus lines are based out of the Northeast U.S..

The buses have been subject to controversy because of safety issues, with several fatal incidents have happened over the years. Some companies have been shut down either temporarily or permanently by regulatory authorities, while others continue to operate subject to increased safety checks. The low-overhead, low-fare services have been popular, helping to drive down the prices of competing services such as Greyhound, Megabus and BoltBus.

History

Early history

Fung Wah Bus Van Hool C2045 coach on a stopover

By the late 20th century, intercity bus service in the United States had fallen from 140 million annual passengers in 1960 to 40 million in 1990.[1][2] The decline was such that by 1997, the year Chinatown buses started operating, intercity bus transportation accounted for only 3.6% of travel in the United States.[3]

Chinese-operated intercity bus service originated that year when the Chinese working class found a necessity to travel from New York City, Boston, and Atlantic City. The first companies to offer such intercity bus services offered minimal features, including unmarked curbside bus stops as well as no advertisements and no customer service,[4] which drastically reduced overhead for Chinatown bus lines.[5] In 1998, two intercity bus companies commenced routes: the Fung Wah Bus, between New York City and Boston, and the Eastern Shuttle and New Century Travel and Tours (now Focus Travel), between New York City and Philadelphia.[6] The bus services originally transported workers in Chinese restaurants to and from jobs in Boston, Atlantic City, Cherry Hill Mall, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C., among other cities.[7][8] Very few non-Chinese people rode on the lines at first.[2][9]

As word of these services spread, they became more popular with non-Chinese travelers.[2][7][10] By 2003, the demographics of Chinatown bus riders and of larger-corporation bus riders were about the same.[11] Reasons cited for the increase in ridership included lower fares and more authentic Chinatown experiences.[2] Between 1997 and 2007, Chinatown buses took 60% of Greyhound Lines' market share in the Northeast United States;[12] Riders of Chinatown buses made up over half of the riders of Northeast intercity buses during that time, bringing total ridership of intercity buses in the area to more than 7 million annual riders.[2]

Competition from newly enriched companies, as well as the commencement of online ticket sales,[7] caused a severe reduction in fares by 2002.[8][13] In these "fare wars", fares were reduced fourfold in some cases,[8][9] and many bus operators advertised their $10 bus fares.[14] This led to gang violence in which rival bus operators would kill or injure each other.[8] In addition, because of the low bus fares, Chinatown bus lines often made very small profits, and some, like YO! Bus, went bankrupt and ceased all operations.[9] Still, the Chinatown bus sector made up an increasing number of trips within the Northeast United States.[5]

Since the late 2000s, competition has come from larger corporations, such as Megabus, BoltBus, Washington Deluxe, and Vamoose Bus.[2][15] Two of the operations—Eastern Shuttle and Today's Bus—were brought under Megabus operation.[4] Another one, BoltBus, was formed by Greyhound in order to compete with the less expensive Chinatown buses.[11]

Increasing scope

Eastern Shuttle MCI 102DL3 coach boarding customers in Chinatown, Manhattan.

Some bus lines are used to transport large groups of mainly Chinese and Vietnamese immigrants to and from casinos such as Foxwoods Resort Casino and Mohegan Sun, which are located in Connecticut. These gambling buses built upon the popularity of older bus routes to Atlantic City that also targeted Asian American customers. Similarly in Canada, several bus lines such as Safeway Tours operate between Toronto and the casinos of Niagara Falls, Ontario.[16]

Increasing popularity has also led to increasing regulatory interest. For example, in September 2004, the city of Boston required all regularly scheduled intercity bus services to operate exclusively to and from the South Station transportation terminal.[7][17][18] Steven Bailey of The Boston Globe suggested that the move was motivated by Peter Pan's and Greyhound's interest in maintaining their monopoly on the New York-Boston bus route, and Timothy Shevlin, executive director of the state Department of Telecommunications and Energy, said, "The big dog out there, Peter Pan, is dead set against Chinatown bus lines. They don't want that kind of competition." A complication with this arrangement was that the South Station bus terminal has only 25 gates (along with two departure gates), all of which were used at the time until other companies left.[17]

Organized crime ties

A 2000 Coach bus in New York City

The bus lines have drawn scrutiny from law enforcement authorities for possible connections to Chinese organized crime gangs. In 2003 and 2004, a number of bus arsons, driver assaults, murders, and other gang violence in New York City were linked to the possible infiltration of Asian organized crime gangs into the industry.[19][20]

Among the crimes believed to have been associated with gang activity was a deadly shooting in May 2003, on a busy street, which may have been in retaliation for a driver having backed his bus into a rival;[14] as revenge, two buses were set on fire in 2004.[10] There was a fatal stabbing in October 2003,[8][10] as well as another, unrelated stabbing in 2004.[10] In January 2004, the boyfriend of a bus worker was lethally shot in what appeared to be a bus feud,[8][14] and in March 2004, a Chinatown bus operator was killed in another fatal shooting.[14] In a June 2004 incident tied to criminal gangs, two people—a Chinatown bus driver and a bystander—were murdered in a bar in Flushing, Queens, and another was shot in the leg. The accused shooter was arrested in Toronto in 2011 and extradited to the United States.[10] After the 2004 shootings, the New York City Police Department started enforcing Chinatown bus rules more strictly.[14]

In 2008, the New York Post linked the "Banya Organization" gang with Chinatown buses. The gang allegedly inflicted brutal beatings to coerce private bus and van companies, who were not identified.[21] In 2013, police confiscated 254 guns and arrested 19 people in the largest gun-smuggling ring in New York City's history; the suspects were accused of shipping guns from North Carolina and South Carolina to the Northern United States via Chinatown buses.[22] On the most part, however, crime between bus operators and employees has mostly subsided.[23]

Vehicles

Double Happiness#222 at Herald Square.

The fleet used by various Chinabus companies can vary greatly from new coaches to older, pre-owned coaches, and with a few notable exceptions such as Eastern Shuttle and routes to Boston, not all units are branded with the operator name other than required USDOT markings.

With the exception of Eastern Shuttle and services to Boston (all of which use clearly marked buses), many Chinatown bus companies use wet leases to provide overflow capacity during the weekend. Some smaller companies use wet leases to provide their core capacity.[24] Typically, a bus (and a driver) would be chartered from a tour bus operator, a practice also used by mainstream companies such as Greyhound Lines during peak service.

Service

Bus ticket saleswoman at the corner of East Broadway and Forsyth Street in the Little Fuzhou neighborhood within Manhattan's Chinatown.

Chinatown buses typically run nonstop express service between the departure and destination points. This typically results in shorter travel times. For instance, the trip from State College, Pennsylvania, to New York City takes about four hours on the Chinatown bus, compared to more than seven hours on Greyhound.[citation needed] However, although the Chinatown buses are often cheaper than alternative modes of transport like Amtrak and airplanes, they are also slower; for example, Amtrak and airplanes take about 2.75 to 3.5 hours to travel from New York City to Washington, D.C., while Chinatown buses take 4 to 5 hours, with a stopover usually in Philadelphia.[2] These intercity buses run at least 2,500 weekly trips.[5]

Many competitors offer discount prices that undercut the major bus lines. Typical fares between East Coast cities range from $10 to $20, compared to major curbside bus lines (which typically cost between $1 and $25), terminal-operated bus lines (which cost between $14 and $35), and Amtrak (which costs about $100.)[2][25] The industry has become highly competitive with companies offering hourly service between major cities.[4][26] The Appalachian extensions of these lines tend to offer less of a price advantage; for example, in August 2006, one-way fares from New York to Pittsburgh on the Chinese-owned All State were $35 compared with $45 advance through Greyhound Lines, while tickets from State College, Pennsylvania, to New York were $35, compared to $46 for Greyhound.[6] Chinatown buses also charge flat fees, while other intercity buses may vary pricing based on demand.[11] Low prices led to high demand for many Chinatown bus routes, and although a single round trip can incur hundreds of dollars in expenses, a fully booked bus can net at least $340 in profits per round trip after these expenses are paid.[9][23]

Often, ticket booths are walk-up windows on the street, or are located inside restaurants and bakeries throughout a given Chinatown community, although it is not uncommon for tickets to be sold on the street directly.[4][23] Some lines even simply collect cash payment after passengers have boarded the bus. However, tickets are often sold online, either by the bus companies themselves or by portals and print-outs of confirmation emails are used as tickets.[citation needed] Except in Boston, the lines rarely use stations of their own. Passengers are usually directed to wait along a given curbside for the arrival of the bus, although many companies offer waiting areas at or near the pickup points. Several bus stops are also near major hotels and in the parking areas of major Chinese supermarkets.[citation needed] In New York, several bus lines pick up passengers on a stretch of Forsyth Street at the foot of the Manhattan Bridge in the Little Fuzhou neighborhood within Manhattan's Chinatown.[7] Since 1998, when the New York City Department of Transportation marked the strip a bus layover area, the sidewalk between Division Street and East Broadway has served as a de facto terminal for the Chinatown buses.[7][27]

Most operators of Chinatown bus lines have traditionally been Fujianese.[14] Often, buses do not follow their scheduled timetables,[7] and many buses are often unreliable, sometimes skipping scheduled stops altogether.[23] In addition, since there are no advertisements and often no websites for these bus lines, knowledge of such bus lines is often spread verbally.[4][23]

Destinations and routes

Schematic of the main Eastern US Chinatown Bus Lines as of 2010, centralized in New York City as the hub

In addition to in Boston and in the various Chinatowns in the New York metropolitan area within New York City and Long Island, several bus line companies also link to the Chinatowns of Edison, New Jersey; Cherry Hill Mall; Philadelphia; Washington, D.C.; Baltimore; Atlanta; and to the casinos of Atlantic City.[4][23] Buses also go to Ohio, Michigan, Rhode Island, Virginia, and Florida.[23] However, Chinatown buses also stop at smaller, predominately non-Chinese areas such as in North Carolina and South Carolina.[4] On the West Coast, buses link the Chinatowns of the San Francisco Bay Area; Los Angeles Chinatown and the San Gabriel Valley; and Las Vegas' Chinatown and casinos. In the I-5 corridor in California, similar services are found in the Hispanic community and provide transportation to/from Baja California in Mexico.[citation needed] Often, the Chinatown bus lines enable Chinese immigrants, mainly restaurant workers, to be transported cheaply along the coasts.[28] In total, the buses travel within 24 U.S. states and Canada.[4]

Many Chinatown buses have their base of operation in New York City, and it has been proposed to build a Chinatown bus hub there.[7] New York-to-Boston Chinatown buses generally use the Massachusetts Turnpike from Boston to I-84, and then follow I-84 to I-91 to I-95. [citation needed] As I-95 approaches New York, several routings are possible depending on the traffic situation.[citation needed]

In Philadelphia, the Independence Transportation Center was built in part due on a 2007 survey by the Philadelphia Chinatown Development Corporation, which concluded that many tourists arrived by bus and that some Chinatown buses disruptively parked on the street. People living closer to Chinatown bus stops in Philadelphia's Chinatown were more likely to complain about the buses.[7][29] Similarly, in Washington, D.C., interim bus loading regulations were enacted in 2008 due to complaints about disruptive bus layovers.[7][30] In Boston in 2004, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority required Chinatown buses to make stops inside South Station and to have permits. Although Fung Wah Bus Transportation was often ticketed for curbside parking offenses in Boston, they eventually became one of two Chinatown buses headquartered in South Station (besides Lucky Star Bus) because the fines for curbside parking were becoming higher than the South Station terminal fees.[7][18]

Besides the routes within the major North Eastern cities, several Chinatown buses have daily routes that run from New York City to Miami. The majority of the trip uses I-95, and the buses stop near major destinations in the Southern United States.[31] A couple of routes also go to Ohio.[32] In order to save time, the buses never go into the city, but instead stop at gas stations and rest stops along I-95.

Chinatown buses often go from major cities to casinos.[33] Some 'Casino Buses' use I-395 to make an intermediate stop at Foxwoods Resort Casino between the Massachusetts Turnpike and I-95.[citation needed] An example of this can also be found in the Southern United States where tour companies offer bus services from Houston's Chinatown to Lake Charles area casinos. In Canada, 'Casino Buses' are offered between Toronto and Niagara Falls, Ontario.

Safety

Passengers waiting to board the Lucky Star-Travel Pack bus in Manhattan, departing for Boston.

Chinatown buses have been involved in numerous accidents over the years, and there have been 34 intercity bus accidents across the United States in 2001–2011.[13] On a 2006 safety scale of 0 to 100, where 0 was the safest and 100 the most dangerous, Chinatown bus lines were ranked as between 71 and 99, while Greyhound Lines got a very safe rating of 0.[8] Often, "calculations of safety and risk are inverted," according to a 2013 City University of New York study.[2] Statistically, the curbside Chinatown buses are often more dangerous than buses that originate from terminals.[34] Still, many travelers were not discouraged.[35] However, intercity bus accidents are quite rare.[23]

After the murders in 2003–4, officials had begun randomly checking buses for operational problems.[25] In March 2011, two fatal crashes—the World Wide Tours bus crash on Interstate 95 in New York, and a New Jersey Turnpike crash—led officials to confiscate six buses for inadequate brake air pressure, steering violations, and lacking driver paperwork.[36]

In 2013, New York City started to give fines to bus operators without permits. This law was tightened in August 2014.[32]

Notable accidents

  • On March 18, 2005, a Boston-bound Chinatown bus operated by Lucky Star/Travel Pack stopped and evacuated its passengers on the Massachusetts Turnpike shortly before bursting into flames. No one was injured.[37]
  • On August 16, 2005, a New York-bound Fung Wah bus caught fire on Interstate 91 near Meriden, Connecticut. Though the passengers later criticized the driver for being unhelpful and untrained in evacuating the bus, all passengers were eventually evacuated and no injuries were reported.[38]
  • On January 20, 2006, a surprise inspection on Forsyth Street in Manhattan's Chinatown resulted in two Washington-bound buses being pulled temporarily out of service and a driver running away from authorities.[39]
  • On August 15, 2006, a Shun Fa bus travelling from New York to Pittsburgh crashed; 10 passengers were injured, with 5 requiring hospitalization. One person was in critical condition.[8][40][41]
  • On September 6, 2006, a Fung Wah bus rolled over in Auburn, Massachusetts, and caused minor injuries to 34 passengers.[8][42] Excessive speed was cited as a factor and the bus company was fined.[43]
  • On January 3, 2007, a Fung Wah bus lost its back two wheels in Framingham, Massachusetts, early on a trip to New York. No injuries were reported.[44]
  • On February 14, 2007, a Fung Wah bus en route to New York lost control and hit a guardrail on the Massachusetts Turnpike (I-90) in Allston, Massachusetts. No injuries were reported. State officials had advised Fung Wah to suspend operations because of the winter storms that day.[45] Fung Wah reached an agreement with regulators under which its buses will be subject to scheduled and unscheduled inspections and driver checks for 30 days. The company also agreed to improve safety, including ceasing to use buses that have not been maintained in a safe and sanitary condition.[46]
  • On February 18, 2007, a bus, owned by Tremblay Motorcoach and operated by Sunshine Travel, caught fire on the Massachusetts Turnpike near interchange 10A in Millbury, Massachusetts. All 50 passengers were evacuated and no injuries were reported. The cause of the fire is unknown. The bus was returning to the Chinatown in Boston from Mohegan Sun casino in Uncasville, Connecticut.[47]
  • On March 23, 2007, a New York-bound Fung Wah bus from Boston got stuck on a concrete barrier in front of a tollbooth on the Massachusetts Turnpike at Route 128 in Weston, Massachusetts, when the bus drove up on a cement lane divider. The driver had entered an automobile-only lane and tried to change lanes. No one was injured in the incident, but the bus was taken out of service and passengers boarded another Fung Wah bus that arrived later.[48]
  • On May 20, 2007, a New York-bound bus crashed in Pennsylvania, killing 2 riders and injuring 32 more.[8][49]
    The Fung Wah Bus crash of June 23, 2008
  • On June 23, 2008, a bus loading passengers was struck by an out-of-control dump truck at the corner of Bowery and Canal Street in New York’s Chinatown. The force of the impact pushed the bus onto the sidewalk and into a bank. As the result of the accident, a sign attached to a light pole fell, injuring a 57-year-old woman; the woman later died as the result of a heart attack. Several people, including two police officers, were treated for minor injuries.[50][51][52] State Department of Transportation inspectors found that the dump truck, owned by CPQ Freight Systems, had eight mechanical issues including faulty brakes which led to the accident.[53]
  • On March 12, 2011, a bus operated by World Wide Tours crashed on the New England Thruway, killing 15 people.[54]
  • Also in March 2011, on the New Jersey Turnpike, a crash occurred in which the driver was killed and 40 injured, two critically.[55]
  • On September 21, 2014, a bus, operated by Manhattan-based bus company AM USA Express, rolled over in Delaware. Two people died and 48 were hurt.[56]

After the August 2005 incident, the Massachusetts Department of Telecommunications and Energy instituted a policy of holding three surprise inspections per month on all bus companies that leave South Station in Boston. US Senator Chuck Schumer of New York proposed a four-point federal plan that includes surprise inspections and creating a national safety standard for bus operators. The city of New York may institute a similar policy; however, inspections would be difficult in New York City because the buses do not all leave the city from the same location.[57]

Shutdowns

In 2012, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration began a crackdown on Chinatown bus lines.[12] In April 2013, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration started an "Operation Quick Strike" squad that helped pinpoint wayward Chinatown bus drivers.[13]

Apex Bus, Inc.
On May 31, 2012, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration announced that it had ordered the shutdown of Apex Bus, Inc., I-95 Coach Inc., New Century Travel Inc., and 23 other related entities due to safety violations.[58]
Fung Wah
On March 2, 2013, US Federal transportation officials shut down Fung Wah bus operations because it had broken a federal law by refusing to divulge safety records to the federal government.[13][59][60] In December 2014, the company was given permission to resume its bus operations under strict observation and limitations with service to restart in early 2015.[61][62] However, in July 2015, owner Peter Liang announced the service would end permanently.[63]
Lucky Star
On May 25, 2013, a bus was taken out of service due to a manhole cover being stuck on the undercarriage of one bus.[13] Less than two weeks later, on June 5, Lucky Star was shut down as well due to "Lucky Star’s flagrant disregard for motor coach passenger safety," said the letter from the Department of Transportation.[64] Lucky Star engaged in an extensive bus upgrade and driver program over the next five months, passed required inspections, and resumed operations in November 2013.[65]

One columnist for The Daily Beast criticized the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's practices as overly harsh, stating that the it "targets" Chinatown bus companies because owners rarely speak much English. The columnist also alleged that the inspectors were also very strict in deciding which parts of the buses were defective, describing the inspectors as having confiscated several buses for minor issues.[13]

See also

  • Coach USA, operator of the Eastern Shuttle service

References

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  63. ^ Chris Fuchs. "Fung Wah Bus Company Shuts Down for Good". NBC News. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
  64. ^ CBS's Boston Local blog, June 6, 2013
  65. ^ "Lucky Star buses will roll once more ". Boston Globe. Retrieved October 29, 2015.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chinatown bus lines.
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