College sports
College athletics encompasses non-professional, collegiate and university-level competitive sports and games.
World University Games
The first World University Games were held in 1923. There were originally called the Union Nationale des Étudiants Français.[1] In 1957, following several previous renames, they became known in English as the World University Games.[1]
Continents and countries
North America
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College athletics is a major enterprise in the United States, with more than 400,000 student athletes competing annually. The largest programs participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), while other programs compete in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) and the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA). Amongst many other sports, the most-watched competitions are in college football and college basketball, though there are competitions in all the other sports. Those include baseball, swimming and diving, track and field, golf, tennis, soccer, and many others depending on the university. In the United States, college athletes are considered amateurs and their compensation is generally limited to athletic scholarships. However, there is disagreement as to whether college student-athletes should be paid.[2] College athletics have been criticized for diverting resources away from academic studies, while unpaid student athletes generate income for their universities and private entities.[3] Due to the passage of Title IX in the United States, universities must offer an equal number of scholarships for women and for men.
University sports are viewed as having a positive social impact in Canada.[4] The Federal government is involved with university sport.[5] Wrestling is a university sport in Canada, with the system helping to provide future and current members of the Canadian national wrestling team.[5]
Some Mexican universities are affiliated with professional association football teams. One such team is the Universidad Autonoma Pumas.[6][7]
Oceania
University sport has received little academic attention in Australia.[8] In 1863, rugby union was first played in Australia at the University of Sydney when several clubs affiliated with the university were established.[8] One of Australia's earliest cricket teams was founded at the University of Sydney in 1854. This university affiliated team is one of the only teams from that period that still exists.[8]
New Zealand universities's sports teams normally compete in local sports leagues against non-university teams. There is an annual national event which covers a large number of sports and competitive cultural activities (such as debating). The event is typically held over Easter, rotating around university centers.[citation needed]
Southeast Asia
- University Athletic Association of the Philippines
- National Collegiate Athletic Association (Philippines)
- Cebu Schools Athletic Foundation, Inc. (Philippines)
- Liga Mahasiswa (Indonesia)
China
University sport was established in China by the 1930s. One of these programs was at the Catholic University of Peking. In 1936, members of the team traveled to Japan as members of a team to participate in a basketball and association football competition.[9] During the early stages of World War II in the region, most universities suspended their sport programmes. The exceptions were Fu Ren University and Yanjing University which kept these programmes open until 1942 before shutting them down.[9]
Chinese universities organised boat races before the cultural revolution. These races were modeled after the boat races in England.[10]
Japan
University sport was established in Japan by the 1930s.[9] By 1977, ultimate Frisbee had been established as a university sport. National championships were held that year with Aichi Gakuin University winning the inaugural event.[11]
South Africa
During the 1970s, the National Union of South African Students worked to create a university sport programme where race was not considered in team and competition arrangements. The organisation faced some governmental hurdles. At the time, inter-racial sport was only allowed to be played on private grounds, which meant games and competitions could not be played on public university grounds. They had models from the University of Witwatersrand and the University of Cape Town which had already held such events.[12]
United Kingdom
British Universities and Colleges Sport (BUCS) is the governing body for university and college sport in the UK. It runs leagues in 16 sports and an annual championship meeting, which in 2011 covered 19 sports. BUCS organization is very different from the USA's NCAA in the sense that BUCS is not competitive to compete in like the NCAA.[13]
There were undergraduate boat races in Victorian England,[10] and The Boat Race between Oxford and Cambridge is still a annual event. The assimilation of sport into academic life at Cambridge University in the nineteenth century has also been documented.[14]
In the 1990s, ultimate frisbee became a popular sport on university campuses, leading to the establishment of a national sport federation.[11]
Universities in Wales support national development of athletics. The Wales National Pool at Swansea University provides for a high level development of swimming.[15]
See also
References
- ^ a b "World Student Games (Pre-Universiade)". Gbrathletics.com. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
- ^ Lemmons, Malcolm (2017-03-29). "College Athletes Getting Paid? Here Are Some Pros And Cons". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2018-02-04.
- ^ Branch, Tylor (October 2011). "The Shame of College Sports". The Atlantic. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
- ^ Trevor Slack (2004). The Commercialisation of Sport. Routledge. pp. 76–. ISBN 978-0-7146-8078-1. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ a b Donald MacIntosh; Tom Bedecki; C. E. S. Franks (1 April 1988). Sport and Politics in Canada: Federal Government Involvement Since 1961. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-0665-7. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ Peter Standish; Steven M. Bell (2004). Culture and Customs of Mexico. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 64–. ISBN 978-0-313-30412-5. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ Ana Paula a. De Haro; Silvia Dolores Zárate Guzmán; Alex M. Saragoza (31 March 2012). Mexico Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-34948-5. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ a b c Geoffrey Sherington; Steve Georgakis (1 June 2008). Sydney University Sport 1852-2007: More Than a Club. Sydney University Press. ISBN 978-1-920898-91-5. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ a b c John Shujie Chen (2004). The Rise and Fall of Fu Ren University, Beijing: Catholic Higher Education in China. Psychology Press. pp. 139–. ISBN 978-0-415-94816-6. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ a b J. A. Mangan; Lamartine Pereira Da Costa (2002). Sport in Latin American Society: Past and Present. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-5126-2. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ a b Pasquale Anthony Leonardo and Adam Zagoria; Ultimate History (1 August 2005). Ultimate: The First Four Decades. Joe Seidler. ISBN 978-0-9764496-0-7. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ South African Institute of Race Relations. A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-86982-010-0. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ "2011 championship results". BUSC. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
- ^ Andrew Warwick (2003) Masters of Theory: Cambridge and the Rise of Mathematical Physics, page 213, University of Chicago Press ISBN 0-226-87374-9
- ^ Michael Hill (20 July 2007). In Pursuit of Excellence: A Student Guide to Elite Sports Development. Taylor & Francis. pp. 83–. ISBN 978-0-415-34934-5. Retrieved 19 April 2012.