Common bottlenose dolphin

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This article is about the species of dolphin. For the genus of dolphin, see Bottlenose dolphin.

Common bottlenose dolphin[1]
Common bottlenose dolphin breaching in the bow wave of a boat
Size compared to an average human
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
Family: Delphinidae
Genus: Tursiops
Species:
T. truncatus
Binomial name
Tursiops truncatus
(Montagu, 1821)
Subspecies
Common bottlenose dolphin range (in blue)

The common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), or Atlantic bottlenose dolphin, is the most well-known species from the family Delphinidae.

Common bottlenose dolphins are the most familiar dolphins due to the wide exposure they receive in captivity in marine parks and dolphinaria, and in movies and television programs.[4] The common bottlenose dolphin is the largest species of the beaked dolphins.[5] They inhabit temperate and tropical oceans throughout the world, and are absent only from polar waters.[4][5][6][2][7] Until recently, all bottlenose dolphins were considered as a single species, but now the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin[2][7] and Burrunan dolphin have been split from the common bottlenose dolphin.[3][8] While formerly named simply as the bottlenose dolphin, this term is now applied to the genus as a whole.[1][9][10] The dolphins inhabit warm and temperate seas worldwide. As considerable genetic variation has been described among members of this species, even between neighboring populations, many experts consider that additional species may be recognized.[3][9]

Description

The common bottlenose dolphin is grey in color and may be between 2 and 4 m (6.6 and 13.1 ft) long, and weighs between 150 and 650 kg (330 and 1,430 lb).[8] Males are generally larger and heavier than females. In most parts of the world, the adult's length is between 2.5 and 3.5 m (8.2 and 11.5 ft) with weight ranging between 200 and 500 kg (440 and 1,100 lb).[5][9] Newborn calves are between 0.8 and 1.4 m (2 ft 7 in and 4 ft 7 in) long and weigh between 15 and 30 kg (33 and 66 lb).[9] They can live as long as 40–50 years.[11] Sexual maturity varies by population, and ranges from 5–14 years of age.[11] Dolphins have a short and well-defined snout that looks like an old-fashioned gin bottle, which is the source for their common name.[12] Like all whales and dolphins, though, the snout is not a functional nose; the nose has instead evolved into the blowhole on the top of their heads. Their necks are more flexible than other dolphins' due to five of their seven vertebrae not being fused together as is seen in other dolphin species.[13]

Behavior

K-Dog, trained by the US Navy to find mines and boobytraps underwater, leaping out of the water

Common bottlenose dolphins live in groups called pods that typically number about 15 individuals, but group size varies from pairs of dolphins to over 100 or even occasionally over 1000 animals for short periods of time.[9] Their diets consist mainly of eels, squid, shrimp and wide variety of fishes.[1][6] They do not chew their food, instead swallowing it whole. Dolphin groups often work as a team to harvest schools of fish, though they also hunt individually. Dolphins search for prey primarily using echolocation, which is a form of sonar. They emit clicking sounds and listen for the return echoes to determine the location and shape of nearby items, including potential prey.[14] Dolphins also use sound for communication, including squeaks emitted from the blowhole, whistles emitted from nasal sacs below the blowhole, and sounds emitted through body language, such as leaping from the water and slapping their tails on the water. Their heads contain an oily substance that both acts as an acoustic lens and protects the brain case.

Life expectancy

The average life expectancy of common bottlenose dolphins is about 17 years old,[15][16][17][18] but in captivity they have been known to live to up to 51 years old.[19]

Distribution

The common bottlenose dolphin can be found in the temperate, subtropical and tropical oceans worldwide.[20] The global population has been estimated at 600,000.[21] Some bottlenose populations live closer to the shore (inshore populations) and others live further out to sea (offshore populations). Generally, offshore populations are larger, darker, and have proportionally shorter fins and beaks. Offshore populations can migrate up to 4,200 km (2,600 mi) in a season, but inshore populations tend to move less. However, some inshore populations make long migrations in response to El Niño events.[9] The species has occurred as far as 50° north in eastern Pacific waters, possibly as a result of warm water events.[22] The coastal dolphins appear to adapt to warm, shallow waters. It has a smaller body and larger flippers, for maneuverability and heat dispersal. They can be found in harbors, bays, lagoons and estuaries. Offshore dolphins, however, are adapted to cooler, deeper waters. Certain qualities in their blood suggest they are more suited to deep diving. Their considerably larger body protects them against predators and helps them retain heat.[23]

Intelligence

Main article: Cetacean intelligence

The common bottlenose dolphin has a bigger brain than humans.[24] Numerous investigations of bottlenose dolphin intelligence include tests of mimicry, use of artificial language, object categorization, and self-recognition.[25][26][27][28][29][30] This intelligence has driven considerable interaction with humans. Common bottlenose dolphins are popular in aquarium shows and television programs such as Flipper.[31] They have also been trained for military uses such as locating sea mines or detecting and marking enemy divers, as for example in the U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program.[32][33] In some areas, they cooperate with local fishermen by driving fish toward the fishermen and eating the fish that escape the fishermen's nets.[34]

Other human interactions

This is "Biskit", a three months fetus, removed from its deceased mother during post mortem in 1993 and now on display at the Dolphin Discovery Centre in Bunbury, South West (Western Australia)
Five dolphins jumping in show.

Some interactions with humans are harmful to the dolphins. Dolphin hunting industry exists in multiple countries including Japan, where common bottlenose dolphins are hunted for food annually in the town of Taiji,[35] and the Faroe Islands. Also, dolphins are sometimes killed inadvertently as a bycatch of tuna fishing.[36][37]

Tião was a well-known solitary male bottlenose dolphin that was first spotted in the town of São Sebastião in Brazil around 1994 and frequently allowed humans to interact with it. The dolphin later became infamous for killing a swimmer and injuring many others, which earned it the nickname of killer dolphin.

Conservation

The North Sea, Baltic, Mediterranean and Black Sea populations of the common bottlenose dolphin are listed on Appendix II[38] of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) of the Bonn Convention), since they have an unfavorable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international cooperation organized by tailored agreements.[39]

The species is covered by the Agreement on Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas (ASCOBANS), the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS), the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region,[40] and the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia.[41]

Marine pollution

Bottle nosed dolphins are the most common apex predators found in coastal and estuarine ecosystems along the southern coast of the US,[42] thus serve as an important indicator species of bioaccumulation and health of the ecosystem.

Dense human development along the eastern coast of Florida and intense agricultural activity have resulted in increased freshwater inputs, changes in drainage patterns, and altered water quality (i.e. chemical contamination, high nutrient input, decreased salinity, decreased sea grass habitat, and eutrophication[43] Demand for an increasing population among the Gulf Coast increases the need for oil and gas exploration and can also cause detrimental effects on the ecosystem and future population of top predators.

It is believed that some diseases commonly found in dolphins are related to human behaviors, such as water pollution. Water pollution is linked to point and non-point source pollution. Point source pollution comes from a single source such as an oil spill,[44] and/or chemical discharge from a specific facility. The environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill caused a direct impact and still serves as a long term impact of future populations. Bottle nose dolphins use these important habitats for calving, foraging, and feeding. Environmental impacts or changes from chemicals or marine pollution can alter and disrupt endocrine systems, effecting future populations. For example, oil spills have been related to lung and reproductive diseases in female dolphins. A recent study,[45] suggested signs of lung disease and impaired stress in 32 dolphins that were captured and assessed in Barataria Bay, Louisiana, USA. Out of these 32 dolphins, 10 were found pregnant and upon a 47-month check up, only 20% produced feasible calves, compared to a previous success rate of 83%, in the same area. It is believed that a recent oil spill in this area, is partially to blame for these severely low numbers.

Dense human development along the eastern coast of Florida and intense agricultural activity have resulted in increased freshwater inputs, changes in drainage patterns, and altered water quality (i.e. chemical contamination, high nutrient input, decreased salinity, decreased sea grass habitat, and eutrophication[46] High nutrient input from agriculture chemicals and fertilizers causes Eutrophication,[47] and hypoxia, causing a severe reductions in water quality. Excess of phosphorus and nitrogen from these non-point sources deplete the natural cycle of oxygen by overconsumption of algae. Harmful algal blooms are responsible for dead zones and unusual mortality events of bottlenose dolphins consuming these toxic fish from the brevetoxin produced by dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis. [48] Brevetoxins are neurotoxins that can cause acute respiratory and neurological symptoms including death in marine mammals, sea turtles, birds, and fishes.[49]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Wells, R.; Scott, M. (2002). "Bottlenose Dolphins". In Perrin, W.; Wursig, B.; Thewissen, J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. pp. 122–127. ISBN 978-0-12-551340-1.
  2. ^ a b c Wells, R.S.; Natoli, A.; Braulik, G. (2019). "Tursiops truncatus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22563A50377908.
  3. ^ a b c Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). "Tursiops truncatus". Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  4. ^ a b Leatherwood, S., & Reeves, R. (1990). The Bottlenose Dolphin. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc., ISBN 0-12-440280-1
  5. ^ a b c Jenkins, J. (2009) Tursiops truncatus. Animal Diversity Web.
  6. ^ a b Anonymous (2002). "Bottlenose Dolphin". Seaworld.org. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
  7. ^ a b Klinowska, M. (1991). Dolphins, Porpoises and Whales of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book. Gland, Switzerland, U.K.: IUCN, ISBN 2880329361
  8. ^ a b American Cetacean Society Fact Sheet – Bottlenose Dolphin Archived 2008-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ a b c d e f Shirihai, H.; Jarrett, B. (2006). Whales Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press. pp. 155–158. ISBN 978-0-691-12757-6.
  10. ^ Reeves, R.; Stewart, B.; Clapham, P.; Powell, J. (2002). National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. New York: A.A. Knopf. pp. 362–365. ISBN 978-0-375-41141-0.
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  14. ^ Au, Whitlow (1993). The Sonar of Dolphins. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-97835-2.
  15. ^ Hersh S.L., D.K. Odell, E. D. A. "Bottlenose dolphin mortality patterns in the Indian/Banana River system of Florida" in The bottlenose dolphin (ed. Leatherwood, S. and Reeves, R. S.) 155–164 (New York: Academic Press, 1990).
  16. ^ Odell, D. K. Status and Aspects of the Life History of the Bottlenose Dolphin, Tursiops truncatus , in Florida. J. Fish. Res. Board Canada 32, 1055–1058 (1975).
  17. ^ Stolen, M. K. & Barlow, J. A MODEL LIFE TABLE FOR BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS) FROM THE INDIAN RIVER LAGOON SYSTEM, FLORIDA, U.S.A. Mar. Mammal Sci. 19, 630–649 (2003).
  18. ^ Martien, K. K. et al. Population structure of island-associated dolphins: Evidence from mitochondrial and microsatellite markers for common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) around the main Hawaiian Islands. Mar. Mammal Sci. 28, E208–E232 (2012).
  19. ^ J. P. de Magalhães et al., The Human Ageing Genomic Resources: Online databases and tools for biogerontologists. Aging Cell. 8 (2009), pp. 65–72.
  20. ^ Scott, M., & Chivers, S. (1990). "Distribution and Herd Structure of Bottlenose Dolphins in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean", pp. 387–402 in S. Leatherwood, & R. Reeves, The Bottlenose Dolphin, San Diego: Academic Press, Inc., ISBN 0-12-440280-1
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  22. ^ Halpin, Luke R.; Towers, Jared R.; Ford, John K. B. (2018-04-20). "First record of common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in Canadian Pacific waters". Marine Biodiversity Records. 11: 3. doi:10.1186/s41200-018-0138-1. ISSN 1755-2672.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  23. ^ "Habitat & Distribution".
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  25. ^ Reiss, Diana; McCowan, Brenda (September 1993). "Spontaneous Vocal Mimicry and Production by Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): Evidence for Vocal Learning". J Comp Psychol. 107 (3): 301–12. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.107.3.301. PMID 8375147.
  26. ^ "The Dolphin Institute — Behavioral Mimicry". Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2008-08-31. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ Herman, L. (2002). "Language Learning". In Perrin, W.; Wursig, B.; Thewissen, J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. pp. 685–689. ISBN 978-0-12-551340-1.
  28. ^ "The Dolphin Institute — Understanding Language". dolphin-institute.org. Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ "Intelligence and Humans". wiu.edu. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
  30. ^ Marten, K.; Psarakos, S. (2006). "Evidence of Self-awareness in the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)". In Parker, S. T.; Mitchell, R.; Boccia, M. (eds.). Self-awareness in Animals and Humans: Developmental Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. pp. 361–379. ISBN 978-0521025911. Archived from the original on 2008-10-13. Retrieved 2008-10-04. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "American Cetacean Society — Bottlenose Dolphin". Archived from the original on 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
  32. ^ "U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program Web Site". U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program. Archived from the original on 2009-01-15. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ "Dolphins Deployed as Undersea Agents in Iraq". National Geographic. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
  34. ^ "Bottlenose Dolphin". Archived from the original on 2008-04-21. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
  35. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions: Save Japan Dolphins Campaign". International Marine Mammal Project. 17 February 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  36. ^ Kenyon, P. (2004-11-08). "Dining with the dolphin hunters". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
  37. ^ "The Dolphin Institute — Threats to the Bottlenose Dolphin and Other Marine Mammals". Archived from the original on 2008-12-09. Retrieved 2008-09-30. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ "Appendix II" of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties to the Bonn Convention in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011 and 2014. Effective: 8 February 2015.
  39. ^ "Convention on Migratory Species page on the common bottlenose dolphin". Retrieved 16 September 2014.
  40. ^ "Pacific Cetaceans MoU". pacificcetaceans.org. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
  41. ^ "Western African Aquatic Mammals MoU". cms.int. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
  42. ^ Reif, John S.; Schaefer, Adam M.; Bossart, Gregory D.; Fair, Patricia A. (2017-07-24). "Health and Environmental Risk Assessment Project for bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus from the southeastern USA. II. Environmental aspects". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 125 (2): 155–166. doi:10.3354/dao03143. ISSN 0177-5103. PMID 28737160.
  43. ^ Sigua, Gilbert C.; Steward, Joel S.; Tweedale, Wendy A. (2000-02-01). "Water-Quality Monitoring and Biological Integrity Assessment in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida: Status, Trends, and Loadings (1988–1994)". Environmental Management. 25 (2): 199–209. doi:10.1007/s002679910016. ISSN 0364-152X. PMID 10594193.
  44. ^ "Ocean pollution | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration". www.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2018-03-18.
  45. ^ Lane, Suzanne M.; Smith, Cynthia R.; Mitchell, Jason; Balmer, Brian C.; Barry, Kevin P.; McDonald, Trent; Mori, Chiharu S.; Rosel, Patricia E.; Rowles, Teresa K.; Speakman, Todd R.; Townsend, Forrest I.; Tumlin, Mandy C.; Wells, Randall S.; Zolman, Eric S.; Schwacke, Lori H. (2015). "Reproductive outcome and survival of common bottlenose dolphins sampled in Barataria Bay, Louisiana, USA, following the Deepwater Horizonoil spill". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 282 (1818): 20151944. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1944. PMC 4650159. PMID 26538595.
  46. ^ Sigua, Gilbert C.; Steward, Joel S.; Tweedale, Wendy A. (2000-02-01). "Water-Quality Monitoring and Biological Integrity Assessment in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida: Status, Trends, and Loadings (1988–1994)". Environmental Management. 25 (2): 199–209. doi:10.1007/s002679910016. ISSN 0364-152X. PMID 10594193.
  47. ^ "Eutrophication | USGS.gov". www.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2018-03-18.
  48. ^ Pierce, R. H.; Henry, M. S. (2008-10-01). "Harmful algal toxins of the Florida red tide (Karenia brevis): natural chemical stressors in South Florida coastal ecosystems". Ecotoxicology. 17 (7): 623–631. doi:10.1007/s10646-008-0241-x. ISSN 0963-9292. PMC 2683401. PMID 18758951.
  49. ^ "Ecological Effects of Harmful Algal Blooms on Fish and Wildlife Communities Associated with Submerged Aquatic Vegetation" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)

External links

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