Lakewood, Ohio

Coordinates: 41°28′51″N 81°48′01″W / 41.48083°N 81.80028°W / 41.48083; -81.80028
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Lakewood, Ohio
City
City of Lakewood
Cleveland, Ohio, as seen from Lakewood Park in April 2007.
Cleveland, Ohio, as seen from Lakewood Park in April 2007.
Nickname: 
"City of Beautiful Homes"
Motto: 
"A Great Place to Call Home"
Location in Cuyahoga County and the state of Ohio.
Location in Cuyahoga County and the state of Ohio.
Location of Ohio in the United States
Location of Ohio in the United States
Coordinates: 41°28′51″N 81°48′01″W / 41.48083°N 81.80028°W / 41.48083; -81.80028
Country United States
State Ohio
County Cuyahoga
Government
 • TypeMayor-council
 • MayorMichael P. Summers (D)[1]
Area
[2]
 • Total6.69 sq mi (17.33 km2)
 • Land5.53 sq mi (14.32 km2)
 • Water1.16 sq mi (3.00 km2)
Elevation
[3]
705 ft (215 m)
Population
 (2010)[4]
 • Total52,131
 • Estimate 
(2015[5])
50,656
 • Density9,426.9/sq mi (3,639.7/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP code
44107
Area code216
FIPS code[6]39-41664
GNIS feature ID1064966
Websitewww.onelakewood.com

Lakewood is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. It is part of the Greater Cleveland Metropolitan Area, and borders the city of Cleveland. The population was 52,131 at the 2010 United States Census,[7] making it the third largest city in Cuyahoga County, behind Cleveland (396,815) and Parma (81,601).

Lakewood, one of Cleveland's inner-ring suburbs, borders the western part of the city of Cleveland. Lakewood's population density is the highest of any city in Ohio and is roughly comparable to that of Washington, DC.

History

Lakewood was incorporated as a village in 1889, and named for its lakefront location.[8]

Earliest Days

The wilderness west of the Cuyahoga River was delayed being settled due to a treaty the American government made with the Indians in 1785, whereby no white man was to settle on that land. Consequently, when Moses Cleaveland arrived in 1796, his activities were confined to the east side of the river. Subsequently, in Detroit, Michigan, on January 18, 1796, twenty-nine leaders of the Ottawa, Chippewa, and other tribes signed another treaty that provided for the lease of the lands west of the Cuyahoga River for 999 years for the sum of five shillings per acre.

But it wasn’t until the treaty of July 4, 1805, that the lands actually opened and settlers permanently inhabited the territory. The treaty was approximately $5,000, which included the cost of rum, tobacco, and presents, as well as the fees for commissioners, agents, and contractors. This land in Ohio—an area now occupied by Lakewood, Rocky River, Fairview Park, and the section of Cleveland known as West Park—was purchased from the Connecticut Land Company by a syndicate of six men headed by Judson Canfield on April 4, 1807, for the sum of $26,084.

First Government

Lakewood, the first suburb west of Cleveland on the shores of Lake Erie, began as Township 7, Range 14, of the Connecticut Western Reserve in 1805. It was a wooded wilderness through which cut the old Huron Post Road that ran from Buffalo, New York, to Detroit, Michigan. In 1819 a small group of eighteen families living in the area of present-day Lakewood, Rocky River, and part of Cleveland’s West Park neighborhood named the growing community Rockport Township. In April of that year, the first election took place in Rufus Wright’s tavern with a member of each household present. Three were elected as trustees: Henry Alger, Erastus Johnson, and Rufus Wright. Elected as overseers of the poor were James Nicholson and Samuel Dean. Henry Canfield was elected clerk. This type of government served Rockport for the next 70 years, with an election held each year.

In 1889 East Rockport, with 400 residents, separated from the township and became the Hamlet of Lakewood. Settlement accelerated rapidly, with Lakewood becoming a village with 3,500 residents in 1903. City status, with 12,000 residents, came just eight years later. By 1930 the population of Lakewood was 70,509.

Agriculture

The early settlers in Township 7 sustained their lives through farming. The land was ideal for fruit farming and many vineyards began to emerge. The fertile soil and lake climate that were ideal for producing crops is what attracted many people to move to the township. There was also vast amounts of trees to be used for building homes and other structures. The most common occupations in Lakewood were farming and the building trades.

First Roads

Roads were the earliest influence on development in Lakewood. The Rockport Plank Road Company improved the old Detroit Road in 1848, opening a toll road from present-day West 25th Street in Cleveland to five miles west of the Rocky River. It continued operating as a toll road until 1901. A series of bridges spanning the Rocky River Valley, the first of which was built in 1821, improved commerce between Cleveland and the emerging communities to its west. An 1874 atlas of Cuyahoga County shows present-day main roads such as Detroit Avenue, Madison Avenue, Franklin Boulevard, Hilliard Road, Warren Road, and Riverside Drive.

Schools

Under the Ohio Common School Act of April 9, 1867, three schools were allotted to East Rockport, called 6, 8, and 10; they were later designated East, Middle, and West. Each school had one teacher. As the community began to grow and more schools were required, the school board adopted the policy of honoring Ohio’s presidents by assigning their names to the school buildings.

Railroads

The Rocky River Railroad was organized in 1869 by speculators as an excursion line to bring Clevelanders to the resort area they developed at the mouth of the Rocky River. Financially unsuccessful as a pleasure and amusement venture, the line was sold to the Nickel Plate Railroad in 1881. The railroad line still exists today, running in an east-west direction north of Detroit Avenue.

Government

Lakewood is governed by an elected mayor and elected council. The council has seven members, with four members representing wards in the city and the other three are at-large council members. Lakewood is represented in the U.S. House of Representatives by Marcy Kaptur (OH-9, D). In the state assembly it is represented by Michael Skindell (D) in the State Senate and by Nickie Antonio (D) in the State House. The expected expenditure for 2010 for the City of Lakewood is $33.7 million, with the city bringing in revenues of $34.03 million.[9] The current income tax is 1.5%.

Geography

Lakewood is located at 41°28′51″N 81°48′1″W / 41.48083°N 81.80028°W / 41.48083; -81.80028 (41.480881, -81.800360),[10] about 6 miles (9.7 km) west of downtown Cleveland.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.69 square miles (17.33 km2), of which 5.53 square miles (14.32 km2) is land and 1.16 square miles (3.00 km2) is water.[2]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
19003,355—
191015,181352.5%
192041,732174.9%
193070,50969.0%
194069,160−1.9%
195068,071−1.6%
196066,154−2.8%
197070,1736.1%
198061,963−11.7%
199059,718−3.6%
200056,646−5.1%
201052,131−8.0%
2017 (est.)50,249[11]−3.6%
Sources:[6][12][13][14]

88.12% spoke English, 3.01% Arabic, 1.84% Spanish, 1.02% Albanian, and 0.74% Hungarian as their first language.[15]

As of the 2007 American Community Survey, the median income for a household in the city was $42,602, and the median income for a family was $59,201. Males had a median income of $42,599 versus $35,497 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,939. About 10.9% of families and 14.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.3% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over. Of the city's population over the age of 25, 39.0% hold a bachelor's degree or higher.[16]

Lakewood is a hotspot for immigrants, arriving mostly from the Middle East, Turkey and Albania.[17] The foreign-born population was 8.7% in 2007.[18]

2010 U.S. Census

As of the census[4] of 2010, there were 52,131 people, 25,274 households, and 11,207 families residing in the city. The population density was 9,426.9 inhabitants per square mile (3,639.7/km2). There were 28,498 housing units at an average density of 5,153.3 per square mile (1,989.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 87.5% White, 6.4% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 1.3% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.1% of the population.

There were 25,274 households of which 22.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 29.7% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 55.7% were non-families. 44.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.05 and the average family size was 2.99.

The median age in the city was 35.4 years. 19.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 34.3% were from 25 to 44; 25.7% were from 45 to 64; and 11% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.1% male and 50.9% female.

Education

Public schools

Lakewood High School in April 2009

The City of Lakewood Public School System is managed by a directly elected school board. The Lakewood City Schools was rated as having "Continuous Improvement" by the Ohio Department of Education in 2013. Lakewood boasts brand new elementary schools and middle schools. The high school is under renovation. Two more elementary schools are slated to be rebuilt or renovated soon. The investment is the first major school building program in Lakewood since 1920. The school system is one of the largest employers in the city of Lakewood.

  • Lakewood High School
  • Franklin Elementary, Franklin Boulevard - opened in 1909, closed in June 2009
  • Grant Elementary, 1470 Victoria Avenue
  • Emerson Elementary, 13439 Clifton Boulevard
  • Harrison Elementary, 2080 Quail Street
  • Hayes Elementary, 16401 Delaware Avenue
  • Lincoln Elementary,[19] 15615 Clifton Boulevard
  • Horace Mann Elementary, 1215 West Clifton Boulevard
  • Roosevelt Elementary, 14327 Athens Avenue
  • Harding Middle School - a new building replaced the original facility in 2007
  • Garfield Middle School - a new middle school building that was formerly an elementary school, re-opened in 2007; efforts were made to retain the original facade of the school, which was constructed in the late 1800s
  • Taft Elementary - closed June 2008

Private schools

  • Lakewood Catholic Academy, K-8, founded in 2005 through a consolidation of three parochial elementary schools, St. James, St. Luke and St. Clements on the site of the former St. Augustine Academy. Since its founding, over $1.5 million has been invested in capital improvements, making LCA a "significant institution for parochial education in Cleveland."[20]
  • Lakewood Lutheran School - K-8 integrated elementary education
  • Padre Pio Academy - a K-12 elementary/high school founded by lay Catholics striving to be loyal to the Magisterium of the Church; offers a classical curriculum; member of NAPCIS, the National Association of Private Catholic and Independent Schools
  • St. Edward High School - private Roman Catholic High School for boys which attracts students from around northeastern Ohio; new athletic facilities and chapel constructed in 2004 and 2006; 2010, 2014, 2015, 2018 Ohio Division I football champions
  • The Virginia Marti College of Design - offers degrees in Digital Media, Fashion Design, Fashion Merchandising, Graphic Design and Interior Design
  • The University of Akron maintains a satellite branch in downtown Lakewood.

Economic development

Downtown Lakewood

In 2012, the City of Lakewood supported a program to brand the Detroit Avenue business district as "Downtown Lakewood." [21] Downtown Lakewood spans from Bunts Avenue to the east and Arthur Avenue to the west along Detroit Avenue.

Development

  • The Lakewood Library’s 2008 expansion (its first in over 20 years) increased the main library to 93,000 square feet; the collection then grew to over 474,000 items by 2015. The Lakewood Library also celebrated its centennial in 2016.[22]
  • Rockport Square, a new residential project by Forest City Enterprises, began being developed on the eastern end of the city in 2004 and is incorporating mixed-use all along Detroit Avenue. The project includes three phases, with the first one complete and the second one underway. The phase will include two six-story loft buildings and several adjacent mixed-use buildings.
  • The Cleveland Clinic completed construction of a new one-story facility on Detroit Avenue in 2005, adjacent to Rockport Square.
  • The Lakewood YMCA finished construction of its new facility on Detroit Avenue in 2004. The two-story gymnasium features state-of-the-art exercise equipment, an indoor swimming pool, yoga lessons, and an extended babysitting service.
  • The Cleveland Clinic began demolition in 2016 of a professional office building and garage in preparation for the construction of a new $34 million, 62,000 square foot family health building, which will serve as a replacement, in part, for Lakewood Hospital. The hospital’s emergency department remains open through the construction, which is scheduled to be completed in 2018.[23]
  • The highways that go through Lakewood are U.S. Route 20, U.S. Route 6 Alternate, and Ohio State Route 237. In the south of the city, Interstate 90 enters the city limits.

Awards

  • Travel + Leisure Magazine - Top 10 Suburbs in the USA[24]
  • Business Week - Best Place to Raise Your Kids: 2010[25]
  • The City of Lakewood Department of Planning & Development[26] won an award for Economic Development from Inside Business Magazine in 2009.[citation needed]
  • In 2009, the American Institute of Architects and the Cleveland Restoration Society honored the City of Lakewood Department of Planning & Development and LakewoodAlive[27] with an award for Creative & Effective Preservation Advocacy in 2009.
  • The Ohio Historic Preservation Office honored the City of Lakewood Department of Planning & Development and LakewoodAlive[27] for their collective efforts to recognize, preserve, and promote Lakewood’s historic resources in 2009.[citation needed]
  • This Old House Magazine chose Lakewood as one of thirteen of the "Best Places in the Midwest to Buy an Old House."[28]
  • Scene Magazine rated Lakewood the best city to live in 2006 and again in 2013.[citation needed]
  • The City of Lakewood was accepted into the nationally renowned Ohio Main Street Program in 2005.[29]

Attractions

Lakewood Park with view of Downtown Cleveland skyline
Underground Railroad marker at Lakewood Park
Gold Coast - Lakewood
  • Lakewood Park is one of the largest lakefront parks in Ohio and features a live concert stage, outdoor swimming pool, picnic pavilions, 4-season public pavilion, kids' playground, baseball, volleyball, and a skate park, which opened in 2004. Lakewood has more than 150 acres (0.61 km2) of greenspace citywide. The park's million dollar lakefront promenade opened in 2006 and offers an excellent panorama of Downtown Cleveland and the presence of viewing telescopes enhances the viewing experience of Downtown Cleveland. An all-purpose trail that circles the park was built in 2006.
On October 30, 2015, Lakewood opened its "Solstice Steps" in the northwest corner of the park. The steps are aligned in the direction of sunset on the summer solstice. They are constructed of white concrete blocks in five tiers; each tier has four steps separated by green grass strips.[30]
  • The Rocky River Reservation of the Cleveland Metroparks System forms part of the city's western border. The Lakewood Dog Park, built in 2004, is located next to the Metroparks, in the Rocky River valley.
  • Lakewood Public Library[31] has won numerous awards[32] and has two branches: the main branch on Detroit Avenue and a smaller branch on Madison Avenue. The Lakewood Library is normally ranked one of the top 5 libraries in the US for its size on a regular basis,[33] and was awarded "Best Place to Hang Out if You're Broke" by Scene Magazine in 2009.
  • The Beck Center for the Arts is the largest cultural arts center on Cleveland's west shore.[34]
  • Geiger's, a retailer of clothing and ski equipment and accessories, was founded in downtown Lakewood in 1932. The company, now run by the third generation of the Geiger family, moved to its present location in 1936.[35]
  • The home of Malley's Chocolates is in Lakewood.[36]
  • Aladdin's Eatery, a national restaurant brand, is based in Lakewood. Their first restaurant was founded in Lakewood by Fady and Sally Chamoun in 1994.[37] Aladdin's Lakewood Headquarters was expanded in 2007.

Other notes

  • The City of Lakewood first introduced curbside recycling in 1989 and has one of the highest recycling rates in all of Ohio: 79% in 2009.[38]
  • A handful of print and online media chronicle Lakewood, including LakewoodBuzz.com, a Lakewood channel of Patch.com, The Sun Post-Herald, and The Lakewood Observer.
  • Lakewood operates a US-CERT program. This all-citizen emergency response program was created in 2005.
  • According to the Free Times and The Plain Dealer, Lakewood has the highest concentration of vegetarians and vegans in northeast Ohio.* Historical housing throughout the city and an active historical society are the norm in Lakewood. The :Make Lakewood Beautiful" program involves contests in which residents compete to make their homes look and resemble their original design and architecture, and awards are given to several homeowners each year. The city offers tours of the most famous homes in the spring, summer, and fall.

Skyline

Lakewood is home to a large number of high rises, spread in varying amounts throughout the city. Most are concentrated on the Gold Coast, and, to a lesser extent, in downtown Lakewood.

Gold Coast

Backyard of The Berkshire
Lake Shore Towers on Edgewater Drive in Lakewood
  • Winton Place Condos
  • Carlyle Condominiums on the Lake
  • The Meridian
  • The Waterford Condos
  • Marine Towers West
  • Marine Towers East
  • Imperial House
  • The Envoy
  • Twelve Thousand Edgewater
  • The Shoreham Apartments
  • Edgewater Towers
  • Lake House Condominiums
  • The Berkshire Condominiums
  • Lake Shore Towers

Downtown Lakewood

  • Lakewood Center North (186 ft) is Lakewood's tallest office building with 15 floors of office space and is the largest private office building in Cuyahoga County outside of downtown Cleveland, based on total square footage.
  • The INA Building is the first medical office building ever constructed.
  • Westerly West Building
  • Westerly East Building
  • Westerly South Building
  • Northwesterly

Other high rises

  • Castlewood Apartments
  • Richard Hilliard House Condominiums
  • Fedor Manor
  • Harbour View Apartments
  • Commodore Club Apartments
  • Mayfair Apartments

Neighborhoods and districts

A residential street in Lakewood
  • Arts District (proposed in 2006) - Three locations have been proposed, with the most likely location to be centered around The Beck Center For The Arts, on the west side of Lakewood.
  • Birdtown - Southeastern corner of Lakewood, a well-known 8-street residential district on the southeast side of the city that was built specifically for the workers of the nearby Union Carbide company in the 1890s. The houses are distinctive and most of the streets are named after birds. Birdtown was designated a National Register Historic District in 2006. It is adjacent to Madison Park, the former Union Carbide factory, and the W. 117th St. Rapid Transit Station. Many of the original houses built there were boarding houses. Birdtown achieved National Historic Register status in 2006.
  • Clifton Boulevard - Lined with big trees and multi-family homes, apartment complexes, and 4×4 brick structures, and turn of the century single family colonials, the seven-lane Clifton Boulevard is one of the busiest streets in greater Cleveland.
  • Clifton Park - The wealthiest neighborhood of Lakewood is situated in the northwestern corner of the city, and consists mostly of magnificent Victorian mansions. It is bounded by Sloane on the south, West Clifton on the east, The Rocky River on the west, and Lake Erie on the north. Built in the late 19th century, this area has been historically, and continues to be, home to many of greater Cleveland's most prominent citizens. Includes the private Clifton Beach community.
  • Downtown Lakewood - The main section of Lakewood is centered at Detroit Avenue and Warren Road. This district was formally identified when Lakewood was chosen as a member of the national MainStreet program in 2005. The area is lined with office buildings, restaurants, and variety shops. Lakewood Library, the USPS, Former Lakewood Hospital, and Lakewood City Schools are all located in this district.
  • The Edge - This easternmost neighborhood includes many concert venues, pubs, and taverns, and co-exists partially in the city of Cleveland.
  • Victorian Village - This was named after the large Victorian homes on Grace, Clarence and Cohassett Avenues on the city's east end. When constructed in the early 1900s, it served as residences for executives from the National Carbon Company.
  • The Gold Coast - Collection of high rises on the northeast end of Lakewood, bordering Lake Erie.
  • Rockport Square - Rockport Square (not to be confused with the former Rockport Township) is an urban renewal project along Detroit Avenue on the eastern side of the city. Construction began in 2004 of roughly 200 condos, lofts, and live-work spaces.
  • West End - The West End is the westernmost neighborhood of Lakewood, along the Rocky River Reservation. In 2002, the administration of Mayor Madelaine Cain proposed to seize homes in this area using eminent domain, to replace them with retail development. After a citizen-led resistance attracted national media attention from 60 Minutes, the West End proposal failed in a 2003 referendum.[39]
  • Lakewood's nickname "City of Beautiful Homes" is due to the fact the city was intentionally designed in the early 1900s with a lack of industry and an emphasis on a diverse variety of residential housing structures including many large Tudors mainly near the lakeshore, and multi-family and smaller single family homes in many other sections of the city.

Transportation

  • The Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority's Cleveland State Line (routes 55,55A,55B,55C), run east and west along Clifton Boulevard, terminating at Cleveland State University in downtown Cleveland to the east and in Fairview Park (55) or Bay Village (55B) and Westlake (55C) to the west. Route 55A terminates at Lakewood Park.[40]
  • RTA Route 26 serves Detroit Avenue, Route 83 serves Warren Road, Route 43 runs along West Clifton Boulevard and Riverside Drive, Route 78 serves as the border line on West 117th Street, and Route 25 serves Madison Avenue.[40]
  • Two RTA rapid transit stations exist just across the Lakewood/Cleveland border, at W. 117th St. and Madison Avenue and the other between Lakewood Heights and Triskett near West 140. Both stations provide access to the Red Line east to Windermere via Downtown Cleveland and west to Cleveland Hopkins International Airport.[40]
  • RTA's Route 804, the Lakewood Community Circulator, was discontinued by RTA in late 2009. Lakewood residents and city officials were campaigning for it to return.[40]
  • I-90 borders the south side of Lakewood and has on/off-ramps at W. 117th St., Bunts Road, Warren Road, and McKinley Road.
  • The Cleveland Memorial Shoreway begins approximately 1-mile (1.6 km) east of Lakewood via Lake Avenue and Clifton Boulevard and serves as a transportation hub to and from downtown Cleveland.
  • Lakewood is bicycle-friendly, with designated "share the road" paths through the city.[41]

Notable people

Notes

  1. ^ Exner, Rich (16 November 2013). "Democrats outnumber Republicans as mayors in Cuyahoga County, 39-14". Cleveland.com. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  2. ^ a b "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2012-07-14. Retrieved 2013-01-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  4. ^ a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
  5. ^ "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2016-06-03.
  6. ^ a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  7. ^ "American FactFinder2". Retrieved 2010-03-20.
  8. ^ Overman, William Daniel (1958). Ohio Town Names. Akron, OH: Atlantic Press. p. 72.
  9. ^ "City of Lakewood Finances 2010" (PDF). Retrieved March 1, 2011.
  10. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
  11. ^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  12. ^ "Number of Inhabitants: Ohio" (PDF). 18th Census of the United States. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 November 2013.[permanent dead link]
  13. ^ "Ohio: Population and Housing Unit Counts" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  14. ^ "Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "Data Center Results".
  16. ^ "Population estimates, July 1, 2015, (V2015)". Archived from the original on March 1, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Meiser, Rebecca. "Destination Lakewood".
  18. ^ "Population estimates, July 1, 2015, (V2015)". Archived from the original on March 1, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ "Lincoln Elementary School PTA - Lakewood, Ohio". Archived from the original on 2012-09-05. Retrieved 2005-12-23. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Sandy, Eric (12 November 2012). "Lakewood Catholic Academy, local parishes look back on nearly a century of history: Long Lost Lakewood". Cleveland Sun News. AdvanceOhio. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  21. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20140825024552/http://www.designwithdirection.com/work/downtown-lakewood/
  22. ^ Kovach, Carol. "Lakewood Public Library turns the page on its first 100 years". cleveland.com. AdvanceOhio. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  23. ^ Magaw, Timothy (25 October 2016). "Site prep starts for Cleveland Clinic's new Lakewood health center". Crain's Cleveland Business. Crain Publishing Co. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  24. ^ "Bellevue, WA - - Travel + Leisure".
  25. ^ "Businessweek - Bloomberg".
  26. ^ "Commercial Development - The City of Lakewood, Ohio".
  27. ^ a b "Home - LakewoodAlive".
  28. ^ "Best Places in the Midwest to Buy an Old House | Page 10". 2008-06-20. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  29. ^ "Lakewood Is Ohio's Newest Main Street - The Lakewood Observer". lakewoodobserver.com. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  30. ^ Litt, Steven (26 October 2015). "Lakewood Solstice Steps give city a quietly spectacular lakefront amenity". The Plain Dealer (Cleveland OH). Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  31. ^ "Lakewood Public Library (Lakewood, Ohio)". Archived from the original on 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2004-03-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ http://www.lkwdpl.org/about/awards/awards[permanent dead link]
  33. ^ "Library Name".
  34. ^ mellottinvestments.com
  35. ^ Segal, Grant (5 November 2015). "Geiger's count on downtown for their third store". The Plain Dealer. Advance Ohio. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  36. ^ malleys.com
  37. ^ clevescene.com
  38. ^ according to the city web site, accessed October 1, 2009[verification needed]
  39. ^ https://clevelandmagazine.com/in-the-cle/the-read/articles/how-the-west-end-was-won
  40. ^ a b c d "Routes".
  41. ^ http://bikelakewood.org/Bike%20Ordinances%20New.pdf
  42. ^ "Board Votes to Name Cornerstone Venue 'Richard F. Celeste Theatre'". May 25, 2011.
  43. ^ "Brian Hoyer".
  44. ^ Cabot, Mary Kay (16 May 2013). "Cleveland Browns agree to terms with QB Brian Hoyer, a Cleveland native". Cleveland Plain Dealer. Retrieved 20 January 2014. Born in Lakewood and a resident of North Olmsted...
  45. ^ Simakis, Andrea. "Lakewood native Dave Malloy made Tony darling the "Great Comet," but what made Dave Malloy?". Cleveland.com. AdvanceOhio. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  46. ^ Larkin, Colin (2011). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Omnibus Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780857125958.
  47. ^ Ingraham, Jim (25 December 2013). "Indians: Former broadcaster Mike Hegan dies". News-Herald. Willoughby Ohio. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  48. ^ Theiss, Evelyn (April 25, 2011). "Gary Lewis of Gary Lewis and the Playboys: Whatever happened to ...?". cleveland.com. The Plain Dealer. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  49. ^ Chabek, Dan (December 7, 1995). "Meredith's Lakewood memories are mostly unhappy". Lakewood Sun Post. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  50. ^ Cacho, Daniela (2015-02-13). "One of many Tri-C Alumni Contains a Creator of Children's Literature – The Voice". Cccvoice.com. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  51. ^ "In memoriam". JCU Alumni Magazine. John Carroll University. November 7, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  52. ^ Mark, Dawidziak (April 12, 2013). "John Lithgow returns to Akron to share stories and talk about storytelling". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved October 14, 2017.

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Lakewood (Ohio).
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lakewood, Ohio.
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