Languages of Texas

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Of the languages spoken in Texas none has been designated the official language. Around two-thirds of Texas residents speak solely English at home, while another 29.10% speak Spanish.[1] Throughout the history of Texas, English and Spanish have at one time or another been the primary dominant language used by government officials, with German recognized as a minority language from Statehood until the first world war.

Official language status

Texas currently does not have an official language; though historically at various points in time there have been laws giving both official status and recognition to English, Spanish, German and Norwegian.

In 1834 with Degree No. 270 of Coahuila y Tejas gave both English and Spanish official status in Texas.[2] In 1836 the Provisional Government of Texas establishing the Judiciary of Texas provided that Court of Records may be in English.[3]

1837 the Congress of the Republic of Texas passed a joint resolution directing the Secretary of State provide an official Spanish translation of general laws,[4] and the act of congress incoprorating the City of San Antonio provided that public schools be enrected that taught in English,[5] later in 1841 the Spanish Language law was suspended[6] for one year until being reenacted in 1842[7]

In 1846, the newly admitted State of Texas enacted legislation required that the laws of Texas be translated into German in addition to Spanish [6]

In 1856, an act was passed allowed for legal proceedings in Justice of the Peace courts in counties west of the Guadalupe River (excluding Nueces, Refugio and San Patricio) to be conducted solely in Spanish if the Judge and all parties spoke Spanish.[8]

In 1858, an act was passed requiring public schools teach primarily in English.;[9] In the same year the law requiring the translation of Texas criminal law was briefly extended to Norwegian for two years.[10]

1893 State law was passed requiring all public schools to teach exclusively in English.[11]

In 1925 it was made a criminal offense to give instruction in Spanish in Public schools, this law was amended in 1927 to allow Spanish instruction in Elementary schools located in counties bordering Mexico with at least one city of 5,000 population.[12][12]

Nevertheless, English (specifically, American English) is the language used for legislation, regulations, executive orders, treaties, education, federal court rulings, and all other official pronouncements; Spanish is also heavily spoken in Texas due to the large number of Tejanos, Mexicans and other local and foreign Spanish-speakers.[citation needed] The Government of Texas has been required since 1837 by joint resolution of the Congress of the Republic of Texas to provide Spanish translation of lawsthrough Section 2054.116 of the Government Code, mandates that state agencies provide information on their website in Spanish to assist residents who have limited English,[13] and the Secretary of State since January 1842 French, German, Czech, and Polish are strong minority languages due to several old communities hailing from their respective mother countries. French is most prevalent in Northeastern Texas, near Louisiana, understandably while Southwestern Louisiana Creole language is spoken in Southeastern Texas (Houston, Beaumont, Port Arthur, and Orange). German, Polish, and Czech are mainly spoken in Central Texas, mainly near San Antonio and Austin.

History

Tombstone in Dallas. Facts in English, but Bible verse in German

As Spaniards settled Texas, they brought their native language, supplanting earlier Native American languages such as Caddo, the language from which Texas derives its name, and Comanche from the end of 17th century. Early immigrants that arrived directly from Europe such as Germans, Poles, Czechs,[14] and Sorbs[15] (also called Wends) even established their own separate towns where their native tongues became the dominant language. Texas German and Texas Silesian are varieties of German and Silesian (closely related to Polish) that are indigenous to Texas. Today the dominant language in Texas, as in most areas of the United States, is English.

Texan English

Main article: Texan English

Contrary to popular belief, there is no exclusive Texan dialect of American English. However, some linguists contest that there is a unique subset of Southern English spoken in Texas.[16] According to the Phonological Atlas of the University of Pennsylvania virtually all native Texans speak[17] Southern American English, while other studies claim that Texas is home to several dialects of American English. All of East Texas and usually most of central and north Texas are classified as speaking the Southern dialect, which is the same dialect being spoken in north Louisiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, and northern Alabama. Usually it is portions of west and south Texas that are classified as speaking a Western or Southwestern dialect. According to the University of Tampere atlas, the same Southwestern dialect is spoken in South and West Texas and southern California, extreme southern Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico.[18] The Gulf Southern dialect is spoken in most of Central, East, and North Texas with the Texas Panhandle speaking the Midland South dialect, which is shared by those who live in Kansas, Missouri, and Southern Nebraska.[18]

Other languages

Recent immigrants from other US regions and foreign countries are causing a linguistic shift in Texas. Spanish speakers have risen to almost a third of the population; Vietnamese and Chinese [19] have replaced German and French to become the third and fourth most spoken languages in Texas, respectively; with Hindi, Korean, Kurdish especially from Abtaf, from ASAD BEIG TRIBE *[1], and Tagalog filling out the top nine most spoken languages in Texas.[19] Large numbers of non-native Texas residents are picking up some dialectal traits of Southern English,[20] while other linguistic traits are being subdued into a national homogenizing trend.[20]

There were also several smaller language groups, including Czechs (several thousands Moravians) and Polish. Texas German is a dialect of the German language that is spoken by descendants of German immigrants who settled in the Texas Hill Country region in the mid-19th century.[21]

Spanish in Texas

See also: Spanish in the United States

The Spanish dialects spoken by some Tejanos are becoming more influenced by Mexican dialects of Spanish due to a large influx of recent immigrants from Mexico. In some locations of South and West Texas these Spanish Creoles and the dialects of English spoken by Anglos and non-bilingual Tejanos are being supplanted as the dominant language by Mexican Spanish.[citation needed]

In 1999 Rene Oliveira proposed a bill that would require all state high school students to take at least two years of Spanish; at that time actual state law stated that students could choose which foreign language to take.[22]

In 2003 larger numbers of Hispanics in Texas reported that they spoke only English.[23] In August 2004, the community of El Cenizo, along the U.S.-Mexico border, made Spanish its official language.[24]

As of 2007 the state of Texas offers its yearly academic tests in Spanish as well as English.[25]

Asian languages

As of 2014, Vietnamese is the third most commonly spoken language,[26] Chinese is the fourth most commonly spoken language, and Hindi is the fifth most commonly spoken language in the state.[27] Tagalog is sixth place, and is mostly spoken in small Filipino American communities in Houston.[27]

References

  1. ^ 2005 American Community Survey, as reported by the MLA Data Center. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  2. ^ https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth5872/m1/364/
  3. ^ https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth5872/m1/548/
  4. ^ https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth45355/m1/99/
  5. ^ https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth5872/m1/1389/
  6. ^ a b https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth6726/
  7. ^ https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth6726/m1/711/
  8. ^ https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth6730/m1/467/
  9. ^ https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth6730/m1/1003/
  10. ^ https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth6730/m1/1095/
  11. ^ https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth6733/m1/634/
  12. ^ a b https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth16125/m1/283/
  13. ^ "Sec. 2054.001." Texas Legislature. Retrieved on June 27, 2010.
  14. ^ Cope, Lida. 2016. Texas Czech Legacy Project: Documenting the past and Present for the Future. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 238:105-126.
  15. ^ Malinkowa, Trudla. 2009. Shores of Hope: Wends of Overseas. Austin: Concordia University Press.
  16. ^ PBS American Varieties: Texan
  17. ^ Phonological Atlas of the University of Pennsylvania
  18. ^ a b Introduction to American English, Department of Translation Studies, University of Tampere
  19. ^ a b languageline.com Languages Spoken in Texas (PDF)
  20. ^ a b American Varieties: Southern
  21. ^ Boas, Hans C. (2009). The Life and Death of Texas German. Publication of the American Dialect Society. Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822367161.
  22. ^ "Bill would require students in Texas to learn Spanish." The Victoria Advocate. 53rd year, No. 298. March 1, 1999. p.1. Retrieved on September 10, 2012.
  23. ^ Cantú, Hector. "Language shift speaks volumes More Texas Hispanics report English as their only tongue." The Dallas Morning News. September 1, 2003. Retrieved on September 10, 2012.
  24. ^ Neuliep, James W. Intercultural Communication: A Contextual Approach. SAGE, November 6, 2008. 7. Retrieved from Google Books on September 10, 2012. ISBN 1412967708, 9781412967709.
  25. ^ "Spanish TAKS test is a 'big step'." Houston Chronicle. Wednesday February 21, 2007. Retrieved on September 10, 2012.
  26. ^ Railey, Kimberley. "Cornyn aims to draw Vietnamese-Americans to GOP" (Archive). The Dallas Morning News. July 7, 2014. Retrieved on September 22, 2014.
  27. ^ a b Railey, Kimberley. "Cornyn seeks to lure Chinese Americans to GOP" (Archive). The Dallas Morning News. September 3, 2014. Retrieved on September 22, 2014.
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