List of African-American U.S. state firsts
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African Americans are a demographic minority in the United States. African-Americans' initial achievements in various fields historically establish a foothold, providing a precedent for more widespread cultural change. The shorthand phrase for this is "breaking the color barrier."[1][2]
In addition to major, national- and international-level firsts, African-Americans have achieved firsts on a statewide basis.
19th century
- 1868
- First elected African-American lieutenant governor: Oscar Dunn, Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana
- First 33 African-American legislators in Georgia: see Original 33
- 1870
- May: First African-American acting governor: Oscar James Dunn of Louisiana from May till August 9, 1871, when sitting Governor Warmoth was incapacitated and chose to recuperate in Mississippi. (See also: Douglas Wilder, 1990)
- 1872
- First African-American governor of Louisiana: P. B. S. Pinchback (Also first in U.S.) (Non-elected; see also Douglas Wilder, 1990)
- 1873
- First African-American Speaker of the Mississippi House of Representatives, and of any state legislature: John R. Lynch
- First African American elected to the Tennessee General Assembly: Sampson W. Keeble
- 1876
- First African American elected to the Illinois General Assembly: John W. E. Thomas
- 1879
- First African American elected to the Wyoming Legislature: William Jefferson Hardin
- 1880
- First African-American elected to the Indiana general assembly: James Sidney Hinton[3][4]
- 1889
- First African-American female principal in Massachusetts and the Northeast: Maria Louise Baldwin, supervising white faculty and a predominantly white student body at the Agassiz Grammar School in Cambridge (renamed the Maria L. Baldwin School in 2004).[5][6]
- 1893
- First African-American member elected to the Michigan House of Representatives: William Webb Ferguson
- 1898
- First African-American member elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives: John Francis Wheaton[7]
20th century
- 1918
- First African-American elected to political office in California: Frederick Madison Roberts, California State Assembly
- 1920
- First African-American elected to the Missouri legislature: Walthall Moore
- 1924
- First African-American elected to the Illinois Senate: Adelbert Roberts
- 1930
- First African Americans elected as judges in the state of New York: James S. Watson and Charles E. Toney[citation needed]
- 1938
- First African-American woman to be elected to the Pennsylvania General Assembly and to any state legislature: Crystal Bird Fauset
- 1950
- First African-American woman to be elected to the West Virginia Legislature: Elizabeth Simpson Drewry
- First African-American woman to be elected to the Michigan Legislature: Charline White
- 1955
- First African-American woman elected to the New York State Legislature: Bessie A. Buchanan
- First African-American elected to the Maryland State Senate: Harry A. Cole
- 1957
- First African-American woman elected to the New Jersey Legislature: Madaline A. Williams
- 1958
- First African-American women elected to the Maryland General Assembly: Verda F. Welcome and Irma George Dixon
- First African-American woman elected to the Illinois General Assembly: Floy Clements
- 1962
- First African-American attorney general of Massachusetts: Edward Brooke. Also first African American to hold Massachusetts statewide office, and first African-American attorney general of any state.
- 1964
- First African-American woman elected to the Indiana Legislature: Daisy Riley Lloyd
- First African-American woman elected to the New York State Senate: Constance Baker Motley
- 1966
- First African-American woman elected to the Texas Legislature: Barbara Jordan
- First African American known lesbian state legislator: Barbara Jordan
- First African-American woman elected to the Georgia General Assembly: Grace Towns Hamilton
- First African-American appointed to New York State Board of Regents: Kenneth Bancroft Clark
- First African-American senator from Massachusetts: Edward Brooke. (Also first post-Reconstruction African American elected to the U.S. Senate and first African American elected to the U.S. Senate by popular vote).
- First African-American woman in the California Legislature: Yvonne Brathwaite Burke
- First African-American woman elected to the Tennessee General Assembly: Dorothy Lavinia Brown
- First African-American woman elected to the Arizona Legislature: Ethel Maynard
- 1967
- First African-American woman admitted to the Mississippi Bar: Marian Wright Edelman
- First African-American woman elected to the Montana Legislature: Geraldine W. Travis
- 1969
- First African-American elected mayor of a Mississippi city since Reconstruction: Charles Evers, in Fayette, Mississippi[8]
- 1970
- First African-Americans elected to the Alaska Legislature: Willard L. Bowman and Joshua Wright
- First African-American woman elected to the Florida Legislature: Gwen Cherry
- 1971
- First African-American woman elected to the Washington Legislature: Peggy Maxie
- 1973
- First African-American woman elected to the Massachusetts General Court: Doris Bunte
- First African-American woman elected to the Connecticut General Assembly: Margaret Morton
- 1975
- First African-American woman elected to the South Carolina Legislature: Juanita Goggins
- 1977
- First African-American to serve on the California Supreme Court: Wiley W. Manuel
- First African-American speaker of the South Carolina House of Representatives, and of any state legislature in the United States since Reconstruction: K. Leroy Irvis
- First African-American woman elected to the Wisconsin Legislature: Marcia Coggs
- First African-American woman elected to the Illinois Senate: Earlene Collins
- 1978
- First African-American woman elected to the Ohio Legislature: Helen Rankin
- 1979
- First African-American elected to a statewide office in Illinois: Roland Burris, office of Comptroller
- First African-American elected to a statewide office in Wisconsin: Vel Phillips, office of Secretary of State
- 1980
- First African-American speaker of the California State Assembly: Willie Lewis Brown, Jr.
- 1981
- First African-American woman elected to the Arkansas General Assembly: Irma Hunter Brown
- First African-American elected to the Utah Senate: Terry Williams
- 1984
- First African-American elected to a statewide office in Georgia: Robert Benham, Supreme Court of Georgia
- First African-American woman to be elected to the Virginia General Assembly: Yvonne B. Miller
- 1985
- First African-American woman to be elected to the Mississippi Legislature: Alyce Clarke
- First African-American woman elected to the Oregon Legislature: Margaret Carter
- 1988
- First African-American elected to the Wyoming Legislature: Harriet Elizabeth Byrd
- 1990
- First African-American governor of Virginia: Douglas Wilder (Also first elected governor in US; see also P. B. S. Pinchback, 1872)
- First African-American woman elected to the Alaska Legislature: Bettye Davis
- 1992
- First African-American elected to a statewide office in Indiana: Pamela Carter, office of Attorney General
- First African-American Minnesota Supreme Court justice: Alan Page
- 1993
- First African-American senator from Illinois: Carol Moseley Braun. (Also first African-American woman elected to the United States Senate, the first African-American U.S. Senator for the Democratic Party, the first woman to defeat an incumbent U.S. Senator in an election, and the first female Senator from Illinois).
- 1994
- First African-American woman elected to the Nevada Legislature: Bernice Mathews
- 1996
- First African-American woman elected to the Oregon Legislature: Avel Gordly
- 1998
- First African-American woman elected State Treasurer and first African-American woman elected statewide in Connecticut: Denise Nappier[9]
- First African-American elected to office of Attorney General Georgia: Thurbert E. Baker,
21st century
- 2001
- First African-American woman elected to the Minnesota Legislature: Neva Walker
- 2002
- First African-American lieutenant governor of Maryland and first elected to statewide office in Maryland: Michael Steele (See also: 2009)
- 2004
- First African-American Oklahoma Supreme Court justice: Tom Colbert
- First African-American Wisconsin Supreme Court justice: Louis B. Butler
- First African-American Auditor of Accounts of Vermont and first elected to statewide office in Vermont: Randy Brock
- 2006
- First African-American elected governor of Massachusetts: Deval Patrick
- First African-American lieutenant governor of New York: David Paterson
- 2008
- First African-American woman elected Speaker of the California State Assembly: Karen Bass
- First African-American governor of New York State: David Paterson (elected as lieutenant governor, succeeded on resignation of previous governor)
- First African-American women elected to the Nebraska Legislature: Tanya Cook and Brenda Council
- 2009
- First bicameral state legislature to have both chambers headed simultaneously by African Americans: Peter Groff and Terrance Carroll of Colorado.
- 2010
- First African-American attorney general of California: Kamala Harris
- First African-American Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court: Roderick L. Ireland
- First African-American elected to the Idaho Legislature: Cherie Buckner-Webb
- 2012
- First African-American elected to the Idaho Senate: Cherie Buckner-Webb
- 2013
- First African-American senator from South Carolina: Tim Scott[10] (Also the first African-American to serve both houses of the U.S. Congress.)
- First African-American woman to be appointed to a seat on the New York Court of Appeals: Sheila Abdus-Salaam.
- 2014
- 2015
- First African-American elected Speaker of the New York State Assembly: Carl Heastie[12]
- First African-American Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky and first elected to statewide office in Kentucky: Jenean Hampton [13][14]
- First African-American woman elected to the Utah Legislature: Sandra Hollins
- 2017
- First African-American elected lieutenant governor of New Jersey: Sheila Oliver[15]
- First African-American male to female transwoman to be elected to public office in the United States: Andrea Jenkins
- First African-American mayor of Saint Paul, Minnesota: Melvin Carter
- 2018
- First female African-American major-party candidate for governor: Stacey Abrams, Georgia
- First African-American elected lieutenant governor of Illinois: Juliana Stratton
See also
References
- ^ Juguo, Zhang. W. E. B. Du Bois: The Quest for the Abolition of the Color Line, Routledge, 2001 - ISBN 0-415-93087-1
- ^ Herbst, Philip H. The Color of Words: an encyclopaedic dictionary of ethnic bias in the United States, Intercultural Press, p. 57, 1997 - ISBN 1-877864-97-8
- ^ Gregg, John. "Standing with Black trailblazer James S. Hinton". Indianapolisrecorder.com. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
- ^ Indiana Black History Public Art Legacy Project Archived 2013-03-16 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Vogel, Nathaniel (April 2002). "The Mismeasure of Maria Baldwin". Peacework Magazine. Archived from the original on October 23, 2007. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
{{cite web}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ Dorgan, Lauren R. (May 22, 2002). "Committee Renames Local Agassiz School". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
- ^ Wheaton, John Frances "Frank, J. Frank", Minnesota Legislative Reference Library, Accessed October 5, 2018.
- ^ Neil R. McMillen, Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow, Chicago: University of Illinois, 1990, p.26
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2011-04-04.
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Tim Scott's swearing-in as senator caps his historic rise". McClatchy Newspapers. January 4, 2013. Archived from the original on December 20, 2013. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
{{cite news}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ "Political firsts: How history was made this midterm election". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
- ^ "New York State Assembly - Carl E. Heastie". assembly.state.ny.us. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
- ^ Phillips, Amber (4 November 2015). "Meet Jenean Hampton, the first black statewide officeholder in Kentucky. And, she's a Republican". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
- ^ Fund, John (November 3, 2015). "Kentucky's New GOP Lt. Gov. Is Black Tea-Party Activist". National Review. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
- ^ Sheila Oliver becomes New Jersey's first Black lieutenant governor, New York Amsterdam News (November 8, 2017).