List of longest suspension bridge spans
The world's longest suspension bridges are listed according to the length of their main span (i.e. the length of suspended roadway between the bridge's towers). The length of main span is the most common method of comparing the sizes of suspension bridges, often correlating with the height of the towers and the engineering complexity involved in designing and constructing the bridge.[1] If one bridge has a longer span than another it does not necessarily mean that the bridge is longer from shore to shore (or from abutment to abutment).
Suspension bridges have the longest spans of any type of bridge. Cable-stayed bridges, the next longest design, are practical for spans up to just over 1 kilometre. Therefore, the 17 longest bridges on this list are all currently the 17 longest spans of all types of vehicular bridges (other than floating pontoon bridges).
Since 1998 Akashi Kaikyō Bridge in Japan holds the record with its span of 1,991 metres (6,532 ft). The Çanakkale 1915 Bridge of the Dardanelles, currently under construction in Turkey, is expected to surpass it with a span of 2,023 metres (6,637 ft).
Completed suspension bridges
This list includes only completed suspension bridges that carry automobiles or trains. It does not include cable-stayed bridges, footbridges, or pipeline bridges.
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Bridges under construction
Most of the large suspension bridges built in recent years have been in the People's Republic of China. As the following list shows, most of the bridges under construction are also in China.
Planned and proposed bridges
| Name | Location | Main span |
Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gibraltar Bridge | Spain to Morocco | Very long | Proposed | Some designs have suspension spans of several miles. The suspension cables of a very long bridge might be suspended from the ends of cable-stayed struts extending diagonally from huge pylons. However, as of 2008, the feasibility of a tunnel is being considered instead. |
| Sulafjord Bridge | Sulafjorden, Norway | 4,000 m (13,000 ft) | Bridge under planning | Will replace the ferry connecting Hareid and Sula, as well as being part of the national "Ferry-free E39" project. This bridge is a challenging and costly project, crossing wide and deep 450 m (1,480 ft) fjord . Sulafjorden is a part of Storfjorden, and the Sulafjord Bridge is decided instead of the Storfjord Bridge. Plans do not include construction start before 2030. |
| Sognebrua | Sognefjorden, Norway | 3,700 m (12,100 ft) | Bridge under planning | One of several proposals for crossing the 1,300-metre-deep (4,300 ft) fjord as part of making the E39 highway along Norway's west coast ferry-free. The bridge would utilise two towers 450 m tall and have a maximum clearance above water of 70 m. Plans do not include construction start before 2030. |
| Hordfast | Bjørnafjorden, Norway | 5,000 m (16,000 ft) | Bridge under planning | The preferred solution to connect Bergen and Haugesund along E39 highway. This is probably the most difficult of the planned E39 crossings. A 5 km long floating bridge over the 550 m (1,800 ft) deep fjord is planned. The bridge must have a maximum clearance above water of 55 m like the Hardanger Bridge. Plans do not include construction start before 2030. Like some of the other E39 new technology needs to be developed inspired by offshore technology, and cost calculations are unreliable. |
| Strait of Messina Bridge | Sicily to mainland Italy | 3,300 m (10,800 ft) | Cancelled | The project was cancelled on 11 October 2006 by the Romano Prodi-led government amid controversy concerning the bridge's cost.[113] The new government from 2008 led by Silvio Berlusconi wanted to pick up the project again. Preliminary works were to begin in December 2009. The main construction was expected to begin in 2012. As of February 2013, the project has again been cancelled. |
| Sunda Strait Bridge | Java to Sumatra, Indonesia | about 3,000 m (9,800 ft) | Cancelled | This project has been approved by the Indonesian government. If completed, it will not only be the world's longest suspension bridge (26 km), but will also have a main span of about 3,000 m (9,800 ft)—roughly fifty percent longer than the current record.[114] |
| Malacca Strait Bridge | Peninsular Malaysia, Malaysia to Sumatra, Indonesia | 2,600 m (8,500 ft) | Preliminary work | Joint project between the Malaysian and Indonesian governments for a 48-kilometre-long (30 mi) crossing. Included is a suspension span of 2,600 m and a cable-stayed span of 1,200 m, making both longer than any existing in their category. |
| Edvard Grieg Bridge | Halsafjord, Norway | about 2,000 m (6,600 ft) | Proposed | The bridge will replace a ferry, and reduce the driving time between Trondheim and Molde by 34 minutes. |
| Mao Zedong Bridge | Qiongzhou Strait, China | about 2,000 m (6,600 ft) | Preliminary work | A suspension bridge is being considered to cross the 22.5-kilometre-wide (14.0 mi) Qiongzhou Strait.[115] One design consists of four bridges strung together with four main spans of 2,000 m, two main-spans of 1,800 m, five anchorages and 10 towers.[116] If completed this bridge will assume six of the top seven longest spans. |
| Chacao Channel bridge | Chiloé to mainland Chile | 1,100 m (3,600 ft) | Preliminary work [117] | This unusual design had two main spans of 1,055 m and 1,100 m without an anchorage between them. Construction was supposed to begin in 2007 and completed in 2012, but because of cost overruns, the project is now on hold. |
| Julsund Bridge | Julsundet, Norway | 1,625 m (5,331 ft) | Planned | The bridge will replace a ferry, located west of Molde. Together with 16 km undersea tunnel under Romsdalsfjorden, is a part of the "ferry-free E39" project. Compared with other E39 projects, these are more known sizes and therefore more feasible. Plans say construction start will be between 2025-2030. |
History of longest suspension spans
| Bridge | Location | length m (ft) |
Year(s) of longest span |
Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maya Bridge at Yaxchilan | Mexico | 62 m (203 ft) | 600–1430 | Hemp-rope simple suspension footbridge. Existence unproven. No longer standing.
Prior longest bridges are located in List of longest arch bridge spans Exceeded by the masonry arch Trezzo sull'Adda Bridge from 1377 to 1416, with main span of 72m. | |
 |
Chakzam Bridge | Tibet | 137 m (449 ft) | 1430–1820 | Chain suspension footbridge south of Lhasa, built by Thangtong Gyalpo. Reported by British spies to still be in use in 1878. Later (before 1904) fell into disuse after river course changed, swamping the northern end.[118] Dynamited by Chinese soldiers after the PRC incorporation of Tibet in 1950.[119] |
 |
Union Bridge | Scotland - England, UK | 137 m (449 ft) | 1820–1826 | The oldest in the world still in use today. |
 |
Menai Suspension Bridge | Wales, UK | 176 m (577 ft) | 1826–1934 | |
 |
Great Suspension Bridge | Fribourg, Switzerland | 271 m (889 ft) | 1834–1849 | The bridge was replaced by the Zähringen Bridge in the 1920s. |
 |
Wheeling Suspension Bridge | West Virginia, US | 308 m (1,010 ft) | 1849–1866 | The longest deck span from 1849 until 1866, and the oldest vehicular suspension bridge in use in the United States. |
 |
Queenston-Lewiston Bridge | US and Canada | 317 m (1,040 ft) | 1851–1866 | The longest cable span from 1851 until it was destroyed by wind in 1864. However, the road deck span was only 258 meters long. |
 |
John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge | Kentucky - Ohio, US | 322 m (1,056 ft) | 1866–1869 | |
 |
Niagara Clifton Bridge | US and Canada | 384 m (1,260 ft) | 1869–1883 | Replaced in 1899. |
 |
Brooklyn Bridge | New York City, US | 486 m (1,594 ft) | 1883–1903 | |
 |
Williamsburg Bridge | New York City, US | 488 m (1,601 ft) | 1903–1926 | It was the longest suspension span but not the longest span of all bridges. The Forth Railway Bridge, completed in 1890, a cantilever bridge with two spans of 521 m was longer until surpassed by the Quebec Bridge in 1917. |
 |
Bear Mountain Bridge | New York, US | 497 m (1,631 ft) | 1924–1926 | It was the longest suspension span but not the longest span of all bridges. The Quebec Bridge completed in 1917, a cantilever bridge with a span of 549 m was longer until surpassed in 1929 by the Ambassador Bridge.
The first suspension bridge to have a concrete deck. The construction methods pioneered in building it would make possible several much larger projects to follow. |
 |
Benjamin Franklin Bridge | Pennsylvania - New Jersey, US | 533 m (1,749 ft) | 1926–1929 | It was the longest suspension span but not the longest span of all bridges. |
 |
Ambassador Bridge | US and Canada | 564 m (1,850 ft) | 1929–1931 | Since this bridge was built, the record for longest bridge span has only been held by suspension bridges. |
 |
George Washington Bridge | New York - New Jersey, US | 1,067 m (3,501 ft) | 1931–1937 | The first span longer than 1 km. |
 |
Golden Gate Bridge | California, US | 1,280 m (4,200 ft) | 1937–1964 | Also the longest bridge span in the world from 1937 to 1964 |
 |
Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge | New York City, US | 1,298 m (4,259 ft) | 1964–1981 | Also the longest bridge span in the world from 1964 to 1981 |
 |
Humber Bridge | Yorkshire, United Kingdom | 1,410 m (4,630 ft) | 1981–1998 | Also the longest bridge span in the world from 1981 to 1998 |
 |
Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge | Japan | 1,991 m (6,532 ft) | 1998–Present | The longest bridge span in the world since 1998 |
Other record holding suspension bridges
- Duge Bridge (China), 2016. The highest bridge in the world (565 m [1,854 ft]).
- San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge Eastern Span (California, U.S.), 2013. The widest bridge in the world (78.74 m [258.3 ft]) and also the most expensive bridge and the largest self-anchored suspension bridge ever constructed.[123][124]
- Tacoma Narrows Bridges (Washington, U.S.), 1950 and 2007. The pair of bridges with the longest spans in the world (853 m [2,799 ft]).
- Tsing Ma Bridge (Hong Kong), 1997. The longest span carrying road and rail traffic, longest double deck span (1,377 m [4,518 ft]).
- George Washington Bridge (New York and New Jersey, U.S.), 1931. Suspension bridge with the most lanes of traffic (fourteen total on two levels).
- Kurushima-Kaikyō Bridge (Japan), 1999. The world's longest suspension bridge structure
- Great Seto Bridge (Japan), 1978–1988. World's longest two-tiered bridge system (not all of the spans that make up the bridge system are suspension bridges)
See also
- List of spans (list of permanent wire spans)
References
- ^ Duan, Lian (2014). "Longest Bridges and Bridge Spans". In Chen, Wai-Fah; Duan, Lian (eds.). Handbook of International Bridge Engineering. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 1307. ISBN 978-1-4398-1029-3. Retrieved 3 February 2015 – via google books.
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- Note: Some of the information posted on the following sites may differ from that above. As of 21 February 2006, the sites were out of date or inaccurate as noted in parenthesis
- Denenberg, David, Bridgemeister.com (an extensive inventory of roughly 2,000 suspension bridges)
- Janberg, Nicolas, Suspension bridges, Structurae.de (an extensive database of structures including many suspension bridges)
- Durkee, Jackson, "World's Longest Bridge Spans", National Steel Bridge Alliance, 24 May 1999 (out of date)
- The World's Greatest Bridges, Archive.org copy of The Bridge over the Strait of Messina website (out of date and other errors)
- List of longest spans, Pub Quiz Help (includes bridges that have not yet been completed)
- Steel bridges in the world, and other bridge statistics, The Swedish Institute of Steel Construction, March 2003 (out of date)
- Virola, Eur Ing Juhani, Two Millennia - Two Long-Span Suspension Bridges, Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, ATSE Focus No 124, November/December 2002 (revised information up to date as of 2005)
- Virola, Eur Ing Juhani, World's Longest Bridge Spans Laboratory of Bridge Engineering (LBE), Helsinki University of Technology (includes bridges that have not yet been completed)
Further reading
- Podolny, Jr., Walter; Goodyear, David (2006). "Cable-suspended bridges". In Roger L. Brockenbrough (ed.). Structural steel designer's handbook : AISC, AASHTO, AISI, ASTM, AREMA, and ASCE-07 design standards (4 ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 15.13–15.16. ISBN 0071432183.—includes a list of major suspension bridges by length
External links
- Progress of Center Span on Long-Span Bridges at the Honshū—Shikoku Bridge Expressway Co.
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