Sinks Canyon State Park

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Coordinates: 42°43′22″N 108°52′30″W / 42.72278°N 108.87500°W / 42.72278; -108.87500
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Sinks Canyon State Park
Sinks Canyon State Park, looking west from the entrance of the canyon
Map showing the location of Sinks Canyon State Park
Map showing the location of Sinks Canyon State Park
Location in Wyoming
LocationLander, Fremont, Wyoming, United States
Coordinates42°43′22″N 108°52′30″W / 42.72278°N 108.87500°W / 42.72278; -108.87500[2]
Area600 acres (240 ha)[3]
Elevation6,122 ft (1,866 m)[2]
Established1971
OperatorWyoming Division of State Parks and Historic Sites
WebsiteSinks Canyon State Park

Sinks Canyon State Park is a public recreation and nature preservation area located in the Wind River Mountains, 6 miles (9.7 km) southwest of Lander, Wyoming, on Wyoming Highway 131. The state park is named for a portion of the Middle Fork of the Popo Agie River where it flows into an underground limestone cavern, named "the Sinks," and emerges a quarter-mile down the canyon in a pool named "the Rise." The park is managed by the Wyoming Division of State Parks and Historic Sites.[4]

History

Human activity in Sinks Canyon goes back thousands of years. Archaeological digs have found hearths and tools carbon dated as far back as the last ice age. Since the late 19th century, the canyon and its river have been utilized for a variety of purposes. A saw mill, small hydroelectric dam and power plant, and ski area have all operated in the canyon.[5]

Power plant
The Rise Power Plant, 1920

A hydroelectric dam and power plant were built in the canyon in the late 1910s by the Sinks Canyon Hydro Power Company and became operational by January 1920.[5][6] The purpose of the plant was to supply nearby Lander with more reliable electricity. Power generation was possible most of the year except during winter months because water levels become too low.[7] The design of the system consisted of a small stone-concrete dam standing 9 feet high and 60 feet wide built on the Popo Agie River a short distance upstream.[6] The dam connected to the power house located at the Rise via a 3,145 foot long riveted-steel pipeline with a diameter of between 30 and 26 inches.[7] The pipeline allowed water to flow at a rate of 17 feet per second until reaching the power house.[7] The power house contained two 47 inch 250 horsepower hug impulse wheels, each spun by two 3 inch diameter water nozzles.[7] The two wheels were controlled by two separate Lombard oil-pressure generators which were connected to a 150-kilowatt 3 phase 60 cycle alternating-current generator operating at 2,300 volts.[7] The power was transmitted at 11,000 volts over a copper circuit suspended by cedar poles to Lander and South Pass City as well as some oil extraction projects in the area.[7][6] The plant operated until around 1954 when it was shut down due to its age and cheaper sources of electricity becoming available.[5]

State park

Large portions of the canyon were purchased by the state in 1939 and 1953 to be set aside as a wildlife habitat and to protect the fishery. In 1963, Pacific Power and Light Company donated the Rise and the seven acres surrounding it to the city of Lander for use as a park. In 1970, city and state officials working with the state legislature and private citizens created Sinks Canyon State Park, the first park created under the newly formed Wyoming Recreation Commission. The bill creating the park was signed in 1971. A new overlook was built at the Rise in 1972; the visitor center was completed in 1973.[5]

Natural history

Geology

The Madison Limestone Formation was carved by glacial movement, leaving extensive underground fissures and steep cliff walls. The gradual recession of the ice left glacial moraines along the canyon floor. The canyon is the second most southerly of the many canyons along the eastern slope of the Wind River Range.[8]

The Rise

The exact route of the passage is unknown, and dye tests have shown that the water takes over 2 hours to make its 1/4-mile underground journey. Additionally, more water flows from the Rise than enters the cavern at the Sink. The Crow Indian name of the river, "Popo Agie" (pronounced po-PO-shuh), is taken to mean "gurgling river."[9]

Plant life

The canyon has a wide variety of plant species which differ depending on elevation and location. Numerous types of grass, trees, shrubs and other species of plants grow throughout the canyon. The canyon's area is generally divided into two main ecological zones: a subarid environment that is mainly populated by sagebrush and a pine-fir montane forest zone.[8]

Trees

The timberline in the region is roughly between 7,217 and 8,530 feet above sea level.[8] Most trees in the canyon grow on the south-facing wall, and the concentration of different species depends on the different ecological zones within the canyon. Common tree species include aspen, subalpine fir, Douglas fir, lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce, and whitebark pine. Trees growing within the canyon can live for hundreds of years. Studies of tree rings conducted on Douglas fir in the canyon have found trees which started growing as early as 1649, though some of the trees were deceased at the time of sampling.[10]

Wildlife

Wildlife, including prairie rattlesnakes, bull snakes, mule deer, and yellow-bellied marmots, is diverse and abundant in the area.[11] Some 94 species of birds have been observed within the canyon including golden eagles and prairie falcons.[12]

Climate

Temperatures and precipitation

The climate in the canyon is consistent with the surrounding area with warm dry summers and cold winters with snow. Summers in the canyon can be hot with temperatures above 90 degrees Fahrenheit. Winters can be cold to warm depending on the side of the canyon. Most precipitation falls in spring and fall, and the snow pack accumulates mostly on the north facing side of the canyon.

  • The average monthly air temperature recorded at the Townsend Creek Snotel site from 1989 to 2016
    The average monthly air temperature recorded at the Townsend Creek Snotel site from 1989 to 2016
  • The average yearly air temperature recorded from the Townsend Creek Snotel Site form 1989 to 2016
    The average yearly air temperature recorded from the Townsend Creek Snotel Site form 1989 to 2016
  • The average monthly precipitation and snow water equivalent recorded at Townsend Creek Snotel Site from 1980 to 2016
    The average monthly precipitation and snow water equivalent recorded at Townsend Creek Snotel Site from 1980 to 2016
  • The average yearly precipitation and snow water equivalent recorded at the Townsend Creek Snotel site from 1980 to 2016
    The average yearly precipitation and snow water equivalent recorded at the Townsend Creek Snotel site from 1980 to 2016

Images

  • The Sinks
    The Sinks
  • The Rise
    The Rise
  • Canyon walls
    Canyon walls
  • Source of the Popo Agie
    Source of the Popo Agie

Activities and amenities

A visitor's center is located at the Sinks, and an observation deck overlooks the Rise.[9] The park offers hiking trails and facilities for camping, picnicking, rock climbing, and fishing.[4] Above the canyon there are several lakes and other recreational areas such as Worthen Meadow Reservoir which offer access to trails and additional camping.

References

  1. ^ "Sinks Canyon State Park". Protected Planet. IUCN. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  2. ^ a b "Sinks Canyon". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  3. ^ "Table 1. Facilities managed by Wyoming State Parks, Historic Sites and Trails" (PDF). SOAR 2021. Wyoming Department of State Parks and Cultural Resources. p. 12. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  4. ^ a b "Sinks Canyon State Park". Wyoming State Parks, Historic Sites & Trails. State of Wyoming. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d "Sinks Canyon State Park History". Wyoming State Parks, Historic Sites & Trails. State of Wyoming. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  6. ^ a b c Woods, Lawrence (2013). Asmus Boysen and His Dam Problems. Bloomington, In.: AuthorHouse. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-4817-0672-8. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Ebert, F.C. (1921). Records of water Levels in Wells in Southern California. Government Printing Office. p. 71. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  8. ^ a b c "Decoding potential effects of climate and vegetation change on mineral weathering in alpine soils: An experimental study in the Wind River Range (Wyoming, USA)". Geoderma. 255–256: 14. October 2015. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.04.014. Retrieved February 27, 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  9. ^ a b "Sinks Canyon State Park Brochure" (PDF). Wyoming Department of State Parks and Cultural Resources. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
  10. ^ Richards, Derek (January 2014). "Climate analysis using tree-rings from the Wind River Range, Wyoming". UNI Scholar Works: 14. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  11. ^ "Sinks Canyon State Park Animals". Wyoming State Parks, Historic Sites & Trails. State of Wyoming. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  12. ^ "Sinks Canyon State Park Birds". Wyoming State Parks, Historic Sites & Trails. State of Wyoming. Retrieved February 27, 2017.

External links

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