Ken Cuccinelli

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Ken Cuccinelli
Ken Cuccinelli by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg
Cuccinelli in September 2012.
Attorney General of Virginia
Assumed office
January 16, 2010
Preceded byBill Mims
Member of the Virginia Senate
from the 37th district
In office
August 2002 – January 12, 2010
Preceded byWarren Barry
Succeeded byDavid W. Marsden
Personal details
Born
Kenneth Thomas Cuccinelli II

(1968-07-30) July 30, 1968 (age 53)
Edison, New Jersey
Political partyRepublican Party
Spouse(s)Alice Monteiro 'Teiro' Cuccinelli
Children7 (five daughters and two sons)
ResidenceFairfax County, Virginia
Alma materUniversity of Virginia
George Mason University
George Mason University School of Law
ProfessionLitigation & Business Attorney
CommitteesCourts of Justice Committee, Transportation Committee, Local Government Committee, Rehabilitation and Social Services Committee, and Agriculture, Conservation and Natural Resources Committee.
Websitewww.cuccinelli.com
Nickname(s)"Cooch"[1][2]

Kenneth Thomas "Ken" Cuccinelli II (born July 30, 1968), an American politician, is the Attorney General of Virginia. From 2002 until January 16, 2010 he was a Republican member of the Senate of Virginia, representing the 37th district in Fairfax County. He was elected Attorney General in the November 2009 general election. He said he would seek the Republican nomination for Governor of Virginia in 2013.

Early life, education, and early career

Cuccinelli was born in Edison, New Jersey, the son of Maribeth (née Reilly) and Kenneth Thomas Cuccinelli.[3] His father is of Italian descent and his mother is of Irish ancestry.[4] He graduated from Gonzaga College High School in 1986,[5] and received his B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Virginia, a J.D. degree from George Mason University School of Law, and an M.A. in International Commerce and Policy from George Mason University.[6]

Cuccinelli served on a number of state commissions, including:[7]

  • Virginia Alcohol Safety Action Project
  • Public / Private Partnership Advisory Commission
  • Commission on the Prevention of Human Trafficking
  • Joint Subcommittee to Study Liability Protections for Health Care Providers
  • Virginia Supreme Court Commission on Mental Health in the Justice System

He co-founded a small, general practice law firm in Fairfax City, Virginia.[8]

Virginia Senate

Elections

Cuccinelli ran for Virginia's 37th senate district in an August 2002 special election. He defeated Democrat Catherine Belter 55%-45%.[9][10] In 2003, he was re-elected to his first full term, defeating Democrat Jim E. Mitchell III 53%-47%.[11] In 2007, he barely won re-election to his second full term, narrowly defeating Democrat Janet Oleszek by a 0.3-point margin, a difference of just 92 votes out of about 37,000 votes cast.[12][13]

Tenure

During his time in the Senate Cuccinelli took positions opposing abortion, gay marriage, illegal immigration, conservative positions on taxes, government spending, property rights, and the Second Amendment, while advocating law enforcement and increased care for the mentally disabled.[14]

Committee assignments

  • Courts of Justice
  • Local Government
  • Rehabilitation and Social Services
  • Transportation[15]

Attorney General of Virginia

The Attorney General's office reviews each bill passed by the General Assembly for Constitutionality and consistency with other existing laws.[16] Two weeks after taking office, Cuccinelli drew cricitism for continuing to represent a private client in a court proceeding, although this was not illegal.[17]

On August 23, 2010, Cuccinelli issued a legal opinion concluding that the Virginia Board of Health had the power to require abortion clinics to meet hospital standards, even though the General Assembly had rejected legislation to achieve the same result. Under the law at the time abortion clinics could perform first trimester abortions, while second and third trimester abortions were performed in hospitals. From 2002 to 2008, bills were introduced that sought to treat abortion clinics as "ambulatory surgery centers" and require them to meet hospital-type regulations, but the bills did not pass.[18]

2009 election

Cuccinelli receiving the "Defender of the Constitution" Award at the annual Conservative Political Action Conference in February 2012, for his work as Attorney General of Virginia.

In 2009 Cuccinelli was selected as the Republican nominee for Attorney General,[19] going on to win 58% of the vote (1,123,816 votes). Republican Bob McDonnell became Governor, and Bill Bolling was re-elected as Lieutenant Governor.

Healthcare

In 2010 Cuccinelli filed a lawsuit in the US District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia challenging the constitutionality of the Federal Health Care bill passed on March 21, claiming that it exceeded the Federal government's power under the interstate commerce clause of the Constitution.[20] After a series of court decisions and appeals, on September 8, 2011 the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, in a decision issued by Judge Diana Gribbon Motz, overturned Judge Hudson's decision on the basis that Virginia lacked subject-matter jurisdiction—Virginia could not pass a law to supersede or nullify a federal law.[21] The Supreme Court had previously refused Cuccinelli's request to appeal directly.[22]

Immigration

On July 14, 2010, Cuccinelli joined eight other states in filing an amicus brief opposing the federal government's lawsuit challenging an Arizona immigration enforcement statute.[23]

On August 2, 2010, Cuccinelli issued a legal opinion authorizing law enforcement officials to investigate the immigration status of anyone that they have stopped; previously this was done only for those arrested. Cuccinelli noted that the authority to investigate the immigration status of a stopped person should not "extend the duration of a stop by any significant degree." Critics note that the opinion circumvents changing the policy by legislation and that bills to make this change have died in the General Assembly.[24] In November 2010, Cuccinelli rendered a legal opinion requested by Delegate Scott Lingamfelter (R-Prince William) regarding a legislative proposal from Prince William County Board of Supervisors Chairman Corey Stewart to expand an anti-immigration county ordinance into a state-wide law. Cuccinelli expressed the opinion that some provisions would be redundant, given existing laws, and others would be unconstitutional.[25]

Gay rights nondiscrimination policy

On March 4, 2010, at the request of several state universities, Cuccinelli issued an official opinion to "Presidents, Rectors, and Visitors of Virginia’s Public Colleges and Universities" that stated, "It is my advice that the law and public policy of the Commonwealth of Virginia prohibit a college or university from including ‘sexual orientation,’ ‘gender identity,’ ‘gender expression,’ or like classification, as a protected class within its nondiscrimination policy, absent specific authorization from the General Assembly.” The letter expands on the issue of General Assembly authorization, stating:

Virginia's public universities are, at all times, subject to the control of the General Assembly.... The General Assembly has on numerous occasions considered and rejected creating a protected class defined by 'sexual orientation,' 'gender identity' or 'gender expression.' Lacking this clear authority, no state agency can reach beyond the boundaries established by the General Assembly.[26]

Virginia Democratic State Senator John Edwards said that Cuccinelli was "turning back the clock on civil rights in Virginia."[27] The American Association of University Professors and the University of Virginia also criticized the opinion.[28] Cuccinelli defended the legal opinion: "Our role isn't in the political arena on this subject. Our role is to give legal advice, to state what the law is."[29]

Governor McDonnell supported the legal reasoning in the opinion.[30] However, he issued Executive Directive One to all state agency heads stating that he would not allow them to discriminate based on sexual orientation.[31][32]

Environmental policies

On February 16, 2010, Cuccinelli filed a request with the United States Environmental Protection Agency to reopen its proceeding regarding EPA's finding that greenhouse gases endanger public health. He also sought judicial review of EPA's finding in Federal court. His press statement explained, "We cannot allow unelected bureaucrats with political agendas to use falsified data to regulate American industry and drive our economy into the ground".[33] On March 19, Cuccinelli announced that the total number of states supporting Virginia’s position is now at least 15. "While we made the decision to intervene based on what was in the best interests of Virginia and her citizens, it is gratifying to have the support of so many other states," said Cuccinelli.[34]

On April 1, 2010, Cuccinelli announced he will be challenging the new March 2010 standards for fuel efficiency for cars and trucks finalized by the Obama administration and Environmental Protection Agency under the Clean Air Act.[35][36] The new standards move up goals set in December 2007 when President Bush signed The Energy Independence and Security Act, which passed on a bipartisan vote of 314 to 100, which set the higher fuel economy standards for cars and light trucks by law for the first time in 32 years.[37]

Litigation with University of Virginia

In April 2010, Cuccinelli served a civil investigative demand on the University of Virginia seeking a broad range of documents related to Michael E. Mann, a climate researcher now at Penn State who was an assistant professor at UVA from 1999 to 2005.[38][39] Cuccinelli is investigating Mann's putative violation of the 2002 Virginia Fraud Against Taxpayers Act, although no evidence of wrongdoing was given to explain the invocation of the law.[40] While climate change skeptics have challenged Mann's work, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and a Penn State investigation cleared Mann of charges that he falsified or suppressed data[41] The Washington Post quotes Rachel Levinson, senior counsel with the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) as saying Cuccinelli's request had "echoes of McCarthyism."[42] A. Barton Hinkle of the Richmond Times-Dispatch criticized Cuccinelli for "employing a very expansive reading of Virginia’s Fraud Against Taxpayers Act," writing:[43]

This is not a maneuver gracefully executed by an Attorney General who is arguing, in the ObamaCare case, against Washington’s overly expansive reading of the Commerce Clause. How does Cuccinelli explain adopting the narrowest possible interpretation of the relevant language in that case, and the broadest possible interpretation of the relevant language in the Mann case? ... . Nothing about the Mann case evokes a sense of modesty or restraint. If Cuccinelli wants to rein in government power, then he could start at home.

Among the groups urging the University of Virginia to resist producing the data are: a letter published in Science signed by 255 members of the United States National Academy of Sciences, the American Civil Liberties Union and the AAUP.[39] Also in May 2010, the University of Virginia Faculty Senate Executive Council wrote a letter strongly rebuking Cuccinelli for his civil investigative demand of the Mann records, stating that "[Cuccinelli's] action and the potential threat of legal prosecution of scientific endeavor that has satisfied peer-review standards send a chilling message to scientists engaged in basic research involving Earth’s climate and indeed to scholars in any discipline."[44] In 2011 in response to the escalating attacks form the Virginia AG's office, the Union of Concerned Scientists published a defense of scientific integrity and "Timeline: Legal Harassment of Climate Scientist Michael Mann".[45]

On May 27, 2010, the University of Virginia began legal proceedings by filing a petition to resist Cuccinelli's investigative demand. In addition to challenging the investigative demands on academic freedom grounds, the petition states that Virginia's "Fraud Against Taxpayers Act" (FATA) cited by Cuccinelli is not applicable in this case, as four of the five grants were federal, and that the fifth was an internal University of Virginia grant originally awarded in 2001. The FATA was enacted in 2003, and it is not retroactive.[46][47]

On August 20, 2010, Albermarle Circuit Court Judge Paul Peatross heard argument on when Cuccinelli should get the requested data, including emails between Mann and his research assistants, secretaries and 39 other scientists across the country.[48] On August 30, 2010, the judge ruled that while the Virginia Attorney General could investigate state grants awarded to scientists, Cuccinelli and his staff failed to demonstrate that such an investigation was warranted in this case. "The nature of the conduct is not stated so that any reasonable person could glean what Dr. Mann did to violate the statute," the judge wrote,[49] "… The Court … understands the controversy regarding Dr. Mann’s work on the issue of global warming. However, it is not clear what he did that was misleading, false or fraudulent in obtaining funds from the Commonwealth of Virginia." At this point, Cuccinelli can either rewrite the civil investigative demand or appeal the decision.[50][51] Cuccinelli has filed a notice of appeal of the judge's ruling.[52]

On September 29, 2010 Virginia Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli sent a new civil subpoena to the University of Virginia renewing a demand for documents related to the work of Mann that was stymied when a judge blocked his previous request. Cuccinelli has narrowed his request, and has now limited the request to documents related to a grant that funded research unrelated to climate change. However, the demand seeks emails between Mann and 39 other climate change scientists.[52] Mann has been previously investigated by those who, like Cuccinelli, argue that the science behind global warming is not sound. The Washington Post described Cuccinelli's actions as an "anti-climate science crusade"[53] and expressed fears that it was a "fishing expedition designed to intimidate and suppress honest research and the free exchange of ideas upon which science and academia both depend — all because he does not like what science says about climate change".

Campaign contributions controversy

Cuccinelli has been criticized for his handling of $55,500 in campaign contributions from Bobby Thompson, who was a director of a veterans group now under investigation, the U.S. Navy Veterans Association. Thompson was Cuccinelli's second-largest campaign donor.[54][55] After receiving the contribution, Cuccinelli met with Samuel F. Wright, a USNVA representative on February 15, 2010, to discuss legislation which had passed the State Senate that would exempt the group from having to register with Virginia regulators.[56]

After an investigative report in the St. Petersberg Times in March 2010 raised questions about the Navy Veterans Association and Thompson, all other Virginia politicians, including Gov. Bob McDonnell, have given the contributions from Thompson to other veterans' organizations. At that time, Cuccinelli refused to do so, despite calls from Virginia Democrats. Cuccinelli's spokesman said "if Mr. Thompson was convicted of wrongdoing relative to the misappropriation of funds, and contributions to our campaign came from money that was supposed to go to active duty military or veterans, we would donate those contributions to military support organizations here in Virginia."[55] Sen. Don McEachin asserted that the standard for donations should be "much higher than that."[57] A month later in June, a Cuccinelli spokesman said $55,500 would be set aside in a restricted account pending the outcome of the investigation into Thompson and USNVA.[58] On July 28, 2010, Cuccinelli announced that he will donate the $55,000 to veterans charities in Virginia. Cuccinelli stated that his decision was prompted by statements from Thompson's lawyers indicating that Thompson can no longer be located.[59] The Ohio Attorney General Richard Cordray announced that a nation-wide arrest warrant had been issued for Bobby Thompson, who had stolen the identity and Social Security Number of a victim who was not connected to the USNVA. Corday stated, "We know he bilked Ohioans out of at least $1.9 million, and we estimate that nationally he collected at least $20 million."[60]

Virginia seal

Cuccinelli caused a controversy when he used a historical state seal which shows Virtus, the Roman goddess of bravery and military strength, carrying a breastplate to cover her left breast on lapel pins he provided as gifts to his office staff.[61][62] The current official seal shows Virtus holding a spear and her left breast is exposed. The original state seal was designed by George Wythe, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and adopted in 1776.[63] The historic seal on which Cuccinelli's version is based is a Confederate-era seal that appeared on the flag of a Virginia unit in the American Civil War.[64] Cuccinelli's spokesman, Brian Gottstein, said lapel pins with the breast covered were paid for by Cuccinelli’s political action committee, not with taxpayer funds. On May 3, following media coverage, Cuccinelli announced that he was dropping his "family friendly" version of the seal.[65][66] He stated, "I cannot believe that joking with my staff about Virtue being a little more ‘virtuous’ in this antique version has become news."[64]

Combating usury

Since 2007, the Virginia Attorney General's Office has negotiated settlements with eight auto-title lenders to provide refunds or interest rate reductions of almost $8 million.[67][68] The office filed a lawsuit on May 18, 2010 against CNC Financial Services, Inc., doing business as Cash-N-A-Flash, a Hampton-based auto "title lender," for charging interest rates of 300 percent or more on its loans. This rate is alleged to exceed the 12 percent limit in the Virginia’s Consumer Finance Act. However, effective October 1, 2010, Virginia's interest rate limit increased to 264 percent.[67][68][69]

The Attorney General's Office filed two separate lawsuits against two Virginia Beach-based mortgage modification companies for charging customers up to $1,200 in illegal advance fees in exchange for allegedly helping to prevent foreclosure.[70]

Advocacy for veterans

Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli announced plans to introduce a new level of veterans advocacy to the Attorney General’s office, including training state agencies how to use the law to better advocate for their clients when it comes to obtaining federal veterans benefits. Cuccinelli said that one of the most important things he could do for veterans was to help speed up the process for them to obtain the services they are eligible for from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Other priority issues include ensuring that veterans have opportunities to become and stay employed in Virginia and working with the Virginia judiciary to determine how best to educate judges on how Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Traumatic Brain Injury issues affect veterans.[71][72]

Antitrust enforcement

A $173 million settlement was reached with six international manufacturers of computer chips. The settlement resolved claims that the companies engaged in a price-fixing arrangement that cost government purchasers and consumers millions of dollars in overcharges for their chips. Attorney General Cuccinelli and 32 other state attorneys general participated in the investigation and the settlement of a court case that was first filed in Court in 2006, before Cuccinelli took office.[73]

Extradition of Jens Soering to Germany

Jens Soering, 43, the son of a German diplomat and former Jefferson scholar at the University of Virginia, was convicted in 1990 and sentenced to two life terms for the 1985 first-degree stabbing murders of his then-girlfriend's parents, Derek and Nancy Haysom, in their Bedford County home, and held at the Buckingham Correctional Center in Dillwyn, VA. Former Gov. Timothy Kaine, on the last day of his administration in January, 2010, approved a request from the German government and asked the Justice Department to transfer Soering back to Germany to complete his sentence. Newly-elected Gov. Bob McDonnell, along with Cuccinelli, adamantly opposed the transfer. McDonnell formally notified the Justice Department just three days after taking office that it was imperative that Soering serve his time in Virginia and not in Germany, where a US news report said that he could have applied for parole after two years, although parole is only applicable after a minimum 15 years according to the German penal code.[74] On July 7, 2010, U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder announced that he would not consider transferring Soering to a prison in his home country without the state's "clear and unambiguous" consent.[75][76]

Education Policy

On November 24, 2010, Cuccinelli issued a legal opinion that police, school administrators, and teachers could search students' cell phones on the basis of reasonable suspicions in order to deter cyberbullying and "sexting". The ACLU and the Rutherford Institute said that Cuccinelli's opinion was in error, lacking a legal foundation.[77][78]

On January 28, 2011, Cuccinelli issued a legal opinion saying that school systems could not charge students the $75 testing fee when students take Advance Placement (AP) tests. Typically, AP courses are offered to academically advanced high school students to teach college-level materials. At the end of the course, students take a nationally-administered AP test, and can receive college credit if the test score meets a specified level. Cuccinelli said that public schools were required to provide a free education, so schools could not charge students taking the AP class the exam fee.[79]

Donor Intent

In February 2012, Cuccinelli filed a brief in the case of seven Anglican parishes that had left the Episcopal Diocese of Virginia as part of the Anglican realignment, including The Falls Church and Truro Church.[80] Cuccinelli took the side of the departing Anglican churches, arguing that they should be entitled to keep personal property amounting to several million dollars that was donated to the parishes between 2003 and 2007 and marked by the donors as for the use of parishes only, not for the diocese. Cuccinelli made this argument on "donor intent" grounds.[81] "That donor intent is paramount," Cuccinelli argued, "and governs the disposition of property, both real and personal, by one entrusted with its management, is a principle beyond dispute and interwoven throughout the law governing charitable trusts." The Fairfax County Circuit Court should not rule, Cuccinelli concluded, “in violation of the clearly expressed intent of the donors."[82]

The court sided with the diocese, ruling that the properties must be handed over.[83]

2013 run for governor

After his election as Attorney General, it was speculated that Cuccinelli was a potential candidate for governor in the 2013 election[84] or for the United States Senate in 2014. Cuccinelli himself stated that he was considering running for the Senate.[85] Two days later, one of his aides said, "We haven't ruled out anything. He's not actively considering a run for any particular office at the moment. Ken is operating under the assumption that he will run for reelection [in 2013]. He hasn't ruled out any option besides running for president, which he has no desire to do."[86]

On November 30, 2011, The Washington Post reported that Cuccinelli would announce within days that he was running for governor in 2013; the next day, Cuccinelli confirmed that he would run.[87] Cuccinelli said he would continue serving as Attorney General during his run.

Political views

Abortion

Cuccinelli supports the right to life from conception to natural death, and is endorsed by the Republican National Coalition for Life.[88] In November 2008 he was named the Family Foundation of Virginia "Legislator of the Year."[89] Cuccinelli sponsored a number of bills to discourage abortions, including requiring doctors to anesthetize fetuses undergoing late term abortions,[90] altering the licensing and regulation of abortion clinics,[91] and requiring that a doctor save the fetal tissue when performing an abortion on a woman under age 15, for forensic use.[92] As a state senator, he advanced legislation to make abortion clinics subject to the same health and safety standards as outpatient surgical hospitals.[93]

Immigration

During his Senate career, Cuccinelli introduced bills urging the United States Congress to amend the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution to revoke citizenship rights for children of illegal immigrants who are born in the U.S.,[94] to allow businesses to sue others that hire undocumented immigrants,[95] and to establish inability to speak English in the workplace as cause for disqualification to receive unemployment benefits.[96]

Second Amendment/gun control

Cuccinelli’s support of the Second Amendment brought him an endorsement by the National Rifle Association (NRA).[97] He sponsored legislation to repeal the prohibition on carrying a concealed handgun in a restaurant or club,[98] for Virginia to recognize concealed handgun permits from other states,[99] to shield concealed handgun permit application data from Freedom of Information Act requests,[100] and to prevent disqualification for a handgun permit based on a sworn, written statement from a law enforcement official that the applicant is likely to use a weapon unlawfully to endanger others. Under Cuccinelli’s proposal a person could only be disqualified for such a permit by a court ruling based on the applicant’s past actions.[101] In the 2009 legislative session, a bill Cuccinelli introduced was passed that, for the purposes of granting a Virginia concealed handgun permit, required the state to accept as proof of "handgun competence" any certificate from an online handgun safety course featuring an NRA-certified instructor.[102]

Taxes

Cuccinelli opposes higher taxes. He helped lead an unsuccessful campaign to stop Mark Warner’s 2004 budget.[103][citation needed] In 2006 Cuccinelli sent out a fundraising letter that criticized the Virginia Senate’s Republican majority for passing a gasoline tax increase. The letter elicited rebuke from fellow Republican Tommy Norment.[104]

Eminent domain

In the 2005, 2006 and 2007 legislative sessions, Cuccinelli worked to pass eminent domain (compulsory purchase) laws that prevented local and state governments from taking private homes and businesses for developers’ projects.[105] In April 2010 Cuccinelli told the Roanoke Chamber of Commerce that he wanted to add stronger property rights protection to Virginia’s Constitution. “There is no consistency on the application of eminent domain throughout Virginia," he said.[16]

Law enforcement

In 2005, Cuccinelli was the chief patron of SB873,[106] legislation that entitled law enforcement officers to overtime pay from local governments for hours worked while on vacation or other leave.[107]

Sex education

Cuccinelli has been a strong advocate of the abstinence-only sex education programs with state funding. He stated "The longer you delay the commencement of sexual activity, you have healthier and happier kids and more successful kids.".[108]

Homosexuality

In 2004, Cuccinelli stated "homosexuality is wrong."[109] During his 2009 campaign for attorney general, he stated "My view is that homosexual acts, not homosexuality, but homosexual acts are wrong. They’re intrinsically wrong. And I think in a natural law based country it’s appropriate to have policies that reflect that. ... They don’t comport with natural law. I happen to think that it represents (to put it politely; I need my thesaurus to be polite) behavior that is not healthy to an individual and in aggregate is not healthy to society."[110]

Obama's citizenship

During a 2010 appearance as attorney general, an audience member asked, "what can we do about Obama and the birth certificate thing". Cuccinelli responded that if Virginia challenged a law, he could seek to invalidate it because "someone qualified to be President didn't sign it", and the possibility that Obama was born in Kenya did not "seem beyond the realm of possibility". Cuccinelli subsequently issued a statement saying his response was only hypothetical, and said, "I absolutely believe that President Obama was born in the United States. I don't buy into the claims that he wasn't".[111]

Electoral history

Virginia Attorney Election, November 3, 2009
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Ken Cuccinelli 1,124,137 57.51
Democratic Steve Shannon 828,687 42.39
Independent Write-in candidates 1,772 0.09
Total votes 1,958,473 100
Virginia Senate General Election, November 6, 2007
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Ken Cuccinelli 18,602 50.02
Democratic Janet Oleszek 18,510 49.77
Independent Write-in candidates 73 0.19
Total votes 37,185 100
Virginia Senate General Election, November 4, 2003
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Ken Cuccinelli 16,762 53.31
Democratic Jim Mitchell 14,658 46.62
Independent Write-in candidates 23 0.07
Total votes 31,443 100
Virginia Senate Special Election, August 6, 2002
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Ken Cuccinelli 10,041 55.01
Democratic Cathy Belter 8,193 44.89
Independent Write-in candidates 18 0.10
Total votes 18,252 100

See also

References

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  74. ^ Sentencing Guidelines and Practices in Germany, Dr Bernd Bösert, Head of Division, Division for the Criminal Code (General Part), German Federal Ministry of Justice, Berlin "Life imprisonment: after a period of 15 years of imprisonment the court may order the offender’s release on parole. In addition to the requirement of a positive prognosis of the conduct of the convicted person (no reoffending) the particular seriousness of the convicted person’s guilt must not require its continued enforcement (Section 57a of the Criminal Code). In practice a life sentence is executed on an average of nearly 19 years. The probationary period is at least two years." See Life imprisonment in Germany
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  82. ^ "Briefly Noted: "Donor Intent Is Paramount"". Philanthropy. Spring 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  83. ^ Benton, Nicholas (May 23, 2012). "Anglicans Hand Keys of Historic Falls Church to Episcopalians Read more at FCNP.com: http://www.fcnp.com/news/11885-anglicans-hand-keys-of-historic-falls-church-to-episcopalians-.html#ixzz1x1GuKskO". Falls Church News-Press. Retrieved 6 June 2012. External link in |title= (help)
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  86. ^ "Cuccinelli denies plans for Senate run". Washingtonexaminer.com. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
  87. ^ Ken Cuccinelli announces he will run for Va. governor in 2013
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  90. ^ "SB 371, Abortion; procedure if performed after first trimester". 2004-01-04.
  91. ^ "SB 839: Abortion clinics; regulation and licensure". 2005-01-10.
  92. ^ "SB 315. Abortion; preservation of fetal tissue when performed on child under age 15". 2006-01-10.
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  94. ^ "SJ 131 Birthright citizenship; memorializing Congress to amend Fourteenth Amendment of U.S. Constitution". 2008-01-18.
  95. ^ "SB 629 Illegal aliens; employment thereof, cause of action". 2006-01-06.
  96. ^ "SB 339 Unemployment compensation; employee's inability to speak English at workplace is misconduct". 2008-01-08.
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  98. ^ "SB 579 Concealed weapons; abolishes prohib. on carrying in a rest. or club, excep. when alcohol consumed". 2005-01-15.
  99. ^ "SB 771 Concealed handgun permits". 2003-01-08.
  100. ^ "SB 332 Concealed handgun permits; access to personal information of permittees". 2008-01-08.
  101. ^ "SB 1266 concealed weapons permit; disqualifies person using negligently or unlawfully to endanger others". 2005-01-18. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
  102. ^ "SB 1528 concealed handgun permits; completion of firearms training, etc., may be done electronically".
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  104. ^ Lessig, Hugh (2006-05-20). "Writings frame bigger General Assembly rift: Two fellow Republicans cause Sen. Norment, R-James City, to say chamber civility is eroding". Daily Press. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
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  108. ^ "Funding for abstinence-only programs eliminated". November 13, 2007.
  109. ^ Ginsberg, Steven (June 29, 2003). "In Wake of Sodomy Ruling, Va. Lawmakers Predict Bills on Both Sides". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 17, 2010. Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  110. ^ "Steve Shannon for attorney general". The Virginian-Pilot. October 26, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2010. Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  111. ^ "Ken Cuccinelli, Virginia Attorney General, clarifies Obama birther statements". 2010-03-15. Retrieved 2010-04-04.

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