Editing Margaret Sanger

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{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_name        = Margaret Louise  Higgins
| image             = MargaretSanger-Underwood.LOC.jpg
| image_size        =
| caption           = Sanger in 1922
| birth_date        = {{birth date|1879|9|14|mf=y}}
| birth_place       = [[Corning (city), New York|Corning, New York]], U.S.
| death_date        = {{death date and age|1966|9|6|1879|9|14|mf=y}}
| death_place       = [[Tucson, Arizona]], U.S.
| occupation        = [[Reform movement|Social reformer]], [[sex education|sex educator]], [[writer]], [[nursing|nurse]]
| spouse            = William Sanger (1902–1921){{#tag:ref|They became estranged in 1913, but the divorce was not finalized until 1921.<ref>{{cite book |author=Baker, Jean H |title=Margaret Sanger: a life of passion |oclc=705717104 |page=126}}</ref>|group="note"}}<br /> James Noah H. Slee (1922{{ndash}}1943)
}}
'''Margaret Higgins Sanger''' (born '''Margaret Louise Higgins''', September 14, 1879{{snds}}September 6, 1966, also known as '''Margaret Sanger Slee''') was an American [[birth control]] activist, [[Sex education|sex educator]], writer, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term "birth control", opened the first birth control clinic in the [[United States]], and established organizations that evolved into the [[Planned Parenthood Federation of America]].

Sanger used her writings and speeches primarily to promote her way of thinking. She was prosecuted for her book ''Family Limitation'' under the [[Comstock Act]] in 1914. She was afraid of what would happen, so she fled to Britain until she knew it was safe to return to the US.<ref name="Douglas 1970 57">{{cite book|last=Douglas|first=Emily|title=Margaret Sanger: Pioneer of the Future|year=1970|publisher=Holt, Rinehart, and Winston|location=Canada|page=57}}</ref> Sanger's efforts contributed to several judicial cases that helped legalize contraception in the United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Benjamin|first=Hazel C.|date=1938-01-01|title=Lobbying for Birth Control|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2745054|journal=The Public Opinion Quarterly|volume=2|issue=1|pages=48–60}}</ref> Due to her connection with [[Planned Parenthood Federation of America|Planned Parenthood]] Sanger is a frequent target of criticism by [[anti-abortion movements|opponents of abortion]], although Planned Parenthood did not begin providing abortions until 1970, after Sanger had already died.<ref>[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/protect-womens-health/ Scientificamerican.com]</ref> Sanger, who has been criticized for supporting negative [[eugenics]], remains an admired figure in the American [[reproductive rights]] movement.{{sfn|Katz|2000}}

In 1916 Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, which led to her arrest for distributing information on [[contraception]] after an undercover policewoman bought a copy of her pamphlet on family planning.<ref name="Cox2009">{{cite book|author=Vicki Cox|title=Margaret Sanger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vbQa8tnhr1EC&pg=PA7|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0759-2|pages=7–}}</ref> Her subsequent trial and appeal generated controversy. Sanger felt that in order for women to have a more equal footing in society and to lead healthier lives, they needed to be able to determine when to bear children. She also wanted to prevent so-called [[unsafe abortion|back-alley abortions]],{{sfn|Cox|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vbQa8tnhr1EC&pg=PA3 3–4]|accessdate=2016-03-11}} which were common at the time because abortions were illegal in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1997/05/abortion-in-american-history/376851/|title=Abortion in American History|last=Pollitt|first=Katha|newspaper=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-02}}</ref> She believed that while abortion was sometimes justified it should generally be avoided, and she considered contraception the only practical way to avoid them.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/AmRad/familylimitations.pdf|title=Family Limitation|first=|publisher=|year=1917|isbn=|location=|page=5|pages=|quote="No one can doubt that there are times where an abortion is justifiable but they can become ''unnecessary when care is taken to prevent conception.'' This is the ''only'' cure for abortion."|via=|author=Sanger, Margaret|accessdate=2016-03-11}}</ref>

In 1921, Sanger founded the [[American Birth Control League]], which later became the [[Planned Parenthood Federation of America]]. In New York City, she organized the first birth control clinic staffed by all-female doctors, as well as a clinic in [[Harlem]] with an all African-American advisory council,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nyu.edu/pages/projects/sanger/articles/harlem.php|title=Looking Uptown: Margaret Sanger and the Harlem Branch Birth Control Clinic|last=Wangui Muigai|first=|date=Spring 2010|work=The Newsletter|publisher=The Margaret Sanger Papers Project|issue=#54|access-date=|via=}}</ref> where African-American staff were later added.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eIITCgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA138&ots=pyZuUPw9iD&pg=PA137#v=onepage&q=African%20American%20staff&f=false|title=Ballots, Babies, and Banners of Peace: American Jewish Women’s Activism, 1890-1940|last=Klapper|first=Melissa R.|date=2014-08-22|publisher=NYU Press|year=|isbn=9781479850594|location=|pages=137–138|language=en|quote=|via=}}</ref>  In 1929, she formed the [[National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control]], which served as the focal point of her lobbying efforts to legalize contraception in the United States. From 1952 to 1959, Sanger served as president of the [[International Planned Parenthood Federation]]. She died in 1966, and is widely regarded as a founder of the modern birth control movement.<ref name=":0" />

== Life ==

=== Early life ===

Sanger was born Margaret Louise Higgins in 1879 in Corning, New York,<ref>History of the Corning-Painted Post Area, p.&nbsp;240</ref> to Michael Hennessey Higgins, an Irish-born stonemason and free-thinker,  and Anne Purcell Higgins, a Catholic Irish-American. Michael Hennessey Higgins had emigrated to the USA at age 14 and joined the U.S. Army as a drummer at age 15, during the Civil War. After leaving the army, Michael studied medicine and [[phrenology]], but ultimately became a stonecutter, making stone angels, saints, and tombstones.<ref>Sanger, Margaret, ''The Autobiography of Margaret Sanger'', Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, pp. 1–3.</ref> Michael H. Higgins was a Catholic who became an atheist and an activist for women's suffrage and free public education.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/john_murphy/margaretsanger.html |title=Margaret Sanger |publisher=Infidels.org |accessdate=March 12, 2012}}; Rosalind Rosenberg, ''Divided lives: American women in the twentieth century'', p. 82.</ref> Anne was born in Ireland. Her parents brought the family to Canada during the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Potato Famine]]. She married Michael in 1869.<ref>Baker, p. 3, 11</ref> Anne Higgins went through 18 pregnancies (with 11 live births) in 22 years before dying at the age of 49. Sanger was the sixth of eleven surviving children,<ref>{{cite book |last=Cooper |first=James L. |last2=Cooper |first2= Sheila M. |title=The Roots of American Feminist Thought |publisher=Alvin and Bacon |year=1973 |page=219 |asin=B002VY8L0O }}</ref> and spent much of her youth assisting with household chores and caring for her younger siblings.

Supported by her two older sisters, Margaret Higgins attended [[Claverack College]] and Hudson River Institute, before enrolling in 1900 at White Plains Hospital as a nurse probationer. In 1902, she married the architect William Sanger and gave up her education.<ref>Sanger, Margaret. ''Autobiography'' (New York: Norton, 1938), p. 13; Katz, Esther, et al., eds, ''The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Vol. 1: The "Woman Rebel" 1900–1928'' (Urbana: Illinois University Press, 2003), pp. 4–5.</ref> Though she was plagued by a recurring active [[Tuberculosis|tubercular]] condition, Margaret Sanger bore three children, and the couple settled down to a quiet life in [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester, New York]].

[[File:SangerAndSons.tiff|thumb|right|With sons Grant and Stuart, {{circa|1919}}]]

=== Social activism ===

In 1911, after a fire destroyed their home in [[Hastings-on-Hudson, New York|Hastings-on-Hudson]], the Sangers abandoned the suburbs for a new life in New York City. Margaret Sanger worked as a visiting nurse in the slums of the [[Lower East Side|East Side]], while her husband worked as an architect and a house painter. Already imbued with her husband's leftist politics, Margaret Sanger also threw herself into the radical politics and modernist values of pre-World War I [[Greenwich Village]] bohemia. She joined the Women's Committee of the New York Socialist party, took part in the labor actions of the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] (including the notable [[1912 Lawrence textile strike]] and the [[1913 Paterson silk strike]]) and became involved with local intellectuals, left-wing artists, socialists and social activists, including [[John Reed (journalist)|John Reed]], [[Upton Sinclair]], [[Mabel Dodge]] and [[Emma Goldman]].{{sfn|Chesler|1992}}

Sanger's political interests, emerging feminism and nursing experience led her to write two series of columns on sex education entitled "What Every Mother Should Know" (1911–12) and "What Every Girl Should Know" (1912–13) for the socialist magazine ''[[New York Call]].'' By the standards of the day, Sanger's articles were extremely frank in their discussion of sexuality, and many ''New York Call'' readers were outraged by them. Other readers, however, praised the series for its candor.  One stated that the series contained "a purer morality than whole libraries full of hypocritical cant about modesty".{{sfn|Chesler|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vNkTEWUQXIcC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA65 65]|accessdate=2016-03-11}} Both were published in book form in 1916.<ref>{{harvnb|Dietrich|2010}}; {{harvnb|Engelman|2011|p=32}}; {{harvnb|Blanchard|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OnSLtku4YzwC&pg=PA50 50]|accessdate=2016-03-11}}; {{harvnb|Coates|2008|p=49}}</ref>

During her work among working-class immigrant women, Sanger met women who underwent frequent childbirth, miscarriages and self-induced abortions for lack of information on how to avoid unwanted pregnancy. Access to contraceptive information was prohibited on grounds of obscenity by the 1873 federal [[Comstock law]] and a host of state laws. Seeking to help these women, Sanger visited public libraries, but was unable to find information on contraception.<ref>Endres, Kathleen L., ''Women's Periodicals in the United States: social and political issues'', p. 448; Endres cites Sanger, ''An Autobiography'', pp. 95–96. Endres cites Kennedy, p. 19, as pointing out that some materials on birth control were available in 1913.</ref> These problems were epitomized in a story that Sanger would later recount in her speeches: while Sanger was working as a nurse, she was called to the apartment of a woman, "Sadie Sachs", who had become extremely ill due to a self-induced abortion. Afterward, Sadie  begged the attending doctor to tell her how she could prevent this from happening again, to which the doctor simply advised her to remain abstinent. A few months later, Sanger was called back to Sadie's apartment — only this time, Sadie" died shortly after Sanger arrived. She had attempted yet another self-induced abortion.<ref>Lader (1955), pp. 44–50.
<br />Baker, pp. 49–51.
<br />Kennedy, pp. 16–18.</ref><ref name=KVPsych>{{Cite book |author1=Viney, Wayne |author2=King, D. A. | title=A History of Psychology: Ideas and Context | year=2003 | publisher=Allyn and Bacon | location=Boston | isbn=0-205-33582-9 | pages=}}</ref> Sanger would sometimes end the story by saying, "I threw my nursing bag in the corner and announced&nbsp;... that I would never take another case until I had made it possible for working women in America to have the knowledge to control birth." This story – along with Sanger’s 1904 rescue of her unwanted niece Olive Byrne from the snowbank in which she had been left—marks the beginning of Sanger's commitment to spare women from the pursuit of dangerous and illegal abortions.<ref name=KVPsych /><ref>Jill Lepore, The Secret History of Wonder Woman, 2014, {{ISBN|0804173400}}</ref><ref>Composite story: ''The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 1'', p. 185. This source identifies the source of Sanger's quote as: "Birth Control", Library of Congress collection of Sanger's papers: microfilm: reel 129: frame 12, April 1916.</ref> Sanger opposed abortion, but primarily as a societal ill and public health danger which would disappear if women were able to prevent unwanted pregnancy.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last=Streitmatter|first=Rodger|title=Voices of Revolution: The Dissident Press in America|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2001|location=New York|page=169|isbn=0-231-12249-7}}</ref>

Given the connection between contraception and working-class empowerment, Sanger came to believe that only by liberating women from the risk of unwanted pregnancy would fundamental social change take place. She launched a campaign to challenge governmental censorship of contraceptive information through confrontational actions.

Sanger became estranged from her husband in 1913, and the couple's divorce was finalized in 1921.<ref>Cox, p. 76.</ref> In 1922 she married her second husband, James Noah H. Slee.<ref>Margaret Sanger: Pioneer of the Future pp. 178–80.</ref>

In 1914 Sanger launched ''The Woman Rebel'', an eight-page monthly newsletter which promoted contraception using the slogan "[[No Gods, No Masters]]".<ref>Kennedy, pp. 1, 22.</ref><ref group="note">The slogan "No Gods, No Masters" originated in a flyer distributed by the [[Industrial Workers of the World|IWW]] in the [[1912 Lawrence textile strike]].</ref><ref>Sanger, Margaret, ''The Autobiography of Margaret Sanger'', Mineola, New York: Dover Printing Publications Inc., 2004, pp. 111–112.</ref> Sanger, collaborating with anarchist friends, popularized the term "birth control" as a more candid alternative to euphemisms such as "family limitation"<ref>The term "birth control" was suggested in 1914 by a young friend called Otto Bobstein&nbsp;– Chesler, p. 97.<br />Katz, ''The selected papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 1'', p. 70.
<br />Galvin, Rachel. [http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/1998-09/sanger.html Margaret Sanger's "Deeds of Terrible Virtue"] ''Humanities'', [[National Endowment for the Humanities]], September/October 1998, Vol. 19/Number 5.</ref> and proclaimed that each woman should be "the absolute mistress of her own body."<ref>Engelman, Peter C., "Margaret Sanger", article in ''Encyclopedia of Leadership, Volume 4'', George R. Goethals, et al (eds), ''SAGE'', 2004, p. 1382.
<br />Engelman cites facsimile edited by Alex Baskin, ''Woman Rebel'', New York: Archives of Social History, 1976. Facsimile of original.</ref> In these early years of Sanger's activism, she viewed birth control as a free-speech issue, and when she started publishing ''The Woman Rebel'', one of her goals was to provoke a legal challenge to the [[Comstock laws|federal anti-obscenity laws]] which banned dissemination of information about contraception.<ref>Katz, ''Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Vol. 1''.</ref><ref name="McCann">McCann 2010, pp. 750–51.</ref> Though postal authorities suppressed five of its seven issues, Sanger continued publication, all the while preparing ''Family Limitation'', another challenge to anti-birth control laws. This 16-page pamphlet contained detailed and precise information and graphic descriptions of various contraceptive methods. In August 1914 Margaret Sanger was indicted for violating postal obscenity laws by sending ''The Woman Rebel'' through the postal system. Rather than stand trial, she fled the country.<ref name="Douglas 1970 57"/>

Margaret Sanger spent much of her 1914 exile in England, where contact with British [[neo-Malthusian]]s such as [[Charles Vickery Drysdale]] helped refine her socioeconomic justifications for birth control. She shared their concern that [[over-population]] led to poverty, famine and war.<ref name=Baker268>Baker, p.268</ref> At the ''Fifth International Neo-Malthusian Conference'' in 1922, she was the first woman to chair a session.<ref>Baker, p. 178</ref> She organized the ''Sixth International Neo-Malthusian and Birth-Control Conference'' that took place in New York in 1925.<ref>Chesler, p. 225</ref><ref>Kennedy, p. 101</ref> Over-population would remain a concern of hers for the rest of her life.<ref name=Baker268 />

During her 1914 trip to England, she was also profoundly influenced by the liberation theories of [[Havelock Ellis]], under whose tutelage she sought not just to make sexual intercourse safer for women, but more pleasurable.  Another notable person she met around this time was [[Marie Stopes]], who had run into Sanger after she had just given a talk on birth control at a [[Fabian Society]] meeting. Stopes showed Sanger her writings and sought her advice about a chapter on contraception.<ref>{{cite book |author=Greer, Germaine |title=Sex and Destiny |publisher=Secker and Warburg |year=1984 |page=306}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lZdECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT164 The Public Lives of Charlotte and Marie Stopes]</ref>

Early in 1915, Margaret Sanger's estranged husband, William Sanger, gave a copy of ''Family Limitation'' to a representative of anti-vice politician [[Anthony Comstock]]. William Sanger was tried and convicted, spending thirty days in jail while attracting interest in birth control as an issue of civil liberty.<ref>{{cite book|last=Douglas|first=Emily|title=Margaret Sanger: Pioneer of the Future|year=1970|publisher=Holt, Rinehart, and Winston|location=Canada|page=80}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Haight|first=Anne Lyon|title=Banned books: informal notes on some books banned for various reasons at various times and in various places|year=1935|publisher=R.R. Bowker Company|location=New York|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3921312?urlappend=%3Bseq=81|page=65}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Anthony Comstock Dies in His Crusade|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19150922&id=EogtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4pwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4706,2842572|newspaper=[[Reading Eagle]]|location=Reading, Pennsylvania|date=September 22, 1915|page=6}}</ref>  Margaret's second husband, Noah Slee, also lent his help to her life's work.  In 1928, Slee would smuggle diaphragms into New York through Canada<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vNkTEWUQXIcC&pg=PA255 Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America]</ref> in boxes labeled as [[3-In-One Oil]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fe7NA-b_URIC&pg=PA254 Thinking Out Loud: On the Personal, the Political, the Public and the Private]</ref>  He later became the first legal manufacturer of diaphragms in the United States.<ref>[https://www.plannedparenthood.org/files/7513/9611/6635/Margaret_Sanger_Hero_1009.pdf Margaret Sanger - 20th Century Hero], p. 8, [[Planned Parenthood]]</ref>

=== Birth control movement ===
{{Main article|Birth control movement in the United States}}

[[File:1917 Edition of Family Limitations.jpg|thumb|right|This page from Sanger's ''Family Limitation'', 1917 edition, describes a [[cervical cap]]]]

Some countries in northwestern Europe had more liberal policies towards contraception than the United States at the time, and when Sanger visited a Dutch birth control clinic in 1915, she learned about [[Diaphragm (contraceptive)|diaphragms]] and became convinced that they were a more effective means of contraception than the suppositories and [[douche]]s that she had been distributing back in the United States. Diaphragms were generally unavailable in the United States, so Sanger and others began importing them from Europe, in defiance of United States law.{{sfn|Chesler|1992}}

On October 16, 1916 Sanger opened a family planning and birth control clinic at 46 Amboy Street in the [[Brownsville, Brooklyn|Brownsville neighborhood]] of [[Brooklyn]], the first of its kind in the United States.<ref>''Selected Papers, vol 1'', p. 199. <br />Baker, p. 115.</ref> Nine days after the clinic opened, Sanger was arrested. Sanger's bail was set at $500 and she went back home. Sanger continued seeing some women in the clinic until the police came a second time. This time Sanger and her sister, [[Ethel Byrne]], were arrested for breaking a New York state law that prohibited distribution of contraceptives, Sanger was also charged with running a public nuisance.<ref>Margaret Sanger: Pioneer to the Future, p. 109.</ref> Sanger and Byrne went to trial in January 1917.<ref>Engelman, p. 101.</ref> Byrne was convicted and sentenced to 30 days in a workhouse but went on hunger strike. She was force-fed, the first woman hunger striker in the US to be so treated.<ref>{{cite news | title = First woman in US given English dose | newspaper = The Seattle Star | date = January 27, 1917 | page = 1 | url = http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87093407/1917-01-27/ed-1/seq-1/| accessdate = November 16, 2014}}</ref> Only when Sanger pledged that Byrne would never break the law, was she pardoned after ten days.<ref>{{cite news | title = Mrs. Byrne pardoned; pledged to obey law; | newspaper = New York Times | date = February 2, 1917 | url = https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9A07EFD9173AE433A25751C0A9649C946696D6CF | accessdate = November 16, 2014}}</ref> Sanger was convicted; the trial judge held that women did not have "the right to copulate with a feeling of security that there will be no resulting conception."<ref name="new-yorker">{{cite web | work = [[The New Yorker]] |first = Jill | last = Lepore| authorlink = Jill Lepore | date = November 14, 2011 | accessdate = November 13, 2011 | title= Birthright: What's next for Planned Parenthood? | url = http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/11/14/111114fa_fact_lepore}}</ref> Sanger was offered a more lenient sentence if she promised to not break the law again, but she replied: "I cannot respect the law as it exists today."<ref name="Cox">Cox, p. 65.</ref> For this, she was sentenced to 30 days in a workhouse.<ref name="Cox" /> An initial appeal was rejected, but in a subsequent court proceeding in 1918, the birth control movement won a victory when Judge [[Frederick E. Crane]] of the [[New York Court of Appeals]] issued a ruling which allowed doctors to prescribe contraception.<ref>Engelman, pp. 101–3.</ref> The publicity surrounding Sanger's arrest, trial, and appeal sparked birth control activism across the United States, and earned the support of numerous donors, who would provide her with funding and support for future endeavors.<ref>McCann, 2010, p. 751.</ref>

In February 1917 Sanger began publishing the monthly periodical ''[[Birth Control Review]]''.<ref group="note">The first issue of ''Birth Control Review'' was published in February 1917.</ref>

=== American Birth Control League ===

[[File:Birth Control Review 1919.jpg|thumb|Sanger published the ''Birth Control Review'' from 1917 to 1929.<ref group="note">Caption at the bottom of this 1919 issue reads: "Must She Always Plead in Vain? 'You are a nurse—can you tell me? For the children's sake—help me!'"</ref>]]

After [[World War I]], Sanger shifted away from radical politics, and she founded the [[American Birth Control League]] (ABCL) in 1921 to enlarge her base of supporters to include the middle class.<ref>Freedman, Estelle B., ''The essential feminist reader'', Random House Digital, Inc., 2007, p. 211.</ref> The founding principles of the ABCL were as follows:<ref>"Birth control: What it is, How it works, What it will do", ''The Proceedings of the First American Birth Control Conference'', November 11, 12, 1921, pp. 207–8.
<br />''The Birth Control Review'', Vol. V, No. 12, December 1921, Margaret Sanger (ed.), p. 18.
<br />Sanger, ''Pivot of Civilization'', 2001 reprint edited by Michael W. Perry, p. 409.
<br />These principles were adopted at the first meeting of the ABCL in late 1921.</ref>

{{quote|quote=We hold that children should be (1) Conceived in love; (2) Born of the mother's conscious desire; (3) And only begotten under conditions which render possible the heritage of health. Therefore we hold that every woman must possess the power and freedom to prevent conception except when these conditions can be satisfied.}}

After Sanger's appeal of her conviction for the Brownsville clinic secured a 1918 court ruling that exempted physicians from the law prohibiting the distribution of contraceptive information to women (provided it was prescribed for medical reason), she established the Clinical Research Bureau (CRB) in 1923 to exploit this loophole.{{sfn|Chesler|1992}}<ref>Baker, p. 196.</ref> The CRB was the first legal birth control clinic in the United States, staffed entirely by female doctors and social workers.<ref>Baker, pp. 196–97.
<br />''The Selected Papers, Vol 2'', p. 54.</ref> The clinic received extensive funding from [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]] and his family, who continued to make anonymous donations to Sanger's causes in subsequent decades.<ref name="Rockefeller">Chesler, pp. 277, 293, 558.
<br />{{cite book |last=Harr |first=John Ensor |last2=Johnson |first2=Peter J. |title= The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |year=1988 |pages=191, 461–62
}}—crucial, anonymous Rockefeller grants to the Clinical Research Bureau and support for population control</ref><ref>Chesler, Ellen ''Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America'', New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992, p. 425.</ref>

John D. Rockefeller Jr. donated five thousand dollars to her American Birth Control League in 1924 and a second time in 1925.<ref>Katz, Esther; Sanger, Margaret, ''The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger Volume 1: The Woman Rebel'', University of Illinois Press, 2003, p. 430.</ref>
In 1922, she traveled to China, Korea, and Japan. In China she observed that the primary method of family planning was female infanticide, and she later worked with [[Pearl Buck]] to establish a family planning clinic in Shanghai.<ref>Cohen, pp. 64–5.</ref> Sanger visited Japan six times, working with Japanese feminist [[Kato Shidzue]] to promote birth control.<ref>Baker, p. 275.
<br /> Katō, Shidzue, ''Facing Two Ways: the story of my life'', Stanford University Press, 1984, p. xxviii.
<br />D'Itri, Patricia Ward, ''Cross Currents in the International Women's Movement, 1848–1948'', Popular Press, 1999, pp. 163–67.</ref> This was ironic, since ten years earlier Sanger had accused Katō of murder and praised an attempt to kill her.<ref>Katz, Esther (ed.); Sanger, Margaret, ''The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger Volume 1: The Woman Rebel 1900–1928'', Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2003, p. 421.</ref>

In 1928, conflict within the birth control movement leadership led Sanger to resign as the president of the ABCL and take full control of the CRB, renaming it the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau (BCCRB), marking the beginning of a schism that would last until 1938.<ref>McCann (1994), pp. 177–8.
<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/aboutms/organization_bccrb.php |title=MSPP > About > Birth Control Organizations > Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau |publisher=Nyu.edu |date=October 18, 2005 |accessdate=October 7, 2009}}</ref>

Sanger invested a great deal of effort communicating with the general public. From 1916 onward, she frequently lectured (in churches, women's clubs, homes, and theaters) to workers, churchmen, liberals, socialists, scientists, and upper-class women.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Autobiography of Margaret Sanger |last= Sanger |first= Margaret |year= 1938 |publisher= W. W. Norton |location= |isbn= 0-486-43492-3 |page= 366}}</ref> She once lectured on birth control to the [[Women of the Ku Klux Klan|women's auxiliary of the Ku Klux Klan]] in [[Silver Lake, Essex County, New Jersey|Silver Lake, New Jersey]].<ref name=wkkk>{{cite book |author=Sanger, Margaret |year=1938 |title=Margaret Sanger, An Autobiography |location=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton |pages=361, 366–7}}</ref>

She wrote several books in the 1920s which had a nationwide impact in promoting the cause of birth control. Between 1920 and 1926, 567,000 copies of ''Woman and the New Race'' and ''The Pivot of Civilization'' were sold.<ref>Baker, p. 161.</ref> She also wrote two autobiographies designed to promote the cause. The first, ''My Fight for Birth Control'', was published in 1931 and the second, more promotional version, ''Margaret Sanger: An Autobiography'', was published in 1938.

During the 1920s, Sanger received hundreds of thousands of letters, many of them written in desperation by women begging for information on how to prevent unwanted pregnancies.<ref>{{cite news|title="Motherhood in Bondage," #6, Winter 1993/4 |url=http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/articles/motherhood_in_bondage.php|accessdate=April 9, 2011|newspaper=Margaret Sanger Papers Project}}</ref><ref>The number of letters is reported as "a quarter million", "over a million", or "hundreds of thousands" in various sources</ref> Five hundred of these letters were compiled into the 1928 book, ''Motherhood in Bondage.''<ref>500 letters: Cohen, p. 65.</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last=Sanger | first=Margaret| title=Motherhood in bondage | year=2000 | publisher=Ohio State University Press | location=Columbus, Ohio | isbn=0-8142-0837-1 | pages=}}</ref>

[[File:WEB DuBois 1918.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[W. E. B. Du Bois]] served on the board of Sanger's Harlem clinic<ref>Baker, p. 200.</ref>]]

=== Work with the African-American community ===

Sanger worked with eminent [[African Americans|African American]] leaders and professionals who saw a need for birth control in their communities. In 1929, James H. Hubert, a black social worker and the leader of New York's [[Urban League]], asked Sanger to open a clinic in [[Harlem]].<ref>Hajo, p. 85.</ref> Sanger secured funding from the [[Julius Rosenwald Fund]] and opened the clinic, staffed with black doctors, in 1930. The clinic was directed by a 15-member advisory board consisting of black doctors, nurses, clergy, journalists, and social workers. The clinic was publicized in the African-American press as well as in black churches, and it received the approval of [[W. E. B. Du Bois]], the co-founder of the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People|NAACP]] and the editor of  its magazine, '' The Crisis.''<ref>[http://www.duboishomesite.org/MSI%20DuBoisFinalPlanningRepSM7.09.pdf Duboishomesite.org]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naacp.org/pages/naacp-history-w.e.b.-dubois|title=NAACP History: W.E.B. Dubois|date=|work=naacp.org|accessdate=March 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politicalaffairs.net/martin-luther-king-s-speech-in-honor-of-web-dubois-by-norman-markowitz/|title=Martin Luther King 's Speech in Honor of WEB Dubois by Norman Markowitz|date=|work=politicalaffairs.net|accessdate=March 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>Hajo, p. 85.
<br />From Planned Parenthood: {{cite web |url=http://www.plannedparenthoodnj.org/library/topic/contraception/margaret_sanger |title=The Truth about Margaret Sanger |publisher=Planned Parenthood Federation of America}}:
<blockquote>In 1930, Sanger opened a family planning clinic in Harlem that sought to enlist support for contraceptive use and to bring the benefits of family planning to women who were denied access to their city's health and social services. Staffed by a black physician and a black social worker, the clinic was endorsed by ''[[The New York Amsterdam News|The Amsterdam News]]'' (the powerful local newspaper), the [[Abyssinian Baptist Church]], the [[Urban League]], and the black community's elder statesman, W. E. B. Du Bois.</blockquote></ref> Sanger did not tolerate [[bigotry]] among her staff, nor would she tolerate any refusal to work within interracial projects.<ref>McCann (1994), pp. 150–4. Bigotry: p. 153.
<br />See also p. 45, ''The selected papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 1''</ref> Sanger's work with minorities earned praise from [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]], in his 1966 acceptance speech for the [[Margaret Sanger Awards|Margaret Sanger award]].<ref name="MLK">{{cite web | url=http://www.plannedparenthood.org/planned-parenthood-gulf-coast/mlk-acceptance-speech | title=The Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. Upon Accepting the Planned Parenthood Sanger Award | author=Planned Parenthood Federation of America | year=2004 | accessdate=2016-03-11}}</ref>

From 1939 to 1942 Sanger was an honorary delegate of the Birth Control Federation of America, which included a supervisory role—alongside [[Mary Lasker]] and [[Clarence Gamble]]—in the Negro Project, an effort to deliver birth control to poor black people.<ref>Engelman, p. 175.
<br />[http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/secure/aboutms/organization_bcfa.html Birth Control Federation of America] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201233315/http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/secure/aboutms/organization_bcfa.html |date=December 1, 2008 }}, The Margaret Sanger Papers Project
<br />{{cite journal|journal=Margaret Sanger Papers Project Newsletter |url=http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/articles/bc_or_race_control.php |title=Birth Control or Race Control? Sanger and the Negro Project |issue=28 |date=November 14, 2002 |publisher=Margaret Sanger Papers Project |accessdate=January 25, 2009 }}</ref> Sanger, over the objections of other supervisors, wanted the Negro Project to hire black ministers in leadership roles. To emphasize the benefits of hiring black community leaders to act as spokesmen, she wrote to Gamble, "We should hire three or four colored ministers, preferably with social-service backgrounds, and with engaging personalities. The most successful educational approach to the Negro is through a religious appeal. We don’t want the word to go out that we want to exterminate the Negro population, and the minister is the man who can straighten out that idea if it ever occurs to any of their more rebellious members." New York University's ''Margaret Sanger Papers Project'' says that though the letter would have been meant to avoid the mistaken notion that the Negro Project was a racist campaign, [[Black genocide conspiracy theory|conspiracy theorists]] have fraudulently attempted to exploit the quotation "as evidence she led a calculated effort to reduce the black population against their will".<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger//articles/demonization_of_ms.php|title=The Demonization of Margaret Sanger|journal=Margaret Sanger Papers Project Newsletter |issue=16|year=1997|accessdate=November 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Margaret Sanger Papers Project Newsletter |url=http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/articles/bc_or_race_control.php |title=Birth Control or Race Control? Sanger and the Negro Project |issue=28 |date=November 14, 2002 |publisher=Margaret Sanger Papers Project |accessdate=January 25, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/sightings/index.html |title=Smear-n-Fear |work=News & Sanger Sightings |date=April 2010 |author=Margaret Sanger Papers Project |publisher=New York University |accessdate=November 27, 2016 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102155913/http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/sightings/index.html |archivedate=November 2, 2011 |df= }}</ref>

=== Planned Parenthood era ===
{{Main article|Planned Parenthood}}

[[File:17-23 West 16th St.jpg|thumb|left|Sanger's Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau operated from [[Margaret Sanger Clinic|this New York building]] from 1930 to 1973]]

In 1929, Sanger formed the National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control in order to lobby for legislation to overturn restrictions on contraception.<ref>[http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/aboutms/organization_ncflbc.php "National Committee on Federal Legislation on Birth Control"]. NYU Margaret Sanger Papers Project</ref> That effort failed to achieve success, so Sanger ordered a [[Diaphragm (contraceptive)|diaphragm]] from Japan in 1932, in order to provoke a decisive battle in the courts. The diaphragm was confiscated by the United States government, and Sanger's subsequent legal challenge led to [[United States v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries|a 1936 court decision]] which overturned an important provision of the Comstock laws which prohibited physicians from obtaining contraceptives.<ref>Rose, Melody, ''Abortion: a documentary and reference guide'', ABC-CLIO, 2008, p. 29.</ref> This court victory motivated the [[American Medical Association]] in 1937 to adopt contraception as a normal medical service and a key component of medical school curriculums.<ref name="bare_url">{{cite web|url=http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss43_bioghist.html |title='Biographical Note', Smith College, Margaret Sangers Papers |publisher=Asteria.fivecolleges.edu |date=September 6, 1966 |accessdate=March 12, 2012}}</ref>

This 1936 contraception court victory was the culmination of Sanger's birth control efforts, and she took the opportunity, now in her late 50s, to move to Tucson, Arizona, intending to play a less critical role in the birth control movement. In spite of her original intentions, she remained active in the movement through the 1950s.<ref name="bare_url" />

In 1937, Sanger became chairman of the newly formed Birth Control Council of America, and attempted to resolve the schism between the ABCL and the BCCRB.<ref>NYU Margaret Sanger Papers Project [http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/aboutms/organization_bcca.php "Birth Control Council of America"]</ref> Her efforts were successful, and the two organizations merged in 1939 as the Birth Control Federation of America.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/aboutms/organization_bcfa.php |title=MSPP &#62; About &#62; Birth Control Organizations &#62; PPFA |author=The Margaret Sanger Papers |work=nyu.edu |year=2010 |accessdate=October 17, 2011}}</ref><ref group="note">Date of merger recorded as 1938 (not 1939) in: O'Conner, Karen, ''Gender and Women's Leadership: A Reference Handbook'', p. 743. O'Conner cites Gordon (1976).</ref> Although Sanger continued in the role of president, she no longer wielded the same power as she had in the early years of the movement, and in 1942, more conservative forces within the organization changed the name to Planned Parenthood Federation of America, a name Sanger objected to because she considered it too euphemistic.<ref>Chesler, p. 393.
<br />[http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/aboutms/organization_ppfa.php NYU]</ref>

In 1948, Sanger helped found the International Committee on Planned Parenthood, which evolved into the [[International Planned Parenthood Federation]] in 1952, and soon became the world's largest non-governmental international women's health, family planning and birth control organization. Sanger was the organization's first president and served in that role until she was 80 years old.<ref>Ford, Lynne E., ''Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics'', p. 406.
<br />Esser-Stuart, Joan E., "Margaret Higgins Sanger", in ''Encyclopedia of Social Welfare History in North America'', Herrick, John and Stuart, Paul (eds), SAGE, 2005, p. 323.</ref> In the early 1950s, Sanger encouraged philanthropist [[Katharine McCormick]] to provide funding for biologist [[Gregory Goodwin Pincus|Gregory Pincus]] to develop the [[birth control pill]] which was eventually sold under the name [[Enovid]].<ref>Engelman, Peter, "McCormick, Katharine Dexter", in ''Encyclopedia of Birth Control'', Vern L. Bullough (ed.), ABC-CLIO, 2001, pp. 170–1.
<br />Marc A. Fritz, Leon Speroff, ''Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility'', Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010, pp. 959–960.</ref>

=== Death ===

[[File:Margaret-Sanger-Square NYC.jpg|thumb|right|Margaret Sanger Square, at the intersection of [[Mott Street]] and [[Bleecker Street]] in Manhattan]]

Sanger died of [[congestive heart failure]] in 1966 in [[Tucson, Arizona]], aged 86, about a year after the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] case ''[[Griswold v. Connecticut]]'', which legalized birth control in the United States.<ref group="note">In 1965, the case had struck down one of the remaining contraception-related Comstock laws in Connecticut and Massachusetts. However, ''Griswold'' only applied to marital relationships. A later case, [[Eisenstadt v. Baird]] (1972), extended the ''Griswold'' holding to unmarried persons as well.</ref> Sanger is buried in [[Fishkill, New York]], next to her sister, Nan Higgins, and her second husband, Noah Slee.<ref>Baker, p. 307.</ref> One of her surviving brothers was [[College Football Hall of Fame]] player and  Pennsylvania State University Head Football coach [[Bob Higgins (American football)|Bob Higgins]].<ref name=margaret_sanger_obit>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19660906&id=n8VOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ggEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7379,6408540|title=Margaret Sanger obituary|date=September 6, 1966|accessdate=July 27, 2014|publisher=''[[Toledo Blade]]''}}</ref>

== Views ==

=== Sexuality ===

While researching information on contraception, Sanger read treatises on sexuality including ''The Psychology of Sex'' by the English psychologist [[Havelock Ellis]] and was heavily influenced by it.<ref>Sanger, Margaret, ''The Autobiography of Margaret Sanger'', Mineola, New York: Dover Publications Inc., 2004, p. 94.</ref> While traveling in Europe in 1914, Sanger met Ellis.<ref>Cox, p. 55.</ref> Influenced by Ellis, Sanger adopted his view of sexuality as a powerful, liberating force.<ref name="Cheslerpp" /> This view provided another argument in favor of birth control, as it would enable women to fully enjoy sexual relations without fear of unwanted pregnancy.<ref>Chesler<br />Kennedy, p. 127.</ref> Sanger also believed that sexuality, along with birth control, should be discussed with more candor,<ref name="Cheslerpp">Chesler, pp. 13–14.</ref> and praised Ellis for his efforts in this direction. She also blamed Christianity for the suppression of such discussion.<ref name="hrc.utexas.edu" />

Sanger opposed excessive sexual indulgence. She wrote that  "every normal man and woman has the power to control and direct his sexual impulse. Men and women who have it in control and constantly use their brain cells thinking deeply, are never sensual."<ref name="Sanger Impulses II">{{citation | last = Sanger | first = Margaret | title = What Every Girl Should Know: Sexual Impulses – Part {{serif|II}} | periodical = [[New York Call]] | via = [http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/project/index.php The Margaret Sanger Papers Project] | date = December 29, 1912 | url = http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/webedition/app/documents/show.php?sangerDoc=304923.xml}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bronski |first=Michael |title=A Queer History of the United States |publisher=Beacon Press |year=2011 |page=100}}</ref> Sanger said that birth control would elevate women away from a position of being an object of lust and elevate sex away from purely being for satisfying lust, saying that birth control "denies that sex should be reduced to the position of sensual lust, or that woman should permit herself to be the instrument of its satisfaction."<ref>Sanger, Margaret, ''The Pivot of Civilization'', Amherst, New York: Humanity Books, 2003, p. 204.</ref> Sanger wrote that masturbation was dangerous. She stated:
"In my personal experience as a trained nurse while attending persons afflicted with various and often revolting diseases, no matter what their ailments, I never found any one so repulsive as the chronic masturbator. It would not be difficult to fill page upon page of heart-rending confessions made by young girls, whose lives were blighted by this pernicious habit, always begun so innocently."<ref>[http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/webedition/app/documents/show.php?sangerDoc=304922.xml Margaret Sanger, "What Every Girl Should Know: Sexual Impulse – Part I"], December 22, 1912.</ref> She believed that women had the ability to control their sexual impulses, and should utilize that control to avoid sex outside of relationships marked by "confidence and respect." She believed that exercising such control would lead to the "strongest and most sacred passion."<ref>Bronski, Michael, ''A Queer History of the United States'', Beacon Press, 2011.<br />Quotes from Sanger, "What Every Girl should know: Sexual Impulses Part II", in ''New York Call'', December 29, 1912; also in the subsequent book ''What Every Girl Should Know'', pp. 40–48; reprinted in ''The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 1'', pp. 41–5 (quotes on p. 45).</ref> However, Sanger was not opposed to homosexuality and praised Ellis for clarifying "the question of homosexuals...&nbsp;making the thing a—not exactly a perverted thing, but a thing that a person is born with different kinds of eyes, different kinds of structures and so forth...&nbsp;that he didn't make all homosexuals perverts—and I thought he helped clarify that to the medical profession and to the scientists of the world as perhaps one of the first ones to do that."<ref name="hrc.utexas.edu">[http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/multimedia/video/2008/wallace/sanger_margaret_t.html The Mike Wallace Interview, Guest: Margaret Sanger], 9/21/57.</ref>

=== Freedom of speech ===

Sanger opposed censorship throughout her career. Sanger grew up in a home where orator [[Robert G. Ingersoll|Robert Ingersoll]] was admired.<ref name="new yorker">"The Child Who Was Mother to a Woman" from ''The New Yorker'', April 11, 1925, p. 11.</ref> During the early years of her activism, Sanger viewed birth control primarily as a free-speech issue, rather than as a feminist issue, and when she started publishing ''The Woman Rebel'' in 1914, she did so with the express goal of provoking a legal challenge to the Comstock laws banning dissemination of information about contraception.<ref name="McCann" /> In New York, [[Emma Goldman]] introduced Sanger to members of the Free Speech League, such as [[Edward Bliss Foote]] and [[Theodore Schroeder]], and subsequently the League provided funding and advice to help Sanger with legal battles.<ref>Wood, Janice Ruth (2008), ''The Struggle for Free Speech in the United States, 1872–1915: Edward Bliss Foote, Edward Bond Foote, and anti-Comstock operations'', Psychology Press, 2008, pp. 100–102.</ref>

Over the course of her career, Sanger was arrested at least eight times for expressing her views during an era in which speaking publicly about contraception was illegal.<ref>"Every Child a Wanted Child", ''Time'', September 16, 1966, p. 96.</ref> Numerous times in her career, local government officials prevented Sanger from speaking by shuttering a facility or threatening her hosts.<ref>Kennedy, p. 149.</ref> In Boston in 1929, city officials under the leadership of [[James Michael Curley|James Curley]] threatened to arrest her if she spoke. In response she stood on stage, silent, with a gag over her mouth, while her speech was read by [[Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr.]]<ref>Melody, Michael Edward (1999), ''Teaching America about sex: marriage guides and sex manuals from the late Victorians to Dr. Ruth'', NYU Press, 1999, p. 53 (citing [[Halberstam, David]], ''[[The Fifties (book)|The Fifties]]'', Villard. 1993, p. 285).
<br />Davis, Tom, ''Sacred work: Planned Parenthood and its clergy alliances'' Rutgers University Press, 2005, p. 213 (citing ''A Tradition of Choice'', Planned Parenthood, 1991, p. 18).</ref>

[[File:Woman And The New Race.png|thumb|right|alt=An advertisement for a book entitled "Woman and the New Race". At the top is a photo of a woman, seated affectionately with her two sons.|Her 1920 book endorsed negative eugenics]]

=== Eugenics ===

After [[World War I]], Sanger increasingly appealed to the societal need to limit births by those least able to afford children. The affluent and educated already limited their child-bearing, while the poor and ignorant lacked access to contraception and information about birth-control.<ref name=kelves>{{cite book|title=In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity|last=Kevles|first=Daniel J.|authorlink=Daniel Kevles|publisher=University of California Press|pages=90–96|year=1985|isbn=0-520-05763-5}}</ref> Here she found an area of overlap with [[eugenics|eugenicists]].<ref name=kelves /> She believed that they both sought to "assist the race toward the elimination of the unfit." They differed in that "eugenists imply or insist that a woman's first duty is to the state; we contend that her duty to herself is her duty to the state."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/webedition/app/documents/show.php?sangerDoc=143449.xml|title=The Public Papers of Margaret Sanger: Web Edition|date=|work=nyu.edu|accessdate=March 11, 2016}}</ref> Sanger was a proponent of negative eugenics, which aimed to improve human hereditary traits through social intervention by reducing the reproduction of those who were considered unfit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/peopleevents/e_eugenics.html|title=People & Events: Eugenics and Birth Control|publisher=PBS|accessdate=August 6, 2015}}</ref>

Sanger’s view of eugenics was influenced by [[Havelock Ellis]] and other British eugenicists who held that environmentally acquired traits were inherited by one’s progeny.<ref>McCann (1994) p.104, Engelman (2011) p.48</ref> Consequently, she rejected race and ethnicity as determining factors.<ref>McCann (1994) p.117, Engelman (2011) p.135, Chesler pp.195-6</ref> Instead she stressed limiting the number of births to live within one’s economic ability to raise and support healthy children. This would lead to a betterment of society and the human race.<ref>McCann (1994) pp.13,16-21</ref> Sanger’s view put her at odds with leading American eugenicists, such as [[Charles Davenport]] who took a racist view of inherited traits. She continually rejected their approach.<ref>Engelman (2011) p.135</ref>

In "The Morality of Birth Control," a 1921 speech, she divided society into three groups: the "educated and informed" class that regulated the size of their families, the "intelligent and responsible" who desired to control their families in spite of lacking the means or the knowledge, and the "irresponsible and reckless people" whose religious scruples "prevent their exercising control over their numbers." Sanger concludes, "There is no doubt in the minds of all thinking people that the procreation of this group should be stopped."<ref name="Morality of Birth Control Speech">{{cite web|url=http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/margaretsangermoralityofbirthcontrol.htm|title=American Rhetoric: Margaret Sanger – The Morality of Birth Control|work=americanrhetoric.com|accessdate=August 8, 2015}}</ref>

Sanger's eugenic policies included an exclusionary immigration policy, free access to birth control methods, and full [[family planning]] autonomy for the able-minded, as well as compulsory segregation or sterilization for the "profoundly retarded".<ref name="Porter, Nicole S.; Bothne Nancy; Leonard, Jason 126">{{cite book | title=Public Policy Issues Research Trends | publisher=Nova Science |author1=Porter, Nicole S. |author2=Bothne Nancy |author3=Leonard, Jason | page=126 | editor=Evans, Sophie J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FimyKiZOXUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Sanger&f=false | isbn=978-1-60021-873-6 | date=February 1, 2008}}</ref><ref name="HitlerEquation">[http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/articles/sanger-hitler_equation.php "The Sanger-Hitler Equation"], ''Margaret Sanger Papers Project Newsletter'', #32, Winter 2002/3. [[New York University]] Department of History</ref> Sanger wrote, "we [do not] believe that the community could or should send to the lethal chamber the defective progeny resulting from irresponsible and unintelligent breeding."<ref>{{cite book | last = Black | first = Edwin | authorlink = Edwin Black | title = The War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race | origyear = 2003 | publisher = Four Walls Eight Windows | location = New York City, NY| isbn = 1-56858-258-7 |date=September 2003}}, p. 251.
<br />Sanger's quote from ''The Pivot of Civilization'', p. 100.</ref> In personal correspondence she expressed her sadness about the aggressive and lethal [[Nazi eugenics]] program; and donated to the American Council Against Nazi Propaganda.<ref name="HitlerEquation" /> In addition, Sanger believed the responsibility for birth control should remain with able-minded individual parents rather than the state, and that self-determining motherhood was the only unshakable foundation for racial betterment.<ref name="Betterment">{{cite journal|last=Sanger|first=Margaret|title=Birth Control and Racial Betterment|journal=Birth Control Review|volume=3|issue=2|date=February 1919|pages=11–12|url=https://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/webedition/app/documents/show.php?sangerDoc=143449.xml|accessdate=September 20, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Sanger Propaganda">{{citation | last = Sanger | first = Margaret | title = The Eugenic Value of Birth Control Propaganda | periodical = [[Birth Control Review]] | publisher = The New York Women's Publishing Company | via = [http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/project/index.php The Margaret Sanger Papers Project] | volume = 5 | issue = 10 | year = 1921 | page = 5 | url = http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/webedition/app/documents/show.php?sangerDoc=238946.xml}}</ref>

== Legacy ==

Sanger's story has been the subject of several biographies, including an award-winning biography published in 1970 by [[David M. Kennedy (historian)|David Kennedy]], and is also the subject of several films, including ''[[Choices of the Heart: The Margaret Sanger Story]].''<ref>''Choices of the Heart''—1995, starring [[Dana Delany]] and [[Henry Czerny]], {{cite web|title= 'Choices of the Heart: The Margaret Sanger Story (1995)' |url= http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0112664/ |accessdate=July 29, 2009 |date=March 8, 1995 |publisher=IMDb (The Internet Movie Database)}}
<br />''Portrait of a Rebel: The Remarkable Mrs. Sanger'', TV movie, 1980, starring Bonnie Franklin as Sanger; [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0081359/ IMDB]</ref> In 2013, the American cartoonist [[Peter Bagge]] published ''Woman Rebel'', a full length graphic novel biography of Sanger that received much critical acclaim. Sanger's writings are curated by two universities: [[New York University]]'s history department maintains the ''Margaret Sanger Papers Project'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/ |title=NYU Sanger Papers Project web site |publisher=Nyu.edu |date=February 7, 2007 |accessdate=March 12, 2012}}</ref> and [[Smith College]]'s [[Sophia Smith Collection]] maintains the ''Margaret Sanger Papers'' collection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss43_main.html |title=Smith College collection web site |publisher=Asteria.fivecolleges.edu |accessdate=March 12, 2012}}</ref>

Sanger has been recognized with several honors. In 1957, the [[American Humanist Association]] named her Humanist of the Year. Government authorities and other institutions have memorialized Sanger by dedicating several landmarks in her name, including a residential building on the [[Stony Brook University]] campus, a room in Wellesley College's library,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wellesley.edu/sites/default/files/assets/departments/resources/files/folspring2003.pdf |title=Friends of the Library Newsletter |publisher=Wellesley.edu |accessdate=March 12, 2012}}</ref> and Margaret Sanger Square in New York City's [[Noho, Manhattan|Noho]] area.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Radical Walking Tours of New York City |last=Kayton |first=Bruce |year=2003 |publisher=Seven Stories Press |location=New York |isbn=1-58322-554-4 |page=111 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLu6zRsKRTIC&lpg=PA111 |accessdate=December 29, 2010 }}</ref> In 1993, the [[Margaret Sanger Clinic]]—where she provided birth control services in New York in the mid twentieth century—was designated as a [[National Historic Landmark]] by the [[National Park Service]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2157&ResourceType=Building |title=National Historic Landmark Program |publisher=Tps.cr.nps.gov |date=September 14, 1993 |accessdate=March 12, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318060012/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2157&ResourceType=Building |archivedate=March 18, 2012 |df= }}</ref> In 1966, Planned Parenthood began issuing its [[Margaret Sanger Award]]s annually to honor "individuals of distinction in recognition of excellence and leadership in furthering reproductive health and reproductive rights."<ref>{{cite news|title=Rockefeller 3d Wins Sanger Award |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0615F93D5B117B93CBA9178BD95F438685F9 |accessdate=February 14, 2011 |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=October 9, 1967 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106055029/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0615F93D5B117B93CBA9178BD95F438685F9 |archivedate=November 6, 2012 }}</ref> The artwork ''[[The Dinner Party]]'' features a place setting for Sanger.<ref>[https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/place_settings Place Settings]. Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved on August 6, 2015.</ref> Her speech  "Children's Era", given in 1925, is listed as #81 in American Rhetoric's Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century (listed by rank).<ref name="americanrhetoric1">{{cite web|author=Michael E. Eidenmuller |url=http://www.americanrhetoric.com/top100speechesall.html |title=Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century by Rank |publisher=American Rhetoric |date=February 13, 2009 |accessdate=October 27, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.womenspeecharchive.org/women/profile/speech/index.cfm?ProfileID=113&SpeechID=478 |title=Margaret H Sanger – Women's Political Communication Archives |publisher=Womenspeecharchive.org |date= |accessdate=October 27, 2015}}</ref> There is also a bust of her in the [[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]], which was a gift from [[Cordelia Scaife May]].<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://npgportraits.si.edu/eMuseumNPG/code/emuseum.asp?rawsearch=ObjectID/,/is/,/46729/,/false/,/false&newprofile=CAP&newstyle=single |title=PORTRAIT SEARCH: CAP Search Results  / ObjectID is 46729|publisher=National Portrait Gallery |date= |accessdate=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Lauren Hodges Twitter Instagram |url=http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/27/435205265/national-portrait-gallery-says-it-wont-remove-bust-of-planned-parenthood-founder |title=National Portrait Gallery Won't Remove Bust Of Planned Parenthood Founder : The Two-Way |publisher=NPR |date=2015-08-27 |accessdate=2016-06-30}}</ref> She has been nominated for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=8093|work=Nobel Prize|title=Nomination Database}}</ref>

Sanger was also an inspiration for [[Wonder Woman]], a comic book character introduced by William Marston in 1941. Marston was influenced by early feminist thought while in college, and later formed a romantic relationship with Sanger's niece, Olive Byrne.<ref name=lepore>Jill Lepore, ''The Secret History of Wonder Woman'', Vintage, 2015.</ref><ref name=garner>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/24/books/the-secret-history-of-wonder-woman-by-jill-lepore.html|date=23 October 2014|work=New York Times|title=Her Past Unchained: 'The Secret History of Wonder Woman,' by Jill Lepore|last=Garner|first=Dwight}}</ref> According to [[Jill Lepore]], several Wonder Woman story lines were at least in part inspired by Sanger, like the character's involvement with different labor strikes and protests.<ref name=garner/>

Due to her connection with [[Planned Parenthood]], many who are [[Opposition to the legalization of abortion|opposed to abortion]] frequently condemn Sanger by criticizing her views on birth control and eugenics.<ref name="Marshall">{{cite book | author = Marshall, Robert G. |author2=Donovan, Chuck | title = Blessed Are the Barren: The Social Policy of Planned Parenthood | authorlink = Robert G. Marshall |date=October 1991 | publisher = Ignatius Press | location = Fort Collins, CO | isbn = 978-0-89870-353-5 }}</ref><ref name="NPR">{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14650805|title=Minority Anti-Abortion Movement Gains Steam|date=September 24, 2007|publisher=NPR|accessdate=January 17, 2009}}</ref><ref group="note">Typical pro-life publications critical of Sanger are theologian [[Angela Franks]]', ''Margaret Sanger's Eugenic Legacy: The Control of Female Fertility'', McFarland, 2005 and her "Contraception and Catholicism: What the Church Teaches and Why", Pauline Books & Media, 2013.</ref> In spite of such controversies, Sanger continues to be regarded as a force in the American [[reproductive rights]] movement and [[History of women in the United States|woman's rights movement]].

== Works ==

'''Books and pamphlets'''
* ''What Every Mother Should Know''&nbsp;– Originally published in 1911 or 1912, based on a series of articles Sanger published in 1911 in the ''[[New York Call]],'' which were, in turn, based on a set of lectures Sanger gave to groups of Socialist party women in 1910–1911.<ref>Coates, p. 48.
<br />Hoolihan, Christopher (2004), ''An Annotated Catalogue of the Edward C. Atwater Collection of American Popular Medicine and Health Reform, Vol. 2 (M–Z)'', University Rochester Press, p. 299.</ref> Multiple editions published through the 1920s, by Max N. Maisel and Sincere Publishing, with the title ''What Every Mother Should Know, or how six little children were taught the truth&nbsp;...'' [http://magic.msu.edu/search~S39?/cHQ56+.S3+1921/chq+++56+s3+1921/1%2C2%2C3%2CE/frameset&FF=chq+++56+s3+1921+online&1%2C1%2C Online]'' (1921 edition, Michigan State University)
* ''Family Limitation''&nbsp;– Originally published 1914 as a 16-page pamphlet; also published in several later editions. [http://magic.msu.edu/search~S39?/cHQ766+.S32+1917/chq++766+s32+1917/1%2C2%2C3%2CE/frameset&FF=chq++766+s32+1917+online&1%2C1%2C Online] (1917, 6th edition, Michigan State University); [http://contentdm.warwick.ac.uk/cdm/ref/collection/health/id/1250 Online] (1920 English edition, Bakunin Press, revised by author from 9th American edition);
* ''What Every Girl Should Know''&nbsp;– Originally published 1916 by Max N. Maisel; 91 pages; also published in several later editions. [http://magic.msu.edu/search~S39?/cHQ57+.S28+1920/chq+++57+s28+1920/1%2C2%2C3%2CE/frameset&FF=chq+++57+s28+1920+online&1%2C1%2C Online] (1920 edition); [http://magic.msu.edu/search~S39?/cHQ57+.S28+1922/chq+++57+s28+1922/1%2C2%2C3%2CE/frameset&FF=chq+++57+s28+1922+online&1%2C1%2C Online] (1922 ed., Michigan State University)
* ''The Case for Birth Control: A Supplementary Brief and Statement of Facts''&nbsp;– May 1917, published to provide information to the court in a legal proceeding. [https://archive.org/details/caseforbirthcon00sanggoog Online] (Internet Archive)
* ''Woman and the New Race'', 1920, Truth Publishing, foreword by Havelock Ellis. [http://pds.harvard.edu:8080/pdx/servlet/pds?id=2575249&n=2&s=4&res=3 Online] (Harvard University); [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/8660 Online] (Project Gutenberg); [https://archive.org/details/womanandnewrace00sanggoog Online] (Internet Archive); [https://archive.org/details/woman_new_race_1205_librivox Audio on Archive.org]
* ''Debate on Birth Control''&nbsp;– 1921, text of a debate between Sanger, [[Theodore Roosevelt]], Winter Russell, [[George Bernard Shaw]], Robert L. Wolf, and Emma Sargent Russell. Published as issue 208 of [[Little Blue Book]] series by [[Haldeman-Julius Co.]] [http://magic.msu.edu/search~S39?/cHQ766+.S28+1921/chq++766+s28+1921/1%2C2%2C3%2CE/frameset&FF=chq++766+s28+1921+online&1%2C1%2C Online] (1921, Michigan State University)
* ''The Pivot of Civilization'', 1922, Brentanos. [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1689 Online] (1922, Project Gutenberg); [https://books.google.com/books?id=DjEbAAAAYAAJ Online] (1922, Google Books)
* ''Motherhood in Bondage'', 1928, Brentanos. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KXrD8rTUHDkC Online] (Google Books).
* ''My Fight for Birth Control'', 1931, New York: [[Farrar & Rinehart]]
* {{cite book | title = An Autobiography | url = | year = 1938 | publisher = Cooper Square Press | location = New York, NY | isbn = 0-8154-1015-8 }}
* ''Fight for Birth Control'', 1916, New York<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/rbcmisc.awh0004 |title=The fight for birth control |publisher=Hdl.loc.gov |date=December 1, 1931 |accessdate=August 8, 2015}}</ref> (The Library of Congress)
* ''Birth Control A Parent's Problem or Women's?" The Birth Control Review, Mar. 1919, 6–7.

'''Periodicals'''
* ''The Woman Rebel''&nbsp;– Seven issues published monthly from March 1914 to August 1914. Sanger was publisher and editor.
* ''Birth Control Review''&nbsp;– Published monthly from February 1917 to 1940. Sanger was Editor until 1929, when she resigned from the ABCL.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/aboutms/organization_bcr.php |title="Birth Control Review", Margaret Sanger Papers Project, NYU |publisher=Nyu.edu |accessdate=March 12, 2012}}</ref> Not to be confused with ''Birth Control News'', published by the London-based Society for Constructive Birth Control and Racial Progress.

'''Collections and anthologies'''
* Sanger, Margaret, ''The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 1: The Woman Rebel, 1900–1928'', Esther Katz, Cathy Moran Hajo, Peter Engelman (eds), University of Illinois Press, 2003
* Sanger, Margaret, ''The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 2: Birth Control Comes of Age, 1928–1939'', Esther Katz, Cathy Moran Hajo, Peter Engelman (eds), University of Illinois Press, 2007
* Sanger, Margaret, ''The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 3: The Politics of Planned Parenthood, 1939–1966'', Esther Katz, Cathy Moran Hajo, Peter Engelman (eds), University of Illinois Press, 2010
* {{gutenberg author|id=Margaret_Sanger|name=Margaret Sanger}}
* [http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss43_main.html The Margaret Sanger Papers at Smith College]''
* [http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/ The Margaret Sanger Papers Project at New York University]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.loc.gov/rr/mss/text/sanger.html|title=Margaret Sanger: A Register of Her Papers in the Library of Congress|last=McElderry|first=Michael J.|year=1976|publisher=Manuscript Division, Library of Congress|accessdate=March 30, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329075207/http://www.loc.gov/rr/mss/text/sanger.html <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archivedate=March 29, 2009}}
* Correspondence between Sanger and McCormick, from [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/filmmore/ps_letters.html ''The Pill''] documentary movie; supplementary material, PBS, American Experience (producers).  online.

'''Speeches'''
* Sanger, Margaret, [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/margaretsangermoralityofbirthcontrol.htm "The Morality of Birth Control"] 1921.
* Sanger, Margaret, [http://www.womenspeecharchive.org/women/profile/speech/index.cfm?ProfileID=113&SpeechID=478 "The Children's Era"] 1925.
* Sanger, Margaret, [http://www.womenspeecharchive.org/women/profile/speech/index.cfm?ProfileID=113&SpeechID=870 "Woman And The Future"] 1937.

== See also ==

{{Portal|Biography|Feminism|United States}}
* ''[[Choices of the Heart: The Margaret Sanger Story]]''
* [[Anthony Comstock]]
* [[Mary Dennett|Mary Ware Dennett]]
* [[Emma Goldman]]
* [[Feminism]]
* [[History of women in the United States]]
* [[List of women's rights activists]]
* [[Margaret Mead]]
* [[Fania Mindell]]
* [[Caroline Nelson]]
* [[Reproductive rights]]
* [[Upton Sinclair]]
* [[Mabel Sine Wadsworth]]

== Notes ==

{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Bagge |first=Peter |year=2013 |title=Woman Rebel. The Margaret Sanger Story |location=Montreal |publisher=Drawn and Quarterly |isbn=978-1-77046-126-0}}<!-- {{sfn|Baker|2011|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Baker | first = Jean | title = Margaret Sanger: A Life of Passion | publisher = Hill and Wang | location = New York | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1-4299-6897-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=u7pgCFIcH2cC | ref = {{sfnref|Baker|2011}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Black|2012|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Black | first = Edwin | title = War against the weak : eugenics and America's campaign to create a master race | publisher = Dialog Press | location = Washington, DC | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-914153-29-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3qBduQAACAAJ | ref = {{sfnref|Black|2012}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Blanchard|1992|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Blanchard | first = Margaret | title = Revolutionary sparks : freedom of expression in modern America | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York | year = 1992 | isbn = 978-0-19-505436-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OnSLtku4YzwC | ref = {{sfnref|Blanchard|1992}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Bronski|2011|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Bronski | first = Michael | title = A queer history of the United States | publisher = Beacon Press | location = Boston | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-8070-4439-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q7XcTv8W_yIC | ref = {{sfnref|Bronski|2011}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Buchanan|2009|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Buchanan | first = Paul | title = American Women's Rights Movement: A Chronology of Events and of Opportunities from 1600 to 2008 | publisher = Branden Books | location = Boston | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-8283-2160-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lc9Pzsa2zyUC | ref = {{sfnref|Buchanan|2009}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Chesler|1992|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Chesler | first = Ellen | title = Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America | year = 1992 | publisher = Simon and Schuster | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4165-5369-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vNkTEWUQXIcC | ref = {{sfnref|Chesler|1992}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Coates|2008|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Coates | first = Patricia | title = Margaret Sanger and the Origin of the Birth Control Movement, 1910–1930: The Concept of Women's Sexual Autonomy | publisher = Edwin Mellen Press | location = Lewiston, N.Y | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-7734-5099-8 | url =  https://books.google.com/books?id=Zh7aAAAAMAAJ | ref = {{sfnref|Coates|2008}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Cohen|2009|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Cohen | first = Warren | title = Profiles in humanity the battle for peace, freedom, equality, and human rights | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | location = Lanham, Md | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-7425-6702-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=klf5rF1BlkgC | ref = {{sfnref|Cohen|2009}}}}
* [[Virginia Coigney|Coigney, Virginia]] (1969), ''Margaret Sanger: rebel with a cause'', Doubleday
<!-- {{sfn|Cox|2004|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Cox | first = Vicki | title = Margaret Sanger Rebel for Women's Rights | publisher = Infobase | location = New York | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-1-4381-0759-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vbQa8tnhr1EC | ref = {{sfnref|Cox|2004}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Craig|2013|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Craig | first = Layne | title = When Sex Changed Birth Control Politics and Literature between the World Wars | publisher = Rutgers University Press | location = City | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-0-8135-6212-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jesNAgAAQBAJ | ref = {{sfnref|Craig|2013}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Dietrich|2010|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Dietrich | first = Alicia | title = What Every Girl Should Know: The birth control movement in the 1910s | work = [http://blog.hrc.utexas.edu/ Cultural Compass at the Harry Ransom Center] | year = 2010 | url = http://blog.hrc.utexas.edu/2010/11/04/what-every-girl-should-know-the-birth-control-movement-in-the-1910s/ | ref = {{sfnref|Dietrich|2010}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Engelman|2011|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Engelman | first = Peter | title = A history of the birth control movement in America | publisher = Praeger | location = Santa Barbara, Calif | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-313-36509-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=D_J5OPvEyrUC | ref = {{sfnref|Engelman|2011}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Franks|2005|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Franks | first = Angela | title = Margaret Sanger's eugenic legacy the control of female fertility | publisher = McFarland | location = Jefferson, N.C | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-7864-5404-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UBJWsbEHmT4C | ref = {{sfnref|Franks|2005}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Freedman|2007|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Freedman | first = Estelle | title = The essential feminist reader | publisher = Modern Library | location = New York | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-8129-7460-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zu168OO6ODcC | ref = {{sfnref|Freedman|2007}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Gordon|1976|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Gordon | first = Linda | title = Woman's body, woman's right : a social history of birth control in America | publisher = Grossman | location = New York | year = 1976 | isbn = 978-0-670-77817-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lGxoAAAAIAAJ | ref = {{sfnref|Gordon|1976}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Gray|1979|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Gray | first = Madeline | title = Margaret Sanger : a biography of the champion of birth control | publisher = R. Marek | location = New York | year = 1979 | isbn = 978-0-399-90019-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gmFoAAAAIAAJ | ref = {{sfnref|Gray|1979}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Hajo|2010|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Hajo | first = Cathy | title = Birth control on main street : organizing clinics in the United States, 1916–1939 | publisher = University of Illinois Press | location = Urbana | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-252-07725-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=17ZZTGWTodIC | ref = {{sfnref|Hajo|2010}}}}
*{{cite journal |author=Hale, Robert |authorlink= |authormask= |date=April 11, 1925 |title=The child who was mother to a woman |department=Profiles |journal=The New Yorker |volume=1 |issue=8 |pages=11–12 |url= |<!--accessdate=-->}}
* {{cite book|last=Katz|first=Esther|title=the Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger: Vol. 1, The Woman Rebel|year=2002|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Urbana|isbn=0-252-02737-X |author2=Peter C. Engelman |author3=Cathy Moran Hajo}}
<!-- {{sfn|Hitchcock|2008|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Hitchcock | first = Susan | title = Roe V. Wade: Protecting a Woman's Right to Choose | publisher = Chelsea | location = New York | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-1-4381-0342-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=M19cAzNs9-UC | ref = {{sfnref|Hitchcock|2008}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Katz|2000|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Katz | first = Esther | title = Sanger, Margaret | work = American National Biography Online | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York | year = 2000 | url = http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00598.html | ref = {{sfnref|Katz|2000}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Kennedy|1970|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Kennedy | first = David | title = Birth Control in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven | year = 1970 | isbn = 978-0-300-01495-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-CojUQpSS6wC | ref = {{sfnref|Kennedy|1970}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Kevles|1985|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Kevles | first = Daniel | title = In the name of eugenics : genetics and the uses of human heredity | publisher = University of California Press | location = Berkeley and Los Angeles | year = 1985 | isbn = 978-0-520-05763-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8esnhRxBomMC | ref = {{sfnref|Kevles|1985}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Lader|1975|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Lader | first = Lawrence | title = The Margaret Sanger story and the fight for birth control | publisher = Greenwood Press | location = Westport, Conn | year = 1975 | isbn = 978-0-8371-7076-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mzIEAQAAIAAJ | ref = {{sfnref|Lader|1975}}}}
* Lader, Lawrence and [[Milton Meltzer|Meltzer, Milton]] (1969), ''Margaret Sanger: pioneer of birth control'', Crowell
<!-- {{sfn|McCann|1994|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = McCann | first = Carole | title = Birth control politics in the United States, 1916–1945 | publisher = Cornell University Press | location = Ithaca | year = 1994 | isbn = 978-0-8014-8612-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=it1LHbLKVpkC | ref = {{sfnref|McCann|1994}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|McCann|2010|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = McCann | first = Carole | chapter = Women as Leaders in the Contraceptive Movement | editor-last = O'Connor | editor-first = Karen | title = Gender and Women's Leadership: A Reference Handbook | publisher = SAGE | location = Thousand Oaks | year = 2010 | pages = 749–762 | isbn = 978-1-4522-6635-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5yt1AwAAQBAJ | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=5yt1AwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA749 | doi = 10.4135/9781412979344.n78 | ref = {{sfnref|McCann|2010}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Reed|2003|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Reed | first = Miriam | title = Margaret Sanger : her life in her words | publisher = Barricade Books | location = Fort Lee, NJ | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-1-56980-255-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=V_kSAQAAMAAJ | ref = {{sfnref|Reed|2003}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Rosenbaum|2011|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Rosenbaum | first = Judith | chapter = The Call to Action: Margaret Sanger, the Brownsville Jewish Women, and Political Activism | editor-last1 = Kaplan | editor-first1 = Marion | editor-last2 = Moore | editor-first2 = Deborah | title = Gender and Jewish history | publisher = Indiana University Press | location = Bloomington | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-253-22263-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Dfw6PcG1ojQC | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=Dfw6PcG1ojQC&pg=PA251 | ref = {{sfnref|Rosenbaum|2011}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Rosenberg|2008|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Rosenberg | first = Rosalind | title = Divided lives : American women in the twentieth century | publisher = Hill and Wang | location = New York | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-8090-1631-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h-GMcnUaLhEC | ref = {{sfnref|Rosenberg|2008}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Sanger|1919|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Sanger | first = Margaret | title = Birth Control and Racial Betterment | periodical = [[Birth Control Review]] | publisher = The New York Women's Publishing Company | via = [http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/project/index.php The Margaret Sanger Papers Project] | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | year = 1919 | pages = 11–12 | url = https://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/webedition/app/documents/show.php?sangerDoc=143449.xml | ref = {{sfnref|Sanger|1919}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Sanger|1922|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Sanger | first = Margaret | title = The Pivot of Civilization | publisher = Brentano's | location = New York | year = 1922 | isbn = 978-0-8277-2004-6 | url = https://archive.org/details/pivotofcivilizat00sanguoft | ref = {{sfnref|Sanger|1922}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Sanger|1938|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Sanger | first = Margaret | title = Autobiography of Margaret Sanger | publisher = Dover Publications | location = City | year = 1938 | isbn = 978-0-486-12083-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IQKAfF_ycEoC | ref = {{sfnref|Sanger|1938}}}}
<!-- {{sfn|Valenza|1985|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last = Valenza | first = Charles | title = Was Margaret Sanger a Racist? | journal = Family Planning Perspectives | publisher = Guttmacher Institute | year = 1985 | pages = 44–46 | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | doi = 10.2307/2135230 | ref = {{sfnref|Valenza|1985}} | pmid=3884362 | jstor=2135230}}
<!-- {{sfn|Viney|King|2003|p=??}} -->
* {{Citation | last1 = Viney | first1 = Wayne | last2 = King | first2 = D. A. | title = A history of psychology : ideas and context | publisher = Allyn and Bacon | location = Boston | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-205-33582-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7rbAPwAACAAJ | ref = {{sfnref|Viney|King|2003}}}}

=== Historiography ===
* Sandi L. Dinger, "Sanger, Margaret" in Eleanor B. Amico., ed., ''Readers Guide to Women's Studies'' (1998) pp 505–6

== External links ==

{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=yes |about=yes |label=Margaret Sanger |lcheading=Sanger, Margaret, 1879–1966}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Sanger,+Margaret | name=Margaret Sanger}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Margaret Higgins Sanger}}
* {{Librivox author |id=3073}}
* {{OL author|18066A}}
* {{Goodreads author|264856}}
* [http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss43_main.html Margaret Sanger Papers] at the [[Sophia Smith Collection]]
* [http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/multimedia/video/2008/wallace/sanger_margaret_t.html Interview] conducted by [[Mike Wallace]], September 21, 1957. Hosted at the [[Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center|Harry Ransom Center]].

{{Reproductive health |state=uncollapsed}}
{{Arizona Women's Hall of Fame}}
{{National Women's Hall of Fame}}
{{Public health}}

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