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{{Short description|Form of right-wing politics that emerged in the 1960s}}
{{For|specific entities called "New Right"}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Party politics}}
'''New Right''' is a term for various [[Right-wing politics|right-wing political]] groups or policies in different countries. It has also been used to describe the emergence of [[Eastern Europe]]an parties after the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]].<ref>Hanley, Sean (2007). ''The New Right in the New Europe: Czech Transformation and Right-wing Politics, 1989–2006''.</ref>

== History ==
The word "New Right" appeared during the 1964 presidential campaign of [[Barry Goldwater]] to designate "the emergence, in response to [[liberalism]] (in the American sense of the term [i.e. [[social liberalism]]]), of an uninhibited right: ultraconservative, imbued with religious values, openly populist, anti-egalitarian, and intolerant of racial desegregation." Popularized by [[Richard Viguerie]], the term became later used to describe a broader movement in the [[English-speaking world]]: socially conservative proponents of the [[night-watchman state]], such as [[Ronald Reagan]], [[Margaret Thatcher]], or [[New Zealand First]]. However, as [[Jean-Yves Camus]] and [[Nicolas Lebourg]] point out, this leaning had only a few in common with the "[[European New Right]]" that had been emerging since the 1960s, more inspired by the [[Conservative Revolution|conservative revolutionary]] [[Arthur Moeller van den Bruck|Moeller van den Bruck]] than by the [[Classical liberalism|classical liberal]] [[Adam Smith]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_j5YDgAAQBAJ|title=Far-Right Politics in Europe|last1=Camus|first1=Jean-Yves|last2=Lebourg|first2=Nicolas|date=2017-03-20|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674971530|pages=122|language=en}}</ref>

==New Right by country==
===Australia===
In [[Australia]], "the New Right" refers to a late 1970s/1980s onward movement both within and outside of the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]]/[[National Party of Australia|National]] [[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition]] which advocates [[Economic liberalism|economically liberal]] and increased [[Social conservatism|socially conservative]] policies (as opposed to the "old right" which advocated [[Economic conservatism|economically conservative]] policies and "[[small-l liberal]]s" with more [[social liberalism|socially liberal]] views).<ref>Verity Archer,  "Dole bludgers, tax payers and the New Right: Constructing discourses of welfare in 1970s Australia." ''Labour History''  96 (2009): 177–190.</ref>  Unlike the United Kingdom and United States, but like neighbouring New Zealand, the 1980s saw the [[Australian Labor Party]] initiate [[Third Way (centrism)|Third Way]] economic reforms, which bear some familiarity to "New Right" ideology. After the [[John Howard]] Coalition ended the 13-year rule of the [[Hawke–Keating Government|Hawke-Keating]] Labor government at the [[1996 Australian federal election|1996 federal election]], economic reforms were taken further, some examples being wholesale labor market deregulation (e.g. [[WorkChoices]]), the introduction of a [[Goods and Services Tax (Australia)|Goods and Services Tax]] (GST), the privatisation of the telecommunications monopoly [[Telstra]], and sweeping [[welfare reform]] including "[[work for the dole]]".  The [[H. R. Nicholls Society]], a think tank which advocates full workplace deregulation, contains some Liberal MPs as members and is seen to be of the New Right.<ref>Marian Sawer, ''Australia and the new right'' (Sydney: G. Allen & Unwin, 1982).</ref>

[[Economic liberalism]] is also called [[economic rationalism]] in Australia. The term "economic rationalism" was first used by Labor's [[Gough Whitlam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uq.edu.au/economics/johnquiggin/JournalArticles97/Econrat97.html|title=John Quiggin – Journal Articles 1997 – Economic rationalism|website=www.uq.edu.au}}</ref> to describe a market-oriented form of social democracy, but its meaning subsequently evolved. It is a philosophy which tends to advocate a [[free market economy]], increased [[deregulation]], [[privatisation]], lower [[direct taxation]] and higher [[indirect taxation]], and a reduction of the size of the [[welfare state]]. The politicians favouring New Right ideology were referred to as "dries", while those advocating continuation of the economic policies of the [[post-war consensus]], typically [[Keynesian]] economics, or were more socially liberal, were called "wets" (the term "wets" was similarly used in Britain to refer to those [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]] who opposed [[Thatcherite]] economic policies, but "dries" in this context was much rarer in British usage).<ref>Hugh Collins,  "Political ideology in Australia: the distinctiveness of a Benthamite society." ''Daedalus'' (1985): 147–169. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20024958 online]</ref>

===Brazil===
The new right in [[Brazil]] has grown sharply in recent years within population, intelligentsia and academia. That is mainly due to a generalized discontent with the {{as of|2020|April|alt=previous}} left-wing government and its policies.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Saad-Filho|first1=Alfredo|last2=Boito|first2=Armando|editor1-last=Panitch|editor1-first=Leo|editor2-last=Albo|editor2-first=Greg|title=Brazil: The Failure of the PT and the Rise of the 'New Right|journal=Socialist Register|date=2016|pages=213–30|url=https://www.academia.edu/20310392|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref>

This new movement distinguishes itself from what is known in Brazil as "old right", which was ideologically associated to the [[Brazilian military government]], [[União Democrática Nacional]] (National Democratic Union) and [[Integralism]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Manifesto de 7 de Outubro de 1932|url=http://www.integralismo.org.br/?cont=825&ox=2|access-date=23 October 2016|language=pt}}</ref> It is identified by positive views regarding democracy, personal freedom, free-market capitalism, reduction of bureaucracy, privatization of state-run companies, tax cuts, [[parliamentary]], political reform. It rejects "[[cultural Marxism]]", [[Socialism of the 21st century]] and [[Populism]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Liberais, Libertários e conservadores, uni-vos|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrissima/2014/10/1526258-liberais-libertarios-e-conservadores-uni-vos.shtml|access-date=23 October 2016|language=pt}}</ref>

There have been two major phenomena relating to the rise of the new Brazilian right: the [[Free Brazil Movement]], which has managed to bring together millions of people on demonstrations against the government in March 2015;<ref>{{cite book|last1=Saad-Filho|first1=Alfredo|last2=Boito|first2=Armando|editor1-last=Panitch|editor1-first=Leo|editor2-last=Albo|editor2-first=Greg|title=Brazil: The Failure of the PT and the Rise of the 'New Right|journal=Socialist Register|date=2016|page=225|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rfMWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA225|quote=The upper middle class provides the mass base of the new right, for example, through the Free Brazil Movement (Movimento Brasil Livre), MBL, one of the groups leading the demonstrations.|access-date=31 August 2016|isbn=9781583675755}}</ref> and the creation of the [[New Party (Brazil)|New Party]] (Partido Novo) and [[Libertários]], the first liberal party since the [[First Brazilian Republic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://interlibertarian.altervista.org/INTERLIBERTARIANS/Brazil.html|title=INTERLIBERTARIANS Members|website=interlibertarian.altervista.org|access-date=23 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210225140/http://interlibertarian.altervista.org/INTERLIBERTARIANS/Brazil.html|archive-date=10 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Some Brazilian new-right thinkers are: [[Kim Kataguiri]], and his movement [[Movimento Brasil Livre]] (Free Brazil Moviment), [[Roberto Campos]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Biografia
|url=http://www.academia.org.br/academicos/roberto-campos/biografia|access-date=23 October 2016|language=pt}}</ref> [[Wilson Martins (literary critic)|Wilson Martins]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/1996/12/08/mais!/14.html|title=A certeza da influência|access-date=7 January 2017|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,morre-o-critico-literario-wilson-martins,504535|title=Morre o crítico literário Wilson Martins|access-date=7 January 2017|language=pt}}</ref> [[Olavo de Carvalho]],<ref name="filosofiauol"/> [[Luiz Felipe Pondé]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Contra os comissionarios da ignorância|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/luizfelipeponde/1158128-contra-os-comissarios-da-ignorancia.shtml|access-date=23 October 2016|language=pt}}</ref> [[Paulo Francis]],<ref name="books.google.com.br">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKjfAAAAMAAJ|title=Dicionário da Corte |date=2011|access-date=23 October 2016|isbn=978-8571645714| author=De Sá, Nelson|page=9|language=pt}}</ref> [[José Guilherme Merquior]],<ref name="filosofiauol">{{cite web|title=Um gênio conservador|url=http://filosofia.uol.com.br/filosofia/ideologia-sabedoria/51/artigo333995-4.asp|access-date=23 October 2016|language=pt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921085954/http://filosofia.uol.com.br/filosofia/ideologia-sabedoria/51/artigo333995-4.asp|archive-date=21 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Bruno Tolentino]]<ref name="filosofiauol"/> and [[Miguel Reale]].<ref name="filosofiauol"/>

As a result of this movement, in the 2018's Brazilian election, [[Jair Messias Bolsonaro]] was elected President of Brazil with 55% of the votes; his [[Ministry of the Economy (Brazil)|Minister of the Economy]], [[Paulo Guedes]], graduated from the [[University of Chicago]], famous for its [[Chicago school of economics|economically liberal school of economics]].

===Chile===
The term New Right (Spanish: ''Nueva derecha'') has come into mainstream political discourse since the election of [[Sebastián Piñera]] in 2010, when interior minister [[Rodrigo Hinzpeter]] used it to describe his government. Hinzpeter's introduction of the term caused a buzz among newspapers, politicians and analysts. According to a column published in ''[[The Clinic (newspaper)|The Clinic]]'', the New Right is different from the old [[military dictatorship|dictatorial]] right of [[Augusto Pinochet]], in the sense that it embraces democracy. It is also different from the religiously conservative [[Unión Demócrata Independiente]] party, in that it is more open to discussing issues like [[divorce]]. According to the same analysis, the New Right is becoming increasingly pragmatic, as shown by their decision to increase taxes following the [[2010 Chilean earthquake]].<ref>Marcelo Pollack, ''New Right in Chile'' (Springer, 1999).</ref>

===France===

In [[France]], the New Right (or ''[[Nouvelle Droite]]'') has been used as a term to describe a modern think-tank of French political philosophers and intellectuals led by [[Alain de Benoist]]. Another noted intellectual, who was once part of Alain de Benoist's GRECE, is [[Guillaume Faye]]. Although accused by some critics as being "[[far-right]]" in their beliefs, they themselves claim that their ideas transcend the traditional [[left–right politics|left–right divide]] and actively encourages free debate. France also has one Identitarian New Right group (which is connected with Thule Seminar in Germany); that is [[Terre et Peuple]] of Pierre Vial, who was once an integral part and founding member of Alain de Benoist's GRECE.<ref name="online">Simon Bornschier, "Why a right-wing populist party emerged in France but not in Germany: cleavages and actors in the formation of a new cultural divide." ''European Political Science Review'' 4.1 (2012): 121–145. [http://doc.rero.ch/record/297782/files/S1755773911000117.pdf  online]</ref>

===Germany===

In Germany, the ''[[Neue Rechte]]'' (literally, new right) consists of two parts: the ''Jungkonservative'' (literally, young conservatives), who search for followers in the civic part of the population; and, secondly, the "Nationalrevolutionäre" (national revolutionists), who are looking for followers in the ultra-right part of the German population, and use the rhetoric of right-wing politicians such as [[Strasserism#Strasser brothers|Gregor and Otto Strasser]]. Another noted New Right group in Germany is Thule Seminar of Pierre Krebs.<ref>Michael Minkenberg,  "The new right in Germany: The transformation of conservatism and the extreme right." ''European Journal of Political Research'' 22.1 (1992): 55–81.</ref><ref name="online"/>

===Greece===
[[Failos Kranidiotis]], a [[Greeks|Greek]] politician who had been expelled by [[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]] chairman [[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]] for expressing views similar to those of political rival [[Golden Dawn (political party)|Golden Dawn]], founded the [[New Right (Greece)|New Right]] party, based on [[national liberalism]], in May 2016.<ref>Vasiliki Georgiadou,  and Lamprini Rori. "Economic crisis, social and political impact. The new right-wing extremism in Greece."  ''Anuari del Conflicte Social'' (2013). [https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/31970/10341-17289-2-PB.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y  online]</ref> His views diverged from those of former [[Prime Minister of Greece]] [[Konstantinos Mitsotakis]], whose legacy expressed the most important principle of its recently elected leadership, including [[Adonis Georgiadis]], who had been a member only since leaving [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[Popular Orthodox Rally]] in 2012.

===Iran===
In [[Iran]], New Right and the term "Modern Right" ({{lang-fa|راست مدرن}}) is associated with the [[Executives of Construction Party]], which has split from the 'traditional [[Iranian Principlists|Right]]'.<ref>{{citation|first=Tara|last=Povey|title=Social Movements in Egypt and Iran|chapter=The Rise of Social Movements in Iran since the 1990s|year=2015|pages=72–96|doi=10.1057/9781137379009_4|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-349-67751-1}}</ref>

===Israel===
[[New Right (Israel)|New Right]] is a [[right-wing]] political party in [[Israel]], founded in 2018 and led by [[Ayelet Shaked]] and [[Naftali Bennett]]. The party aims to be a party open to both secular and [[Religious Zionism|religious]] people. The party advocates the preservation of a strong right-wing in Israel.

===Netherlands===
The [[New Right (Netherlands)|New Right]] (NR) was the name of a far-right/nationalist political party in the Netherlands from 2003 to 2007.  The [[Party for Freedom]] (PVV), founded in 2005 and led by [[Geert Wilders]], also is a New Right movement.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gerard Delanty|title=Identity, Belonging and Migration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1rMgCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA262|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=262|display-authors=etal|isbn=9781846314537}}</ref> Since March 2017 [[Forum voor Democratie]] is another new right party in the Dutch parliament.

===New Zealand===
In [[New Zealand]], as in Australia, it was the [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour Party]] that initially adopted "New Right" economic policies. "[[Rogernomics]]" involved [[monetarism|monetarist]] approaches to controlling inflation, corporatisation of government departments, and the removal of [[tariff]]s and [[subsidy|subsidies]], while the party also pursued social liberal stances such as decriminalisation of male homosexuality, pay equity for women and adopting a nuclear-free policy. This meant temporary realignment within New Zealand politics, as "New Right" middle-class voters voted Labour at the [[1987 New Zealand general election]] in approval of its economic policies. At first, Labour corporatised many former government departments and state assets, then emulated the Conservative [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] administration and privatised them altogether during Labour's second term of office. However, recession and privatisation together led to increasing strains within the Labour Party, which led to schism, and the exit of [[Jim Anderton]] and his [[NewLabour Party (New Zealand)|NewLabour Party]], which later formed part of the [[Alliance (New Zealand political party)|Alliance Party]] with the Greens and other opponents of New Right economics.<ref>Michael Peters,  and James Marshall. "Education, the new right and the crisis of the welfare state in New Zealand." ''Australian Journal of Education Studies'' 11.1 (1990): 77–90.</ref>

However, dissent and schism were not to be limited to the Labour Party and Alliance Party alone. During the Labour Party's second term in office, the Opposition [[New Zealand National Party]] (popularly known as 'National') selected [[Ruth Richardson]] as Opposition finance spokesperson, and when National won the [[1990 New Zealand general election|1990 general election]], Richardson became Minister of Finance, while [[Jenny Shipley]] became Minister of Social Welfare. Richardson introduced deunionisation legislation, known as the Employment Contracts Act, in 1991, while Shipley presided over social welfare benefit cuts, designed to reduce "[[welfare dependency]]" – both core New Right policy initiatives.

In the early nineties, maverick National Party MP [[Winston Peters]] also came to oppose New Right economic policies, and led his elderly voting bloc out of the National Party. As a result, his [[New Zealand First]] anti-monetarist party has been a partner in coalition governments led by both National (1996–98) and Labour (2005–08 and 2017–20). Due to the introduction of the [[Electoral system of New Zealand|MMP]] electoral system, a New Right "Association of Consumers and Taxpayers" party, known as [[ACT New Zealand]], was formed by ex-Labour New Right–aligned Cabinet Ministers like [[Richard Prebble]] and others, and maintaining existing New Right policy initiatives such as the Employment Contracts Act, while also introducing U.S.-style "[[welfare reform]]." ACT New Zealand aspired to become National's centre-right coalition partner, but has been hampered by lack of party unity and populist leadership that often lacked strategic direction.

As for Labour and National themselves, their fortunes have been mixed. Labour was out of office for most of the nineties, only regaining power when [[Helen Clark]] led it to victory and a Labour/Alliance coalition and centre-left government (1999–2002). However, the Alliance disintegrated in 2002. National was defeated in 1999 due to the absence of a suitable stable coalition partner, given New Zealand First's partial disintegration after Winston Peters abandoned the prior National-led coalition. When [[Bill English]] became leader of National in 2001, it was thought that he might lead the party away from its prior hardline New Right economic and social policies, but his indecisiveness and lack of firm policy direction led to ACT New Zealand gaining the New Right middle-class voting basis in 2002. When [[Don Brash]] became leader, New Right middle-class voters returned to National's fold, causing National's revival in fortunes at the [[2005 New Zealand general election]]. However, at the same time, ACT New Zealand strongly criticised it for deviating from its former New Right economic policy perspectives, and at the same election, National did little to enable ACT's survival. Don Brash resigned as National party leader, being replaced by [[John Key]], who was a more moderate National MP.

As for the centre-left, Helen Clark and her Labour-led coalition were criticised by ex-Alliance members and non-government organisations for their alleged lack of attention to centre-left social policies, while trade union membership recovered due to Labour's repeal of the Employment Contracts Act 1991 and [[Labour market flexibility|labour market deregulation]] and the deunionisation that had accompanied it in the nineties. It is plausible that Clark and her Cabinet were influenced by [[Tony Blair]] and his British Labour Government, which pursued a similar balancing act between social and fiscal responsibility while in government.<ref>Roger Dale,  "National reform, economic crisis and ‘New Right’theory: A New Zealand perspective." ''Discourse'' 14.2 (1994): 17–29.</ref>

===Poland===
In [[Poland]], a [[conservative libertarian]]<ref name="SZN">{{cite news|title=Leader of Poland's Euro-sceptic party believes: "Women should not have right to vote."|url=http://sz-n.com/2014/04/leader-of-polands-euro-sceptic-party-believes-women-should-not-have-right-to-vote/|date=7 April 2014 |access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="Szczerbiak">{{cite news|title=EU election: Polish campaign dominated by Ukraine crisis|author=Aleks Szczerbiak|url=http://theconversation.com/eu-election-polish-campaign-dominated-by-ukraine-crisis-25782|date=23 May 2014|access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/10/20/uk-eu-parliament-eurosceptics-idUKKCN0I920W20141020|title=UKIP, 5-Star welcome Polish radical to save EU voting bloc|newspaper=Reuters|date=20 October 2014|first=Alastair|last=Macdonald}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/07/17/world/social-issues-world/polish-meps-racial-slur-remark-sparks-anger/#.ViUt9ePouUl|title=Polish MEP's racial slur sparks anger|work=The Japan Times|date=17 July 2014}}</ref> and [[euroscepticism|eurosceptic]] political party [[Congress of the New Right]] (New Right) was founded on 25 March 2011 from former political parties [[Freedom and Lawfulness]] (WiP) and [[Real Politics Union]] (UPR) by [[Janusz Korwin-Mikke]]. It is backed up by various voters, some conservatives, people who want to legalize marijuana and citizens who endorse [[free market]] and [[capitalism]].

=== South Korea ===
In [[South Korea]], the [[New Right (South Korea)|South Korean New Right]] movement is a Korean attempt at [[neoconservatism|neoconservative]] politics. The [[Lee Myung-bak government]] led by President [[Lee Myung-bak]] and the conservative [[Grand National Party]] is noted for being a benefactor of the domestic New Right movement.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Yin-wah Chu|author2=Siu-lun Wong|title=East Asia's New Democracies: Deepening, Reversal, Non-liberal Alternatives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyXGBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT199|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|page=199|isbn=9781136991097}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
{{Main|Thatcherism}}
In the United Kingdom, the term New Right more specifically refers to a strand of Conservatism that the likes of Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan influenced. Thatcher's style of New Right ideology, known as [[Thatcherism]], was heavily influenced by the work of [[Friedrich Hayek]] (in particular the book ''[[The Road to Serfdom]]''). They were ideologically committed to [[economic liberalism]] as well as being [[social conservatism|socially conservative]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=S. Lee|author2=M. Beech|title=The Conservatives under David Cameron: Built to Last?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3paCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|year=2016|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|pages=23–24|isbn=9780230237025}}</ref>

===United States===
{{Conservatism in the United States}}
{{Libertarianism in the United States sidebar}}
{{main|Conservatism in the United States}}
{{See also|Neoconservatism}}
{{Distinguish|Alt-lite}}

In the United States, New Right refers to two historically distinct [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] political movements.<ref name=Frohnen>Frohnen, Bruce, Jeremy Beer, and Jeffrey O. Nelson (2006) ''American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia''. ISI Books: Wilmington, DE.</ref>{{rp|624–25}} These American New Rights are distinct from and opposed to the more moderate tradition of the so-called [[Rockefeller Republican]]s. The New Right also differs from the [[Old Right (United States)|Old Right]] (1933–55) on issues concerning foreign policy with [[neoconservatives]] being opposed to the [[United States non-interventionism|non-interventionism]] of the Old Right.<ref name= Frohnen/>{{rp|625}}

==== First New Right ====
The first New Right (1955–64) was centered on the [[right-libertarianism|right-wing libertarians]], [[Traditionalist conservatism in the United States|traditionalists]], and [[Anti-communism|anti-communists]] at William F. Buckley's ''[[National Review]]''.<ref name=Frohnen/>{{rp|624}} Sociologists and journalists had used ''new right'' since the 1950s; it was first used as self-identification in 1962 by the student activist group [[Young Americans for Freedom]].<ref>[[Viguerie, Richard]]. ''The New Right: We're Ready to Lead''. 1981, Caroline House, p. 53</ref>

The first New Right embraced what it called "[[fusionism]]" (an ostensible synthesis of [[Classical liberalism|classical liberal]] economics, traditional social values, and anti-communism)<ref name=Frohnen/>{{rp|338–41}} and coalesced in the years preceding the [[1964 United States presidential election|1964 presidential campaign]] of [[Barry Goldwater]]. The Goldwater campaign, which failed to unseat incumbent President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], hastened the formation of a new political movement.

'''First New Right figures''':
* [[William F. Buckley Jr.]] – editor of ''National Review''
* [[Frank Meyer (political philosopher)|Frank Meyer]] – anti-communist libertarian and creator of the [[Fusionism|"fusionist" political theory]]
* [[James Burnham]] – anti-communist political theorist
* [[M. Stanton Evans]] – journalist and writer of Young Americans for Freedom's [[Sharon Statement]]
* [[Barry Goldwater]] – U.S. Senator from Arizona and Republican U.S. presidential candidate

==== Second New Right ====
The second New Right (1964 to present) was formed in the wake of the Goldwater campaign and had a more [[Right-wing populism|populist]] tone than the first New Right. The second New Right tended to focus on wedge issues (such as abortion) and was often [[Instrumentum regni|linked]] with the [[Christian right|Religious Right]].<ref>Gottfried, Paul and Thomas Fleming (1988) ''The Conservative Movement''. Twayne Publishers: Boston, pp. 77–95.</ref> The second New Right formed a policy approach and electoral apparatus that brought [[Ronald Reagan]] into the [[White House]] in the 1980 presidential election. The New Right was organized in the [[American Enterprise Institute]] and [[The Heritage Foundation]] to counter the so-called "[[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]] establishment". In elite think tanks and local community organizations alike, new policies, marketing strategies, and electoral strategies were crafted over the succeeding decades to promote strongly conservative policies.<ref>Arin, Kubilay Yado: ''Think Tanks, the Brain Trusts of US Foreign Policy''. Wiesbaden: VS Springer 2013.</ref>

'''Second New Right figures''':
* [[Ronald Reagan]] – 40th president of the United States, actor, 33rd [[governor of California]], [[Trade union|union]] leader
* [[George H. W. Bush]] – 41st president of the United States, [[U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations]], [[Director of Central Intelligence]], businessman, humanitarian 
* [[George W. Bush]] –  43rd president of the United States
* [[Newt Gingrich]] – Former [[Member of Congress|Congressman]], [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]], [[Newt Gingrich presidential campaign, 2012|candidate]] for the Presidency of the United States, author
* [[Rush Limbaugh]] – nationally syndicated [[talk radio]] and former cable news host, author
* [[Milton Friedman]] – [[Neoclassical economics|neoclassical]] economist of the [[Chicago school of economics]], recipient of the 1976 [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]]
* [[Richard Viguerie]] – direct mail activist
* [[Howard Phillips (politician)|Howard Phillips]] – founder of [[The Conservative Caucus]]
* [[Robert Grant (Christian leader)|Robert Grant]] – Christian right activist and founder of [[Christian Voice (United States)|Christian Voice]]
* [[Terry Dolan (activist)|Terry Dolan]] – founder of the [[National Conservative Political Action Committee]]
* [[Jerry Falwell Sr.|Jerry Falwell]] – [[Southern Baptist]] minister, founder of [[Liberty University]] and [[Moral Majority]]
* [[Phyllis Schlafly]] – anti-feminist activist and founder of the [[Eagle Forum]]
* [[Paul Weyrich]] – founder of the [[Heritage Foundation]] and the Free Congress Foundation

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Andrews, Geoff; [[Richard Cockett|Cockett, Richard]]; Hooper, Alan; Williams, Michael (1999): ''New Left, New Right and Beyond. Taking the Sixties Seriously''. Palgrave Macmillan. {{ISBN|9780333741474}}
* Arin, Kubilay Yado (2013): ''Think Tanks, the Brain Trusts of US Foreign Policy''. Wiesbaden: VS Springer .
* Betz, Hans-George. (1993) "The new politics of resentment: radical right-wing populist parties in Western Europe." ''Comparative politics'' (1993): 413–427. [http://www.fp7-myplace.eu/documents/The_New_Politics_of_Resentment_Radical_Right_Wing.pdf  online]
* Cunningham, Sean P. (2010). ''Cowboy Conservatism: Texas and the Rise of the Modern Right''
* Klatch, Rebecca E. (1999) ''A generation divided: The new left, the new right, and the 1960s '' (Univ of California Press, 1999).
* Lyons, Paul. (1996) ''New left, new right, and the legacy of the sixties'' (Temple University Press, 1996).
* Minkenberg, Michael.  (1992) "The new right in Germany: The transformation of conservatism and the extreme right." ''European Journal of Political Research'' 22.1 (1992): 55–81.
* Richards, David; Smith, Martin J. (2002). ''Governance and Public Policy in the UK''.  New York: Oxford University Press. pp.&nbsp;92–121.
* [[Charles Murray (political scientist)|Murray, Charles]] (1984). ''Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980''
* Murray, Charles (1999). ''The Underclass Revisited''
* {{cite book|title = The New Right: We're Ready to Lead|author	= Richard A. Viguerie|author-link	= Richard A. Viguerie|publisher = Viguerie Company|year = 1980|isbn = 9780960481415}}
*{{cite book |last1=Stock |first1=Catherine McNicol |title=Nuclear Country: The Origins of the Rural New Right |date=2020 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-5245-3 |language=en}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.freespeechproject.com/ Free Speech Project] – various New Right texts in English

{{Political spectrum}}
{{Conservatism footer}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Conservatism]]
[[Category:Conservatism in Europe]]
[[Category:Conservatism in Russia]]
[[Category:Conservatism in the United States]]
[[Category:Conservatism in Canada]]
[[Category:Far-right politics]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in Europe]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in Russia]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in the United States]]
[[Category:New Right (Europe)| ]]
[[Category:New Right (United States)| 01]]
[[Category:Political movements]]
[[Category:Political movements in Europe]]
[[Category:Political movements in Russia]]
[[Category:Political movements in the United States]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States)]]
[[Category:Right-wing politics]]