View source for Secession in China

{{More citations needed|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Qing Empire circa 1820 EN.svg|thumb|Maximum territorial extent of the [[Qing dynasty]] of China, c. 1820]]
[[File:Chine 1923-1924.png|thumb|[[Warlord Era]] of China, 1924]]
'''Secession in China''' refers to several secessionist movements in the [[China|People's Republic of China]].

==Legal basis==
===People’s Republic of China===
The 1931 constitution of the Chinese Communist Party accepted secession as legal with article 14 stating “The Soviet government of China recognizes the [[right of self-determination]] of the national minorities in China, their right to complete separation from China, and to the formation of an independent state for each national minority.” However, the CCP's change from a revolutionary group to the dominant state power in 1949 led to this language being left out of later constitutions and any legal chance for secession disappeared from Chinese law.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hales |first1=Ben |title=The Tangled History of the ‘Tibet Card’ |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/08/the-tangled-history-of-the-tibet-card/ |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |accessdate=14 August 2020}}</ref>

==List of secessionist movements in the People's Republic of China==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%"
|-
! width="175" |Claimed region
! width="200" |Current political status within the PRC
! width="100" |Capital city of region
! width="100" |Area (km<sup>2</sup>) of region
! width="100" |Total population of region
! width="175" |Main independence movement
! width="125" |Main ethnic group seeking independence
|-
|'''{{flagdeco|East Turkestan}} [[East Turkestan]]''' ([[Xinjiang]]) || [[Autonomous regions of China|Uyghur Autonomous Region of the PRC]]
||[[Ürümqi]]|| align="center" |1,664,897 || align="center" |24,870,000 ||[[East Turkestan independence movement]]||[[Uyghurs|Uyghur people]]
|-
|'''{{flagdeco|British Hong Kong}} {{flagdeco|Hong Kong}} [[Hong Kong]]''' || [[Special administrative regions of China|Special Administrative Region of the PRC]]
||[[Hong Kong]]|| align="center" |2,755 || align="center" |7,500,700 ||[[Hong Kong independence|Hong Kong independence movement]]||[[Hongkongers|Hong Kong people]]
''(any resident of Hong Kong; mostly ethnic-[[Cantonese people|Cantonese]])''
|-
|'''{{flagdeco|Macau}} [[Macau]]''' || [[Special administrative regions of China|Special Administrative Region of the PRC]]
||[[Macau]]|| align="center" |115 || align="center" |696,100 ||[[Macau independence|Macau independence movement]]||[[Macau people]]
''(any resident of Macau; mostly ethnic-[[Cantonese people|Cantonese]])''
|-
|'''{{flagdeco|Manchukuo}} [[Manchukuo]]''' ([[Heilongjiang]], [[Jilin]], [[Liaoning]]) || [[Provinces of China|Provinces of the PRC]]
|Hsinking ([[Changchun]])
| align="center" |791,826 || align="center" | 109,674,521 ||[[Manchukuo Temporary Government]]||[[Manchu people]] 
''(Note the authenticity of the group has been questioned.)''
|-
|'''{{flagicon image|Flag of the Inner Mongolian People's Party.svg}} Southern Mongolia''' ([[Inner Mongolia]]) || [[Autonomous regions of China|Autonomous Region of the PRC]]
||[[Hohhot]]|| align="center" |1,183,000 || align="center" |25,050,000 ||[[Inner Mongolian independence movement]]||[[Mongols in China|Chinese Mongols]] or [[Mongols]]
|-
|'''{{flagdeco|Tibet}} [[Tibet]]''' ([[Tibet Autonomous Region|Xizang]], [[Qinghai]]) || [[Autonomous regions of China|Autonomous Region of the PRC]]; [[Provinces of China|Province of the PRC]] ||[[Lhasa]]|| align="center" |1,948,400 || align="center" |8,806,722 ||[[Tibetan independence movement]]||[[Tibetan people]]
|}

===Other===
====Region-specific====
*[[Fujian People's Government]], 1933-1934
**Historical independence movement in the context of the [[Chinese Civil War]] and [[Warlord Era|Chinese Warlord Era]] ([[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] era) in the province of [[Fujian]].
*[[:zh:广东独立运动|广东独立运动]] ([[Guangdong]]/[[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] independence movement, [[Cantonese nationalism]]), 1921 and occasional instances post-1949
*[[:zh:湖南省独立运动|湖南省独立运动]] ([[Hunan]] independence movement), 1920-1926
*[[:zh:兩廣共和國|兩廣共和國]] ([[Liangguang]] Republic), 1900
**The term 'Liangguang' refers to a combination of the provinces of Guangdong and [[Guangxi]]. It was an historical administrative division of China during the [[Qing dynasty]] era. The island province of [[Hainan]] also used to be part of Guangdong and, by extension, Liangguang.
*[[:zh:上海自治运动|上海自治运动]] ([[Shanghai]] autonomy movement), 1926-1927

====General====
*[[Federalism in China]]
*[[Tiao-kuai]]
*[[United States of China]]

=== Notes ===

* {{flagdeco|Taiwan}} [[Taiwan]], a [[List of states with limited recognition|state with limited recognition]] whose territory is claimed as [[Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China|China's 23rd province]], is not included in this list because it has never been governed by the People's Republic of China, the government that was established in [[mainland China]] in 1949. For more information, see articles; ''[[political status of Taiwan]]'' and ''[[Taiwan independence movement]]''.

== Movements ==
[[File:China autonomous regions numbered.svg|thumb]]

{{further|Autonomous administrative divisions of China|Special administrative regions of China|One country, Two systems||}}

=== Tibet ===
{{Main|Tibetan independence movement}}

After the failed Tibetan uprising, some Tibetans followed the Dalai Lama into India, establishing a government-in-exile called the [[Central Tibetan Administration]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dalailama.com/page.99.htm|title=Speech of His Holiness the Dalai Lama to the European Parliament, Strasbourg|date=14 October 2001|publisher=The Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325221348/http://www.dalailama.com/page.99.htm|archivedate=25 March 2009|url-status=dead|accessdate=11 April 2009}}</ref>

The movement is no longer supported by the [[14th Dalai Lama]], who although having advocated it from 1961 to the late 1970s, proposed a sort of high-level [[autonomy]] in a speech in [[Strasbourg]] in 1988,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Smith, Warren W.|title=China's Tibet?: Autonomy or Assimilation|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7425-3989-1|page=214}}</ref> and has since then restricted his position to either autonomy for the Tibetan people in the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] ''within'' China,<ref name="AgeDalai">{{cite web|title=Tibet part of China: Dalai Lama|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/Tibet-part-of-China-Dalai-Lama/2005/03/14/1110649123769.html|last1=McDonald|first1=Hamish|date=15 March 2005|work=The Age|publisher=Fairfax|accessdate=12 March 2012}}</ref> or extending the area of the autonomy to include parts of neighboring Chinese provinces inhabited by Tibetans.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/2008/05/01/tibet-china-talks-oped-cx_lbm_0501tibet.html Reasonable Demands Needed From Dalai Lama]</ref>

=== Xinjiang ===
{{Main|Xinjiang conflict|Xinjiang re-education camps|East Turkestan independence movement}}
Several armed insurgency groups are fighting the Chinese (PRC) government in Xinjiang, namely the [[Turkistan Islamic Party|Turkestan Islamic Party]] and the [[East Turkestan Liberation Organization]], which some people consider to be associated with [[Al Qaeda|Al-Qaeda]] and the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/03/al-qaeda-and-islamic-state-take-aim-at-china/|title=Al-Qaeda and Islamic State Take Aim at China. Why have both groups turned their attention to Beijing?|website=The Diplomat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314072328/https://thediplomat.com/2017/03/al-qaeda-and-islamic-state-take-aim-at-china/|archive-date=14 March 2017|url-status=live|accessdate=30 March 2017}}</ref>

=== Inner Mongolia ===
{{Main|Inner Mongolian independence movement}}

South Mongolian independence is supported by these political parties: the [[Inner Mongolian People's Party]], a member of the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]; the [[Southern Mongolian Democratic Alliance]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smhric.org/news_39.htm|title="Inner Mongolian People's Party" and the basic facts about its key members|publisher=Southern Mongolian Human Rights Information Center|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225210314/http://www.smhric.org/news_39.htm|archive-date=25 February 2009|url-status=live|accessdate=11 April 2009}}</ref> and the [[Mongolian Liberal Union Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lupm.org/japanese/index.htm|title=モンゴル自由連盟党|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726004625/http://www.lupm.org/japanese/index.htm|archive-date=26 July 2010|url-status=live|accessdate=22 November 2010}}(JP)</ref>

==See also==
* [[Autonomous regions of China]]
* [[China proper]]
* [[Ethnic issues in China]]
* [[List of active separatist movements in Asia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Secession in Countries}}
{{Han subgroups}}
{{Ethnic groups in China}}

[[Category:National liberation movements]]
[[Category:Politics of China]]
[[Category:Separatism in China]]
[[Category:Secession]]