Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation/VerifiedDataSandbox and Sodium chlorite: Difference between pages

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{{distinguish|sodium chloride}}

{{pp-pc1}}

{{pp-pc|small=yes}}

| Watchedfields = changed

| verifiedrevid = 476995390

| Name = Sodium chlorite

| ImageFileL1 = Na+.svg

| ImageSizeL1 = 50px

| ImageFileR1 = Chlorition.png

| ImageFileL2 = Sodium-3D.png

| ImageNameL2 = The sodium cation

| ImageSizeL2 = 50px

| ImageFileR2 = Chlorite-3D-vdW.png

| ImageNameR2 = Space-filling model of the chlorite anion

| ImageFile3 = Sodium chlorite 450g.jpg

| ImageSize3 = 175px

| IUPACName = Sodium chlorite

| OtherNames = Chlorous acid, sodium salt<br />Textone

|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers

| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}

| PubChem = 23668197

| UNII1_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}

| UNII1 = F83TIJ81F8

| UNII1_Comment = (trihydrate)

| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}

| CASNo2_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}

| CASNo2 = 49658-21-1

| CASNo2_Comment = (trihydrate)

| RTECS = VZ4800000

| UNNumber = 1496

| KEGG = C19523

| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}

| ChEBI = 78667

| EINECS = 231-836-6

}}

|Section2={{Chembox Properties

| Formula = NaClO₂

| MolarMass = 90.442 g/mol (anhydrous) <br> 144.487 g/mol (trihydrate)

| Appearance = white solid

| Odor = odorless

| Density = 2.468 g/cm³, solid

| Solubility = 75.8 g/100 mL (25 °C) <br> 122 g/100 mL (60 °C)

| SolubleOther = slightly soluble in [[methanol]], [[ethanol]]

| MeltingPt = anhydrous decomposes at 180–200 °C <BR /> trihydrate decomposes at 38 °C

| pKa = 10-11

|Section3={{Chembox Structure

| Coordination =

| CrystalStruct = monoclinic

}}

|Section5={{Chembox Thermochemistry

| DeltaHf = -307.0 kJ/mol

|Section6={{Chembox Pharmacology

| ATCCode_prefix = D03

| ATCCode_suffix = AX11

}}

|Section7={{Chembox Hazards

| ExternalSDS = [http://www.labchem.com/tools/msds/msds/LC23620.pdf SDS]

| GHSPictograms = {{GHS03}} {{GHS05}} {{GHS06}} {{GHS09}}

| GHSSignalWord = Danger

| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|272|301|310|330|314|400}}

| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|210|220|221|260|262|264|270|271|273|280|284|301+330+331|303+361+353|305+351+338|310|361|363|370+378|391|403+233|405|501}}

| MainHazards =

| IngestionHazard = Category 3

| InhalationHazard = Category 2

| EyeHazard = Category 1

| SkinHazard = Category 1B

| NFPA-H = 2

| NFPA-F = 0

| NFPA-R = 1

| NFPA-S = OX

| FlashPt = Non-flammable

| LD50 = 350 mg/kg (rat, oral)

|Section8={{Chembox Related

| OtherAnions = [[Sodium chloride]]<br />[[Sodium hypochlorite]]<br />[[Sodium chlorate]]<br />[[Sodium perchlorate]]

| OtherCations = [[Potassium chlorite]]<br />[[Barium chlorite]]

| OtherCompounds = [[Chlorine dioxide]]<br />[[Chlorous acid]]

'''Sodium chlorite''' (NaClO₂) is a chemical compound used in the manufacturing of [[paper]] and as a [[disinfectant]].

==Use==

The main application of sodium chlorite is the generation of [[chlorine dioxide]] for bleaching and stripping of [[textile]]s, [[Pulp (paper)|pulp]], and paper. It is also used for disinfection of municipal water treatment plants after conversion to chlorine dioxide.<ref name="epa1999">{{citation | title = EPA Guidance Manual, chapter 4: Chlorine dioxide | publisher = US Environmental Protection Agency | url = http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/mdbp/pdf/alter/chapt_4.pdf | access-date = 2012-02-27 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081011201945/http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/mdbp/pdf/alter/chapt_4.pdf | archive-date = 2008-10-11 }}</ref>{{rp|2}} An advantage in this application, as compared to the more commonly used chlorine, is that [[trihalomethane]]s (such as [[chloroform]]) are not produced from organic contaminants.<ref name="epa1999" />{{rp|25,33}} [[Chlorine dioxide]] generated from sodium chlorite is approved by [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] under some conditions for disinfecting water used to wash fruits, vegetables, and poultry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title21-vol3/pdf/CFR-2010-title21-vol3-sec173-300.pdf |title=Chlorine dioxide |access-date=2011-11-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330211447/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title21-vol3/pdf/CFR-2010-title21-vol3-sec173-300.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-30 }}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2019}}<ref>{{cite web|title=CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=173.300|access-date=2021-11-18|website=www.accessdata.fda.gov}}</ref>

Sodium chlorite, NaClO₂, sometimes in combination with [[zinc chloride]], also finds application as a component in therapeutic rinses, mouthwashes,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2008-05-13-bad-breath_N.htm|title=New mouthwashes may help take bad breath away|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626163912/http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2008-05-13-bad-breath_N.htm|archive-date=2012-06-26|url-status=live|first=Joyce|last=Cohen|work=[[USA Today]]|date=2008-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dentist.net/smart-mouth.asp|title=SmartMouth 2 Step Mouth Rinse|website=dentist.net|access-date=26 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029004643/http://dentist.net/smart-mouth.asp|archive-date=29 October 2010}}</ref> [[toothpaste]]s and gels, mouth sprays, as preservative in eye drops,<ref>Blink Tears</ref> and in contact lens cleaning solution under the trade name Purite.

It is also used for sanitizing air ducts and HVAC/R systems and animal containment areas (walls, floors, and other surfaces).

===Chemical reagent===

In [[organic synthesis]], sodium chlorite is frequently used as a reagent in the [[Pinnick oxidation]] for the oxidation of [[aldehyde]]s to [[carboxylic acid]]s. The reaction is usually performed in [[monosodium phosphate]] buffered solution in the presence of a chlorine scavenger (usually [[2-Methyl-2-butene|2-methyl-2-butene]]).<ref>{{cite journal

|vauthors = Bal BS, Childers WE, Pinnick HW | title=Oxidation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes

| journal=Tetrahedron

| volume=37

| issue=11

| pages=2091–2096

| year=1981

| doi=10.1016/S0040-4020(01)97963-3

| type=abstract

}}</ref>

In 2005, sodium chlorite was used as an oxidizing agent to convert alkyl furans to the corresponding 4-oxo-2-alkenoic acids in a simple one pot synthesis.<ref>{{cite journal

|vauthors=Annangudi SP, Sun M, Salomon RG | title=An efficient synthesis of 4-oxo-2-alkenoic acids from 2-alkyl furans

| journal=Synlett

| volume=9

| issue=9

| pages=1468–1470

| year=2005

| doi=10.1055/s-2005-869833

| type=abstract

}}</ref>

===Acidified sodium chlorite===

Mixing sodium chlorite solution with a weak food-grade acid solution (commonly [[citric acid]]), both stable, produces short-lived acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) which has potent decontaminating properties. Upon mixing the main active ingredient, [[chlorous acid]] is produced in equilibrium with chlorite anion. The proportion varies with pH, temperature, and other factors, ranging from approximately 5–35% [[chlorous acid]] with 65–95% [[chlorite]]; more acidic solutions result in a higher proportion of chlorous acid. Chlorous acid breaks down to [[chlorine dioxide]] which in turn breaks down to chlorite anion and ultimately chloride anion. ASC is used for sanitation of the hard surfaces which come in contact with food and as a wash or rinse for a variety of foods including red meat, poultry, seafood, fruits and vegetables. Because the oxo-chlorine compounds are unstable when properly prepared, there should be no measurable residue on food if treated appropriately.<ref>{{Citation |date= July 21, 2008 |title= Acidified sodium chlorite handling/processing |publisher= Agricultural Marketing Service [[United States Department of Agriculture|(USDA)]] |url= http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5072951 |access-date= December 9, 2012 |format= PDF |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130408115445/http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5072951 |archive-date= April 8, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last= Rao |first= Madduri V |year= 2007 |title= Acidified sodium chlorite (ACS), chemical and technical assessment |url= http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agns/pdf/jecfa/cta/68/Acidified_Sodium_Chlorite.pdf |publisher= Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations |access-date= December 9, 2012 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121203030049/http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agns/pdf/jecfa/cta/68/Acidified_Sodium_Chlorite.pdf |archive-date= December 3, 2012 }}</ref> ASC also is used as a teat dip for control of [[mastitis in dairy cattle]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Preventing Bovine Mastitis by a Postmilking Teat Disinfectant Containing Acidified Sodium Chlorite|journal=[[Journal of Dairy Science]]|doi=10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(07)71607-7|doi-access=free|volume=90|issue=3|date=2007|pages=1201–1208|last1=Hillerton|first1=J.E.|last2=Cooper|first2=J.|last3=Morelli|first3=J.|pmid=17297095}}</ref>

===Use in public crises ===

The [[United States Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center|U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development, and Engineering Center]] produced a portable "no power required" method of generating chlorine dioxide, known as [[Chlorine dioxide|ClO₂]], gas, described as one of the best [[biocide]]s available for combating contaminants, which range from benign microbes and food pathogens to Category A [[Bioterrorism|Bioterror]] agents.

In the weeks after the [[September 11 attacks|9/11 attacks]] when [[anthrax]] was sent in letters to public officials, hazardous materials teams used [[Chlorine dioxide|ClO₂]] to decontaminate the Hart Senate Office Building, and the Brentwood Postal Facility.<ref>[http://www.army.mil/article/136641/Natick_plays_key_role_in_helping_to_fight_spread_of_Ebola Natick plays key role in helping to fight spread of Ebola] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624162548/http://www.army.mil/article/136641/Natick_plays_key_role_in_helping_to_fight_spread_of_Ebola/ |date=2015-06-24 }} Retrieved: 23/01/2016</ref>

In addressing the COVID-19 pandemic, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] has posted a list of many [[disinfectant]]s that meet its criteria for use in environmental measures against the causative [[Coronavirus disease 2019|coronavirus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/list-n-disinfectants-use-against-sars-cov-2|title=List N: Disinfectants for Use Against SARS-CoV-2|last=US EPA|first=OCSPP|date=2020-03-13|website=US EPA|language=en|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/infectious-disease/How-we-know-disinfectants-should-kill-the-COVID-19-coronavirus/98/web/2020/03|title=How we know disinfectants should kill the COVID-19 coronavirus|website=Chemical & Engineering News|language=en|access-date=2020-03-31}}</ref> Some are based on sodium chlorite that is activated into [[chlorine dioxide]], though differing formulations are used in each product. Many other products on the EPA list contain [[sodium hypochlorite]], which is similar in name but should not be confused with sodium chlorite because they have very different modes of chemical action.

==Safety==

Sodium chlorite, like many [[oxidizing agent]]s, should be protected from inadvertent contamination by organic materials to avoid the formation of an explosive mixture. The chemical is stable in pure form and does not explode on percussive impact, unless organic contaminants are present, such as on a greasy hammer striking the chemical on an anvil.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ie50367a007 | volume=32 | journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry | pages=899–903 | last1 = Taylor | first1 = M. C.| title=Sodium Chlorite Properties and Reactions | year=1940 | issue=7 | s2cid=96222235 }}</ref> It also easily ignites by friction if combined with a [[reducing agent]] like powdered sugar, sulfur or red phosphorus.

==Toxicity==

Sodium chlorite is a strong [[oxidant]] and can therefore be expected to cause clinical [[symptoms]] similar to the well known [[sodium chlorate]]: [[methemoglobinemia]], [[hemolysis]], [[kidney failure]].<ref>Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, McGraw-Hill Professional; 8th edition (March 28, 2006), {{ISBN|978-0-07-143763-9}}</ref> A dose of 10-15&nbsp;grams of [[sodium chlorate]] can be lethal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.poisoncentre.be/article.php?id_article=39 |title=Chlorates |language=fr |work=PoisonCentre.be|access-date=2012-12-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211201851/http://www.poisoncentre.be/article.php?id_article=39 |archive-date=2012-12-11}}</ref> [[Methemoglobemia]] had been demonstrated in rats and cats,<ref>Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. Robert E. Gosselin, Roger P. Smith, Harold C. Hodge, Jeannet Braddock. Uitgever: Williams & Wilkins; 5 edition (September 1984) {{ISBN|978-0-683-03632-9}}</ref> and recent studies by the [[European Medicines Agency|EMEA]] have confirmed that the clinical symptomatology is very similar to the one caused by [[sodium chlorate]] in rats, mice, rabbits, and [[Chlorocebus|green monkeys]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sodium Chlorite — Summary Report|publisher=[[European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products]] — Veterinary Medicines Evaluation Unit|url=http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/vet/mrls/sodiumchlorite.pdf |access-date=2007-07-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710214037/http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/vet/mrls/sodiumchlorite.pdf |archive-date=2007-07-10}}</ref>

There is only one human case in the medical literature of [[chlorite]] poisoning.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 8290712 | volume=15 | title=Acute sodium chlorite poisoning associated with renal failure | year=1993 | journal=Ren Fail | pages=645–8 | last1 = Lin | first1 = JL | last2 = Lim | first2 = PS | issue=5 | doi=10.3109/08860229309069417}}</ref> It seems to confirm that the [[toxicity]] is equal to [[sodium chlorate]]. From the analogy with sodium chlorate, even small amounts of about 1&nbsp;gram can be expected to cause [[nausea]], [[vomiting]] and even life-threatening [[hemolysis]] in [[glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase]] deficient persons.

The EPA has set a maximum contaminant level of 1 milligram of chlorite per liter (1&nbsp;mg/L) in drinking water.<ref>{{cite web|title=ATSDR: ToxFAQs for Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite|url=https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxFAQs/ToxFAQsLanding.aspx?id=581&tid=108|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702160057/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/TF.asp?id=581&tid=108|archive-date=2012-07-02}}</ref>

Sellers of “[[Miracle Mineral Solution]]”, a mixture of sodium chlorite and citric acid also known as "MMS" that is promoted as a [[cure-all]] have been convicted, fined, or otherwise disciplined in multiple jurisdictions around the world. MMS products were variously referred to as [[snake oil]] and [[quack medicine|complete quackery]]. The U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] has issued multiple warnings against consuming MMS.<ref>{{cite web

|url = https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/seller-miracle-mineral-solution-convicted-marketing-toxic-chemical-miracle-cure

|publisher = United States Department of Justice

|title = Seller of "Miracle Mineral Solution" Convicted for Marketing Toxic Chemical as a Miracle Cure

|date = 28 May 2015

|access-date = May 11, 2016

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160511064335/https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/seller-miracle-mineral-solution-convicted-marketing-toxic-chemical-miracle-cure

|archive-date = May 11, 2016

}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite web|title=Assurance of Voluntary Compliance - Kerri Rivera|url=http://media.nbcchicago.com/documents/Rivera+Fully+Executed+AVC.pdf|website=[[NBC Chicago]]|access-date=24 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404071333/http://media.nbcchicago.com/documents/Rivera+Fully+Executed+AVC.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=FCAruling>{{cite court |litigants= Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Leanne Rita Vassallo and Aaron David Smith |court= FCA 954 |date= August 20, 2009 |url= http://atg.wa.gov/uploadedFiles/Home/News/Press_Releases/2009/VassaloSmithACCCjudgment.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141113014358/http://atg.wa.gov/uploadedFiles/Home/News/Press_Releases/2009/VassaloSmithACCCjudgment.pdf |url-status= dead|archive-date= November 13, 2014 |access-date= February 12, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= Pulkkinen |first= Levi |others= seattlepi.com staff |date= August 3, 2009 |title= Sexy stories, bogus cures lead to action by state AG |work= [[Seattle Post-Intelligencer|SeattlePI.com]] |oclc= 3734418 |url= http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Sexy-stories-bogus-cures-lead-to-action-by-state-1305506.php |access-date= February 12, 2012 |url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131102065705/http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Sexy-stories-bogus-cures-lead-to-action-by-state-1305506.php |archive-date= November 2, 2013 }}</ref>

<ref>{{cite press release |publisher= Washington State Office of the Attorney General |date= March 8, 2010 |title= Washington Attorney General reels in refunds for consumers hooked by Aussies' quack medicine web sites |url= http://www.atg.wa.gov/pressrelease.aspx?id=25300 |access-date= February 12, 2012 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111207134824/http://www.atg.wa.gov/pressrelease.aspx?id=25300 |archive-date= December 7, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date= Aug 26, 2009 |title= Aussie net scammers stung after $1.2m haul |journal= ITnews for Australian Business |publisher= Haymarket Media |url= http://www.itnews.com.au/News/153974,aussie-net-scammers-stung-after-12m-haul.aspx |access-date= February 12, 2012 |url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110920111337/http://www.itnews.com.au/News/153974,aussie-net-scammers-stung-after-12m-haul.aspx |archive-date= September 20, 2011 }}</ref>

<ref>{{cite web |date= April 23, 2009 |title= Woman told to stop selling cancer 'miracle drug' |work= ABC News |location= Australia |url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-04-23/woman-told-to-stop-selling-cancer-miracle-drug/1660170 |access-date= February 12, 2012 |url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130614182759/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-04-23/woman-told-to-stop-selling-cancer-miracle-drug/1660170 |archive-date= June 14, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |publisher= Minister for Tourism and Fair Trading, The Honourable Peter Lawlor |date= April 23, 2009 |title= Unregistered health provider ordered to stop misleading cancer patients |url= http://statements.cabinet.qld.gov.au/MMS/StatementDisplaySingle.aspx?id=63436 |access-date= February 12, 2012 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110403173447/http://statements.cabinet.qld.gov.au/MMS/StatementDisplaySingle.aspx?id=63436 |archive-date= April 3, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/08/the-fda-warns-not-to-drink-bleach-in-case-you-needed-that-reminder/|title=People are still drinking bleach—and vomiting and pooping their guts out|last=Mole|first=Beth|date=2019-08-14|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|access-date=2019-08-15}}</ref>

==Manufacture==

The free acid, [[chlorous acid]], HClO₂, is only stable at low concentrations. Since it cannot be concentrated, it is not a commercial product. However, the corresponding sodium salt, sodium chlorite, NaClO₂ is stable and inexpensive enough to be commercially available. The corresponding salts of heavy metals ([[silver chlorite|Ag⁺]], Hg⁺, Tl⁺, Pb²⁺, and also Cu²⁺ and NH₄⁺) decompose explosively with heat or shock.

Sodium chlorite is derived indirectly from [[sodium chlorate]], NaClO₃. First, sodium chlorate is reduced to [[chlorine dioxide]], typically in a strong acid solution using reducing agents such as [[sodium sulfite]], [[sulfur dioxide]], or [[hydrochloric acid]]. This intermediate is then absorbed into a solution of aqueous [[sodium hydroxide]] where another reducing agent converts it to sodium chlorite. Even [[hydrogen peroxide]] can be used as the reducing agent, giving oxygen gas as its byproduct rather than other inorganic salts or materials that could contaminate the desired product.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Journal of Cleaner Production |volume= 15 |year= 2007 |pages= 920–926 |title= A clean production process of sodium chlorite from sodium chlorate |first1= Yu |last1= Qian |first2= Yun |last2= Chen |first3= Yanbin |last3= Jiang |first4= Lijuan |last4= Zhang |issue= 10 |doi= 10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.07.008 }}</ref>

==General references==

*"Chemistry of the Elements", N.N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw, Pergamon Press, 1984.

*"Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemistry", Martin Grayson, Editor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1985

== References ==

{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==

*[http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1045.htm International Chemical Safety Card 1045]

{{Sodium compounds}}

{{Chlorites}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sodium chlorite}}

[[Category:Sodium compounds]]

[[Category:Chlorites]]

[[Category:Oxidizing agents]]