View source for The New World Order (Wells book)

{{italic title}}
{{Infobox book
| name              = The New World Order
| title_orig        = The New World Order: Whether It Is Attainable, How It Can Be Attained, and What Sort of World a World at Peace Will Have to Be.
| image             = File:The New World Order - by H. G. Wells.jpg
| border            = yes
| caption           = First edition
| author            = [[H. G. Wells]]
| country           = United Kingdom
| language          = English
| subject           = [[Peace]]<br>[[Social Issues]]<br>[[International Affairs]]
| publisher         = [[Secker & Warburg]]
| pub_date          = 1940
| media_type        = Print ([[hardback]] and [[paperback]])
| pages             = 191 (first edition, hardback)
| oclc              = 797112599
| external_url      = http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks04/0400671h.html
| external_host     = [[Project Gutenberg Australia]]
| cover_artist      = [[William Kermode]]
}}
'''''The New World Order''''' is a [[Nonfiction|non-fiction]] book written by [[H. G. Wells|H.G. Wells]] and was published by [[Harvill Secker|Secker & Warburg]] in January 1940. In ''The New World Order'', Wells proposed a framework of [[Functionalism (international relations)|international functionalism]] that could guide the world towards achieving [[world peace]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ellis|2014|p=111}}; {{harvnb|Partington|2017|p=150}}</ref> To achieve these ends, Wells asserted that a [[Socialism|socialist]] and scientifically planned [[Global governance|world government]] would need to be formed to defend [[human rights]].<ref>{{harvnb|Partington|2017|p=127}}</ref>

Wells’s motivation for writing ''The New World Order'' was based upon the outbreak of [[World War II]].<ref name=":9">{{harvnb|Lydon|2015|p=93}}</ref> Wells was concerned that the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] had no clear statement of aims for fighting in the war and that this would lead to the continuation of the pre-existing [[Balance of power (international relations)|balance of power]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gentry|Mason|2019|pp=637-38}}</ref> In ''The New World Order,'' Wells writes that without a revolution in [[International relations|international affairs]] and the establishment of human rights, then further destructive wars were inevitable.<ref name=":0">{{harvnb|Partington|2017|p=126}}; {{harvnb|Roberts|2019|p=384}}</ref>

''The New World Order'' received praise for its imagination but was also criticised for its lack of technical detail and emphasis on [[Collectivism|collectivisation]].

Wells published in ''The New World Order'' his first version of a human rights declaration'','' which was a precursor to his work on the [[John Sankey, 1st Viscount Sankey#Sankey%20Declaration|Sankey Declaration of the Rights of Man (1940)]].<ref name=":0" /> In 1947, both declarations became used as advisory works by the [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] for drafting the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights|Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).]]<ref name=":4" />

== Background ==
The [[science fiction]] works of H.G. Wells reached a broad popular audience and covered the big ideas that were emerging at the start of the [[20th century]].<ref name=":6">{{harvnb|Lydon|2015|p=85}}</ref> His [[Utopia|utopian]] exploration of concepts like [[technological change]], [[evolution]], identity and new forms of [[global governance]] has seen scholars describe him as 'the father of science fiction'.<ref name=":6" /> The British author [[George Orwell]], a harsh critic of Wells, said that no one writing books between 1900 and 1920 influenced the young as much as H.G. Wells.<ref name=":7" /> Orwell also expressed that 'thinking people who were born about the beginning of this century are in some sense Wells's own creation'.<ref name=":7" />

Wells's non-fiction works{{Efn|Even though Wells was well-known for his [[science fiction]] works, he published more [[non-fiction]] than [[fiction]] after 1915. One account of Wells makes the point that the highest point of his literary output 'coincided with his temporary withdrawal from political advocacy and campaigning, as if Wells were trying a different form of advocacy for his ideas'. <ref>{{harvnb|Gentry|Mason|p=624|2019}}</ref>|name=|group=lower-alpha}} mainly analysed the issues of his time and, wherein these works, he consistently urged that a [[Socialism|socialistic]] and [[Cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] world government would solve modern [[Social issue|social issues]].<ref name=":6" /> Wells believed that technological innovations were making the world a smaller place, and this presented an opportunity to unify the world.<ref>{{harvnb|Rosenboim|2017|p=213}}</ref> The scholar John Partington has argued that Wells 'promoted, years ahead of his time, many of the internationalist policies and realities of the post-1945 period'.<ref name=":8">{{harvnb|Bell|2018|p=897}}</ref> Partington also argues that Wells is the first to form a theoretical account of [[Functionalism (international relations)|international functionalism]].<ref name=":8" /> Whilst Wells became more insistent with his support of international functionalism throughout his career, the publication of ''The New World Order'' was the first time he began to condemn other models of [[Transnationalism|transnational]] government.<ref>{{harvnb|Partington|2017|p=150}}</ref> 

Wells's contemporaries mostly disregarded his insistence for forming a world state, with his proposal being considered as too unrealistic to be politically possible.<ref>{{harvnb|Gentry|Mason|2019|p=645}}</ref> His utopian fiction was also the subject of parody in [[Aldous Huxley|Aldous Huxley's]] ''[[Brave New World]]'' and George Orwell's ''[[Coming Up for Air|Coming Up For Air]].''<ref name=":7" />

In the [[Interwar period|inter-war period]], Wells was one of the first members of two civil society organisations, [[PEN International|PEN]] and the [[Liberty (advocacy group)|National Council for Civil Liberties]] (NCCL).<ref>{{harvnb|Gentry|Mason|2019|pp=632-33}}; {{harvnb|Roberts|2019|p=384}}</ref> Both organisations primarily advocated for the human right to [[Freedom of speech|free speech and expression]]. <ref name=":10">{{harvnb|Gentry|Mason|2019|pp=632-33}}</ref> However, with the rise of the [[Nazi Party]] in Germany and fascism in Spain, both organisations became increasingly political in promoting [[Humanism|humanist]] and [[Pacifism|pacifist]] causes.<ref name=":10" /> In ''The New World Order,'' Wells urged his readers to join the NCCL, pressing that it 'is your duty as a world citizen'.<ref>{{harvnb|Roberts|2019|p=384}}</ref>

In October 1939, one month after Britain declared war on [[Nazi Germany]], Wells initiated a public campaign to make [[human rights]] a point of international concern.<ref name=":9" /> Wells wrote a letter to [[The Times]] calling for a 'Great Debate' into establishing the aims for fighting in [[World War II]],{{Efn|This was the second time in Wells's life in which he asked for a clear set of post-war aims. During [[World War I]], Wells wrote about the need to establish viable post-war aims that prevent the potential of future violent conflict. In 1918, Wells wrote ''[[In the Fourth Year]]'' that he supported the establishment of a 'League of Free Nations' which would maintain peace through centralising world power and [[diplomacy]]. Wells would go on to be disappointed with the establishment of the [[League of Nations]] in 1920 as he felt its hierarchy maintained conventional diplomacy and the pre-existing [[Balance of power (international relations)|balance of power]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gentry|Mason|pp=627-29|2019}}</ref>|name=|group=lower-alpha}} arguing that the formulation and acceptance of human rights should be at the forefront of these aims.<ref>{{harvnb|Gentry|Mason|2019|p=638}}; {{harvnb|Lydon|2015|p=93}}</ref> The Times declined his proposal for a national debate into the subject,{{Efn|A debate into war aims was happening at a national level in the short time prior to [[Neville Chamberlain]] declaring war on [[Nazi Germany]]. Around one thousand books were published in Britain on the subject of war aims over the course of [[World War II]], despite a shortage in paper across the country. Most of these publications were concerned with defeating Nazi Germany and recognising the inadequacy of the pre-war system of [[international relations]]. Because of these debates, the British government appointed a select committee to define its war aims.<ref>{{harvnb|Gentry|Mason|pp=637-38|2019}}</ref>|name=|group=lower-alpha}} but the [[Daily Herald (United Kingdom)|Daily Herald]] gave Wells one page a day for a month to host the discussion.<ref name=":11">{{harvnb|Gentry|Mason|2019|p=638}}</ref> Wells's work in the Daily Herald served as the foundations for his human rights declaration in ''The New World Order.''<ref name=":11" />

== Publication ==
''The New World Order'' was published in January 1940 by [[Harvill Secker|Secker & Warburg]] in London and by [[Alfred A. Knopf]] in New York.<ref>{{harvnb|Inge|1940|p=45}}; {{harvnb|Merriam|1940|p=402}}</ref> Beginning in November 1939, before the official publication of ''The New World Order'', [[The Fortnightly Review]] magazine began serialising the book in four monthly instalments, ending February 1940.<ref name=":12">{{harvnb|Ellis|2014|p=117}}</ref> ''The New World Order'' would go on to be re-issued in 1942 by being bounded with another book by Wells, ''The Fate of Homo Sapiens''.<ref>{{harvnb|Roberts|2019|p=383}}</ref> The re-issued twofer received a new title, ''The Outlook for Homo Sapiens.''<ref>{{harvnb|Mullen|1973|pp=133-34}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
H.G. Wells starts ''The New World Order'' by setting out the aim to provide a 'nucleus of useful information for those who have to go on with this business of making a world peace'.<ref>{{harvnb|Wells|p=12|2007}}</ref> After introducing the objective of the book, Wells admits that people of his generation 'thought that war was dying out'.<ref>{{harvnb|Wells|pp=13-14|2007}}</ref> For Wells, 'disruptive forces' were building up in civilised society, but in the years before [[World War I]], these forces were operating at the margins of civilisation.<ref name=":15">{{harvnb|Roberts|p=384|2019}}; {{harvnb|Wells|pp=15-16|2007}}</ref> These forces included an [[arms race]], economic stress, social upheaval and the continuation of the pre-existing [[Balance of power (international relations)|balance of power]].<ref name=":15" /> Wells argues that these forces caused World War I and [[World War II]] and are the symptoms of intertwining [[patriotism]] and enterprise with the world system.<ref name=":16">{{harvnb|Wells|pp=16-19|2007}}</ref> Wells declares that a [[revolution]] must occur to replace the world system, as otherwise, humanity faces [[extinction]].<ref name=":16" /> 

Wells goes on to insist that '[[Freedom of speech|free speech]] and vigorous publication' are at the forefront of working towards [[world peace]].<ref name=":13">{{harvnb|Ellis|p=118|2014}}; {{harvnb|Wells|pp=25-28|2007}}</ref>  He points out that the conditions of war lead to the suppression of free speech which would harm his wish of a 'great world debate'.<ref name=":13" /> For Wells, a free and open discussion about reconstructing the post-war order was 'something much more important than warfare'.<ref>{{harvnb|Wells|p=21|2007}}</ref> Next, Wells identifies that technological innovations had caused the 'abolition of distance' and a change in the scale of [[Production (economics)|production]] in modern society.<ref name=":14" /> Wells expresses that an out-dated mode of thinking has met both of these new facts of global life, leading to unnecessary destruction in economic, social and biological life.<ref name=":14">{{harvnb|Ellis|p=111|2014}}; {{harvnb|Wells|p=33|2007}}</ref> Wells goes on to argue that the era of nationhood was obsolete, and only a 'rational consolidation of human affairs' would ensure human survival.<ref>{{harvnb|Ellis|p=111|2014}}; {{harvnb|Rosenboim|p=212|2017}}; {{harvnb|Wells|p=33|2007}}</ref> Before progressing his argument further, Wells distinguishes his vision of global [[Collectivism|collectivisation]] from [[Marxism]] and Soviet [[communism]].<ref>{{harvnb|Merriam|p=402|1940}};{{harvnb|Wells|pp=63-66|2007}}</ref> He firstly defined collectivisation as such:

{{Quote
|text=''Collectivisation means the handling of the common affairs of mankind by a common control responsible to the whole community. It means the suppression of go-as-you-please in social and economic affairs just as much as in international affairs. It means the frank abolition of profit-seeking and of every device by which human beings contrive to be parasitic on their fellow man. It is the practical realisation of the brotherhood of man through a common control.''<ref>{{harvnb|Wells|p=34|2007}}</ref>
|author=H.G. Wells
|source=''The New World Order'' (1940)
}}

In the case of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] political system, Wells argued that its form of [[socialism]] lacked respect for individual freedom.<ref>{{harvnb|Rosenboim|p=214|2017}}; {{harvnb|Wells|pp=63-64|2007}}</ref> Wells asserted that the Soviets forgot that 'the more highly things are collectivised, the more necessary is a legal system embodying the Rights of Man'.<ref>{{harvnb|Partington|p=127|2017}}; {{harvnb|Wells|pp=63-64|2007}}</ref> Wells also goes on to state that Marx's concept of [[class conflict]] is 'an entanglement and perversion of the world drive towards a world collectivism'.<ref>{{harvnb|Wells|pp=42-43|2007}}</ref> Later in ''The New World Order'', Wells assails the [[Catholic Church|Vatican]] for being against socialism and free speech.<ref>{{harvnb|Merriam|p=402|1940}}; {{harvnb|Wells|pp=66-70|2007}}</ref> He also criticises [[Clarence Streit|Clarence K. Streit’s]] version of [[World Federalism|world federation]], arguing that it ‘seems hopelessly vague’, ‘confused’ and ‘hopelessly optimistic’.<ref>{{harvnb|Merriam|p=402|1940}}; {{harvnb|Wells|p=83|2007}}</ref> Wells then goes on to advance that the outbreak of war was bringing about socialism across the world.<ref>{{harvnb|Wells|p=94|2007}}</ref> For Wells, the historical process was bringing about changes in society without revolutionary intervention.<ref name=":12" /> Wells provides Great Britain as an example, saying that it has 'in effect gone socialist in a couple of months'.<ref name=":12" /> From here, Wells begins to formalise how to achieve the collectivisation of world affairs:

{{Quote
|text=''The new and complete Revolution can be defined in a very few words. It is (a) outright world-socialism, scientifically planned and directed, plus (b) a sustained insistence upon law, law based on a fuller, more jealously conceived resentment of the personal Rights of Man, plus (c) the completest freedom of speech, criticism and publication, and sedulous expansion of the educational organisation to the ever-growing demands of the new order.''<ref>{{harvnb|Wells|p=92|2007}}</ref>
|author=H.G. Wells
|source=''The New World Order'' (1940)
}}

To protect an individual’s [[liberty]] under global socialism, Wells asserts that a set of [[human rights]] must become universal law and be the primary motive of peace negotiations at the conclusion of the war.<ref>{{harvnb|Wells|pp=105-107|2007}}</ref> Wells drafts his version of a ''Declaration of the Rights of Man'' with the following ten human rights:

'''1.'''    The right to nourishment.

'''2.'''   The [[right to education]].

'''3.'''   The right to be paid in an occupation of choice.

'''4.'''   The right to exchange.

'''5.'''   The right to legal protection.

'''6.'''   The [[Freedom of movement|right to free movement]].

'''7.'''   The right to not be imprisoned unjustly.

'''8.'''   The right to be free from any misrepresentation that may cause distress or injury.

'''9.'''   The right to not be tortured.

'''10.'''  The right to be subject to the universal laws of human rights.<ref>{{harvnb|Wells|pp=106-109|2007}}</ref>

Wells concludes ''The New World Order'' by saying that the remaking of world order will come into being similar to the process of [[science]] and [[invention]]:

{{Quote
|text=''There will be no day of days then when a new world order comes into being. Step by step and here and there it will arrive, and even as it comes into being it will develop fresh perspectives, discover unsuspected problems and go on to new adventures. No man, no group of men, will ever be singled out as its father or founder. For its maker will be not this man nor that man nor any man but Man, that being who is in some measure in every one of us. World order will be, like science, like most inventions, a social product, an innumerable number of personalities will have lived fine lives, pouring their best into the collective achievement.''<ref>{{harvnb|Wells|p=120|2007}}</ref>
|author=H.G. Wells
|source=''The New World Order'' (1940)
}}

== Critical Reception ==
For the American poet [[T. S. Eliot|T.S. Eliot]], ''The New World Order'' was indicative of a resurgence in H.G. Wells’s career in public discourse.<ref name=":1">{{harvnb|Ellis|2012|p=5}}</ref> Eliot responded to the conclusion of [[The Fortnightly Review]]'s serialisation of ''The New World Order'' by writing an article for the [[The New English Weekly|New English Weekly]].<ref name=":1" /> In this article, Eliot compared Wells to [[Winston Churchill]], noting that both men shared a returning ‘glare of prominence’ once found earlier in their respective careers.<ref name=":1" /> Despite this tribute from Eliot, he would end his remarks on ''The New World Order'' by highlighting that Wells ‘is walking very near the edge of despair’ by wanting rapid change.<ref name=":1" />

The English priest [[William Inge (priest)|William Inge]], who was a close rival of Wells,{{Efn|William Inge published an essay in The Fortnightly Review entitled ''The End of an Age'', during ''The New World Order's'' serialisation. ''The End of an Age'' knocked ''The New World Order'' off the front pages of The Fortnightly Review.<ref>{{harvnb|Ellis|2014|p=140}}</ref>|name=|group=lower-alpha}} wrote a review of ''The New World Order'' in the scientific journal [[Nature (journal)|Nature]].{{Efn|Following the publication of Inge's review, [[H.G. Wells]] wrote a letter to Nature to dispute Inge's review and statements surrounding the [[Spanish Civil War]]. Wells thought that a reputable journal like Nature should require its contributors to cite credible documentation for any controversial claims. Inge responded to Wells via a letter providing his sources. Nature subsequently published Wells's correspondence with Inge two weeks after Inge reviewed ''The New World Order''.<ref>{{harvnb|Wells|1940|p=152}}</ref>|name=|group=lower-alpha}} For Inge, Wells’s utopian vision in ''The New World Order'' was ‘utterly unrealisable’ but admired Wells’s ‘earnest longing for a better world’.<ref name=":2">{{harvnb|Inge|1940|p=46}}</ref> Inge agreed with Wells that ‘frenzied [[nationalism]]’ was a great danger to Europe and that the war engulfing Europe was a ‘ruinous folly’.<ref name=":2" /> However, notwithstanding these agreements about [[World War II]], Inge would go on to criticise ''The New World Order'' for espousing a ‘[[Fabian Society|Fabian collectivism]]’ that would extinguish the ‘strongest passions and instincts of human nature’.<ref>{{harvnb|Inge|1940|p=45}}</ref> Further, Inge thought that Wells was too sympathetic towards [[Socialism|socialist]] causes, remarking that Wells ‘sees Red’ when concerning his thoughts with society’s elite.<ref>{{harvnb|Ellis|2014|p=138}}; {{harvnb|Inge|1940|p=45}}</ref> Also, despite Inge being an [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] priest, he defended the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] against Wells’s criticisms that the Church was [[Counter-revolutionary|anti-revolutionary]].<ref name=":2" />

The American political scientist [[Charles Edward Merriam|Charles E. Merriam]] reviewed ''The New World Order,'' stating that the book was ‘well worth examination’.<ref name=":3">{{harvnb|Merriam|1940|p=403}}</ref> Merriam noted Wells's ‘good intentions’ for drafting a set of human rights in the book, but did ‘deplore his somewhat feeble execution’.<ref name=":3" /> In his review, Merriam insisted that political experts should cultivate a more ‘bold and venturesome Wellsian spirit’ in order to solve ‘the great problem of modernising the large sections of our social institutions now demanding intelligent reconsideration and re-adjustment’.<ref name=":3" />

[[The Times Literary Supplement]] (TLS) remarked that if ''The New World Order'' aimed to provide solutions to contemporary problems, then the book 'may seem jejune'.{{sfn |TLS|1940|pp=6-7}} The TLS praised Wells for his analysis of world issues but thought that his recommendations to solve these problems were 'so general and vague that they are of little practical use'.{{sfn |TLS|1940|pp=6-7}} Further, the TLS expressed that whilst the book intended to provide solutions to world problems, what Wells unintentionally provided was 'an attitude of mind which must be adopted if the search for a remedy is to succeed'.{{sfn |TLS|1940|pp=6-7}} For the TLS, ''The New World Order'' outlined 'simply another [[utopia]]' that 'keeps alive the vision and the dream' of achieving [[world peace]] through 'the destruction of the sword'.{{sfn |TLS|1940|pp=6-7}}

One of the harshest critics of H.G. Wells’s world state idea was the British author [[George Orwell]].<ref name=":7">{{harvnb|Partington|2004|p=45}}</ref> Whilst both writers considered socialist alternatives to their shared political climate, Orwell complained that Wells had no interest in the realities of politics.<ref>{{harvnb|Partington|2004|p=49}}</ref> Orwell derides Wells’s idealism in his essay ''Wells, Hitler and the World State'',<ref>{{harvnb|Partington|2017|p=14}}</ref> saying that, ‘what is the use in pointing out that a world state is desirable? What matters is that not one of the five great military powers would think of submitting to such a thing’.<ref>{{harvnb|Orwell|1941|p=133}}</ref> Another point of contention for Orwell was the role of science in Wells’s world state. Orwell argued that Wells confused scientific advancement with progress in societal values.<ref>{{harvnb|Partington|2004|p=48}}</ref> For Orwell, this flaw in thinking made it hard for Wells to reconcile the order, planning and scientific encouragement found within [[Nazi Germany]] and his vision of a world state run by a scientific elite.<ref>{{harvnb|Orwell|1941|p=135}}</ref>

Dr Or Rosenboim, an academic at the [[City, University of London#Schools|School of Arts and Social Sciences of City, University of London]], provided a contemporary evaluation of Wells's conception of world order. In her book, ''The Emergence of Globalism: Visions of World Order in Britain and the United States, 1939-1950,'' Rosenboim highlighted that Wells's new world order was 'limited by a conservative conception of statehood' and was 'grounded in a monistic conception of order'.<ref name=":5">{{harvnb|Rosenboim|2017|pp=215-16}}</ref> Rosenboim further argued that 'under the auspices of the universality of science, the world state extended on a global scale the specific historical experience of Western civilisation, leaving no space for diversity, pluralism, or dissent'.<ref name=":5" />
[[File:Analysis of Various Draft International Bills of Rights - 1947 - p.g. 3.png|thumb|333x333px|Page 3 of the document 'Analysis of Various Draft International Bills of Rights', which was conducted in 1947 by the [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]]. The document states that Wells's preamble to his declaration could serve as 'metaphysical' inspiration for the preamble of the UDHR.]]

== Impact on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) ==
''The New World Order'' was one of 18 advisory texts used to prepare the first draft of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (UDHR).<ref name=":4">{{harvnb|Gentry|Mason|2019|pp=621-23}}; {{harvnb|Hensel|2003|p=97}}</ref> The [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] (UNCHR){{Efn|It is important to note that the [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] (UNCHR) was a part of a collaborative process in drafting the UDHR. Being the first director of the UNCHR, [[John Peters Humphrey]] was given the task by the [[UN Secretary-General]] to be the principal author of the UDHR. Under Humphrey's guidance, the declaration underwent multiple revisions by different individuals and groups in order to weed out any individual influence or bias.<ref>{{harvnb|Gentry|Mason|2019|pp=621-23}}; {{harvnb|Hensel|2003|pp=93-96}}</ref>|name=|group=lower-alpha}} noted that the preamble to Wells's declaration in ''The New World Order'' was a point of 'metaphysical' interest for drafting the preamble of the UDHR.<ref>{{harvnb|Schabas|2013|p=148}}</ref> Specifically, the UNCHR highlighted the phrases ‘a man comes into this world through no fault of his own’ and that ‘he is manifestly a joint inheritor of the accumulations of the past'.<ref>{{harvnb|Hensel|2003|p=97}}; {{harvnb|Schabas|2013|p=148}}; {{harvnb|Wells|2007|p=106}}</ref>

Scholars have suggested that the totality of Wells’s campaign to author and proliferate works on [[human rights]],{{Efn|Wells made a concerted effort to share his human rights declaration amongst world leaders like [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Jan Masaryk]], [[Chaim Weizmann]], [[Edvard Benes]], [[Jan Christian Smuts]] & [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. During [[World War II]], his human rights works were published as cheap paperbacks by [[Penguin Books]]  and translated into multiple languages. Wells's declaration achieved syndication in newspapers around the world, received a lengthy personal attack by the Nazi minister of propaganda [[Joseph Goebbels]], and reputedly had thousands of people respond to the call for comment on the declaration. Additionally, his campaign throughout his career for robust global institutions, and his fictional works associated with promoting this idea, also contributed towards the proliferation of the human rights idea.<ref>{{harvnb|Bell|2018|p=867}}; {{harvnb|Gentry|Mason|2019|pp=639-40}}; {{harvnb|Hensel|2003|p=97}}</ref>|name=|group=lower-alpha}} like ''The New World Order,'' needs to be considered when measuring his impact on the UDHR.<ref>{{harvnb|Bell|2018|p=867}}; {{harvnb|Gentry|Mason|2019|p=623}}</ref> Australian human rights lawyer [[Geoffrey Robertson]] suggested in his book ''Crimes Against Humanity: The Struggle for Global Justice'' that Wells was the principal reviver of human rights promotion in the twentieth century.<ref>{{harvnb|Ellis|2012|p=6}}; {{harvnb|Gentry|Mason|2019|p=621}}</ref> The [[Socialism|socialist]] academic [[Peter Ritchie Calder|Peter Richie-Calder]], who worked with Wells on the [[John Sankey, 1st Viscount Sankey#Sankey Declaration|Sankey Committee]], also commented that the UDHR had ‘contained the substance and meaning of the Wells debate’.<ref name=":4" />

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{Notelist|group=lower-alpha}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|}}

=== Works Cited ===
{{Cite journal|last=Bell|first=D.|date=2018|title=Founding the World State: H. G. Wells on Empire and the English-Speaking Peoples|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=62(4)|pages=867-879|doi=10.1093/isq/sqy041}}

{{Cite journal|last=Ellis|first=S.|date=2012|title=HG Wells, World War II and the New World Order|journal=The Wellsian: The Journal of the HG Wells Society|volume=35|pages=5-15}}

{{Cite book|last=Ellis|first=S.|title=British Writers and the Approach of World War II|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|location=Cambridge|doi=10.1017/CBO9781107294363}}

{{Cite journal|last=Gentry|first=K.|last2=Mason|first2=V.|date=2019|title=The Invisible Man: H. G. Wells and Human Rights During the Interwar Period|journal=Human Rights Quarterly|volume=41(3)|pages=620-645|doi=10.1353/hrq.2019.0046|via=Project Muse}}

{{Cite journal|last=Hensel|first=D.G.|date=2003|title=10 December 1948: HG Wells and the Drafting of a Universal Declaration of Human Rights|journal=Peace Research|volume=35(1)|pages=93-102}}

{{Cite journal|last=Inge|first=W.R.|date=1940|title=Victorian Socialism|journal=Nature|volume=145|pages=45-46|doi=10.1038/145045a0}}

{{Cite journal|last=Lydon|first=J.|date=2015|title=H. G. Wells and a shared humanity: Photography, humanitarianism, empire|journal=History Australia|volume=12(1)|pages=75-94|doi=10.1080/14490854.2015.11668554}}

{{Cite journal|last=Merriam|first=C.|date=1940|title=The New World Order. H. G. Wells|journal=American Journal of Sociology|volume=46(3)|pages=402-403|doi=10.1086/218661}}

{{Cite journal|date=January 6, 1940|title=Mr Wells's World Plan|journal=The Times Literary Supplement|volume=1979|pages=6-7|ref = {{harvid|TLS|1940}}}}

{{Cite journal|last=Mullen|first=R.D.|date=1973|title=The Books and Principal Pamphlets of H.G. Wells: A Chronological Survey|journal=Science Fiction Studies|volume=1(2)|pages=114-135}}

{{Cite news|last=Orwell|first=G.|date=1941|title=Wells, Hitler and the world state|volume=4(20)|page=133-138|work=Horizon|url=https://orwell.ru/library/reviews/wells/english/e_whws}}

{{Cite journal|last=Partington|first=J.|date=2004|title=The Pen as Sword: George Orwell, H.G. Wells and Journalistic Parricide|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|volume=39(1)|pages=45-56|doi=10.1177/0022009404039883}}

{{Cite book|last=Partington|first=J.|title=Building Cosmopolis: The Political Thought of H.G. Wells|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|doi=10.4324/9781315261171}} 

{{Cite book|last=Roberts|first=A.|title=H.G. Wells: A Literary Life|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2019|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-26421-5}}

{{Cite book|last=Rosenboim|first=O.|title=In the Emergence of Globalism: Visions of World Order in Britain and the United States, 1939-1950|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2017|location=Princeton; Oxford|pages=212-216|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1q1xrts.10}}

{{Cite book|last=Schabas|first=W.|title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: The Travaux Préparatoires|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2013|location=London|doi=10.1017/CBO9781139600491}}

{{Cite journal|last=Wells|first=H.G.|date=1940|title=Victorian Socialism|journal=Nature|volume=145|pages=152|doi=10.1038/145152a0}}

{{Cite book|last=Wells|first=H.G.|title=The New World Order : Whether It Is Attainable, How It Can Be Attained, and What Sort of World a World at Peace Will Have to Be|publisher=Fq Classics|year=2007}}

== External Links ==
[http://hgwellssociety.com/ The H.G. Wells Society]

[http://www.voting.ukscientists.com/sankey.html Sankey Declaration of the Rights of Man]

[https://humanrights.ca/story/a-universal-commitment A Universal Commitment (H.G. Wells) - via The Canadian Museum for Human Rights]

[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/nov/20/ali-smith-celebrates-hg-wells-role-creation-un-declaration-of-human-rights Celebrating HG Wells’s role in the creation of the UN Declaration of Human Rights - via The Guardian]

[http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks13/1303621h.html The Fate of Homo Sapiens (Wells Book) - via Project Gutenberg Australia]

[https://theconversation.com/h-g-wells-vs-george-orwell-their-debate-whether-science-is-humanitys-best-hope-continues-today-88366 H.G. Wells vs. George Orwell: Their debate whether science is humanity’s best hope continues today - via The Conversation] 

{{H. G. Wells}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:New World Order, The (Wells book)}}
[[Category:1940 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books by H. G. Wells]]
[[Category:Secker & Warburg books]]


[[Category:Books about socialism]]
[[Category:Books about revolutions]]
[[Category:Books about globalization]]
[[Category:Books about international relations]]
[[Category:Books about human rights]]
[[Category:Books about freedom of speech]]