11-Hydroxy-THC
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.164.583 |
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| Formula | C21H30O3 |
| Molar mass | 330.468 g·mol−1 |
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11-Hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-Δ9-THC, alternatively numbered as 7-OH-Δ1-THC), usually referred to as 11-hydroxy-THC, is the main active metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is formed in the body after THC is consumed.[1][2]
After Cannabis consumption, THC is metabolized inside the body by cytochrome P450 enzymes such as CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 into 11-hydroxy-THC and then further metabolized by the dehydrogenase and CYP2C9 enzyme to form 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THC-COOH) which is inactive at the CB1 receptors;[2] and further glucuronidated to form 11-nor-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid glucuronide (delta-9-THC-COOH-glu)[3] where it is excreted in both feces and urine.[4] Both compounds, along with THC, can be assayed in drug tests.[1]
11-hydroxy-THC can be formed after consumption of THC from inhalation (vaping, smoking) and oral (by mouth, edible, sublingual) use, although levels of 11-hydroxy-THC are typically higher when eaten compared to inhalation.[5][6]
11-hydroxy-THC has a comparable psychoactive effect to THC, but with a faster onset of effect when used intravenously (injected directly into the bloodstream).[medical citation needed][7]
See also[edit]
- 3'-Hydroxy-THC
- 7-Hydroxycannabidiol
- 8,11-Dihydroxytetrahydrocannabinol
- 11-Hydroxy-Delta-8-THC
- 11-OH-CBN
- Cannabis edible
References[edit]
- ^ a b Kraemer T, Paul LD (August 2007). "Bioanalytical procedures for determination of drugs of abuse in blood". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 388 (7): 1415–1435. doi:10.1007/s00216-007-1271-6. PMID 17468860. S2CID 32917584.
- ^ a b Huestis MA (2005). "Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the plant cannabinoids, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol". Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 168 (168): 657–690. doi:10.1007/3-540-26573-2_23. ISBN 3-540-22565-X. PMID 16596792.
- ^ Stout SM, Cimino NM (February 2014). "Exogenous cannabinoids as substrates, inhibitors, and inducers of human drug metabolizing enzymes: a systematic review". Drug Metabolism Reviews. 46 (1): 86–95. doi:10.3109/03602532.2013.849268. PMID 24160757.
- ^ Grotenhermen F (2003). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 42 (4): 327–360. doi:10.2165/00003088-200342040-00003. PMID 12648025.
- ^ Huestis MA, Henningfield JE, Cone EJ (1992). "Blood cannabinoids. I. Absorption of THC and formation of 11-OH-THC and THCCOOH during and after smoking marijuana". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 16 (5): 276–282. doi:10.1093/jat/16.5.276. PMID 1338215.
- ^ Karschner EL, Schwilke EW, Lowe RH, Darwin WD, Herning RI, Cadet JL, Huestis MA (October 2009). "Implications of plasma Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-hydroxy-THC, and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC concentrations in chronic cannabis smokers". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 33 (8): 469–477. doi:10.1093/jat/33.8.469. PMC 3159863. PMID 19874654.
- ^ Lemberger L, Martz R, Rodda B, Forney R, Rowe H (October 1973). "Comparative pharmacology of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its metabolite, 11-OH-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 52 (10): 2411–2417. doi:10.1172/JCI107431. PMC 302499. PMID 4729039.