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1932 Summer Olympics

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Games of the X Olympiad
Emblem of the 1932 Summer Olympics
LocationLos Angeles, United States
Nations37
Athletes1,332 (1,206 men, 126 women)
Events117 in 14 sports (20 disciplines)
OpeningJuly 30, 1932
ClosingAugust 14, 1932
Opened by
Vice President Charles Curtis[1]
StadiumLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Summer
Winter

The 1932 Summer Olympics (officially the Games of the X Olympiad and also known as Los Angeles 1932) were an international multi-sport event held from July 30 to August 14, 1932, in Los Angeles, California, United States. The Games were held during the worldwide Great Depression, with some nations not traveling to Los Angeles as a result; 37 countries competed, compared to the 46 at the 1928 Games in Amsterdam,[a] and even then-U.S. President Herbert Hoover did not attend the Games.[b] The organizing committee was led by William May Garland, a local sports enthusiast and real estate developer.

Los Angeles will host the Summer Olympics for the third time in 2028, becoming the third city in the world—following London and Paris—to do so.[3]

Host city selection

[edit]
Main article: Los Angeles bid for the 1932 Summer Olympics

The selection of the host city for the 1932 Summer Olympics was made at the 23rd IOC Session in Rome, Italy, in 1923. Remarkably, the selection process consisted of a single bid, from Los Angeles's Olympic bid Committee led by William May Garland, and as there were no bids from any other city, Los Angeles was selected by default to host the 1932 Games.[4]

Development and preparations

[edit]

Budget

[edit]

Los Angeles was awarded the games on April 9, 1923. William May Garland led the Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games (OCOG), officially titled the "Xth Olympiad Committee" with a staff of 70 employees. The Games were originally heavily backed by local corporate interests and L.A. business elites. They were primarily underwritten by a US $1 million (equivalent to US $18.67 million in 2024)[5] state bond act, the “California Olympic Bond Act of 1927″. Later approved as "Proposition 2" by CA voters with 73% of the vote in 1928. The OCOG raised funds from various sources. 1,247,580 worth of ticket sales, 42.4% of venues capacity bringing in US $1.48 million (equivalent to US $27.69 million in 2024)[5]. A total of 331,518 programs were sold at US $0.1 (equivalent to US $1.87 in 2024)[5] cents each (over $33K, $800k in 2026). The OCOG received a share of venue concessions run by a local firm at each venue bringing in sales revenue. The OCOG charged US $2 (equivalent to US $37.35 in 2024)[5] a day for male athletes and coaches to stay at the olympic village. [6] Lastly, corporate sponsors like, Omega, Helms Bakery and Coca-Cola provided a revenue source.

Most venues were rented out or leased at no cost to the OCOG. The OCOG paid for the dredging of Alamitos Bay in Long Beach for rowing events. They paid for the olympic village, a pool for swimming events and paid for temporary stands at city parks and golf courses used.[7] Including concessions, post-games equipment sales and the bond, estimates of earnings have been placed as high as US $2.7 million (equivalent to US $50.42 million in 2024)[5]. The OCOG did not report the financial details of the Games, although contemporary newspapers stated that the Games had made a profit of US $1 million (equivalent to US $18.67 million in 2024)[5] at closing ceremony.[b][8]

Security

[edit]

Los Angeles Police (LAPD) Chief Roy E. Steckel and the four other committee members deployed 650 police officers dedicated to traffic control every day of the Games. The Chief ordered police officers to work 12-hour days and to postpone vacations. 150 university students assisted the police as traffic officers. The L.A.P.D. employed 800 duly sworn police officers. According to the L.A.P.D.'s official site, crime was very low during the Olympics, with there being only "two robberies, eight burglaries, 39 thefts, and 10 auto thefts".[9]

Transportation

[edit]

Automobiles were the primary method of transportation. A five-member traffic Committee was organized by the OCOG consisting of experts from the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) and traffic management experts. Athletes were transported in sixty eight[10] bus carriages to competition venues and the Olympic village in Baldwin Hills. Police escorts were provided by LAPD. The OCOG urged attendees to use the red car trolleys to avoid congestion at venues, the Pacific Electric trolleys were the largest rail network in the world at the turn of the century.[11]

Venues

[edit]
The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum hosted ceremonies, athletics, equestrian and field hockey events.
The Rose Bowl hosted the track cycling events.

Fifteen sports venues were used for the 1932 Summer Olympics. In order to control costs in the wake of the Great Depression, existing venues were used. They included two golf courses, two city parks, three public highways, and a city road. The Swimming Stadium was the only new venue constructed for these games.

The Rose Bowl, constructed in 1921, was made into a temporary velodrome for track cycling events under the auspices of the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI).[12][13]

The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, constructed in 1923, was used as the Olympic Stadium.[14][15]

The Olympic Auditorium was constructed in 1924 in preparation for Los Angeles being awarded the Games; it was modified to meet the specifications of the boxing, weightlifting, and wrestling federations.[16]

Long Beach Marine Stadium was created in 1925 when Alamitos Bay was dredged, then further dredged seven years later in time for the 1932 Games.[17]

Elysian Park, the oldest city park in Los Angeles, was founded in 1886, and has been part of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) training academy since 1925.[18][19]

The Riviera Country Club opened in 1926 as the Los Angeles Athletic Club Golf Course and was renamed Riviera by the time of the 1932 Games.[20]

Equestrian events were held in various locations. The equestrian cross country route was designed by U.S. Calvary officers John Burke Barry and Sloan Doak, members of the IFE and former Olympians. It was known for being brutally difficult and bisecting multiple rural highways, starting from the Riviera Country Club, thru Santa Monica, West Los Angeles, the Olympic Village and ending at Sunset Fields Gold Club. Named the "Westchester course", although the course did not enter the modern-day neighborhood boundaries of Westchester[21] . Dressage was held at the Riviera Country Club and show jumping at the Coliseum.

The Swimming Stadium, constructed adjacent to the Coliseum in 1932, was intended to be a temporary structure.[22][23]

Riverside Drive, Los Angeles Avenue, Vineyard Avenue, and the Pacific Coast Highway were common driving routes in California at the time of the 1932 Games[24]

LA introduced the first Olympic Village, providing housing for male athletes. The accommodations provided in Los Angeles Baldwin Hills neighborhood is considered to be the first official modern Olympic Village, with a capacity of 2,000 people and located to the west of the city.[25][26] Consisting of a group of buildings with rooms to lodge athletes (men only), as well as providing a place to eat and train, it serves as the model for today's Olympic Villages. It also provided certain community services for the first time, including a hospital, a fire station, and a post office. Female athletes were housed at the Chapman Park Hotel on Wilshire Boulevard[27]

Venue City/Neighborhood Sports Capacity Ref.
Olympic Stadium
(Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum)		 Exposition Park
(Los Angeles)		 Athletics, Equestrian (eventing, jumping), Field hockey, Gymnastics 105,000 [14]
Swimming Stadium
(LA84 Foundation/John C. Argue Swim Stadium)		 Diving, Modern pentathlon (swimming), Swimming, Water polo 10,000 [22]
160th Regiment State Armory
(Wallis Annenberg Building)		 Fencing, Modern pentathlon (fencing) 1,800 [28]
Grand Olympic Auditorium
(Glory Church of Jesus Christ Building)		 Downtown Los Angeles
(Los Angeles)		 Boxing, Weightlifting, Wrestling 10,000. [16]
Los Angeles Police Pistol Range
(Los Angeles Police Academy)		 Elysian Park
(Los Angeles)		 Modern pentathlon (shooting), Shooting Not listed [12]
Riverside Drive at Griffith Park Los Feliz
(Los Angeles)		 Athletics (50 km walk) Not listed [24]
Riviera Country Club Pacific Palisades
(Los Angeles)		 Equestrian (dressage, eventing), Modern pentathlon (riding) 9,500 [29]
Sunset Fields Golf Club Baldwin Hills
(Los Angeles)		 Equestrian (cross Country), Modern pentathlon (running) Not listed [30]
"Westchester Course" Riviera Country Club (start)/
(thru) West Los Angeles/
(end)Sunset Fields Golf Club
(Los Angeles)		 Equestrian (cross country) Not listed [12]
Los Angeles Harbor San Pedro
(Los Angeles)		 Sailing Not listed [31]
Long Beach Marine Stadium Long Beach Rowing 17,000 [32]
Los Angeles Avenue / Vineyard Avenue / Pacific Coast Highway Moorpark (start) /
(thru) Oxnard,
Santa Monica (end)		 Cycling (road) Not listed [23]
Rose Bowl Pasadena Cycling (track) 85,000 [12]

Olympic Arts Festival

[edit]

The Art competitions at the 1932 Summer Olympics awarded medals for works inspired by sport-related themes in five categories: architecture, literature, music, painting, and sculpture.

Olympic Music

[edit]

American pianist Walter Bradley-Keeler composed "Hymne Olympique", an anthem written specifically for the Xth Olympiad. The IOC would make it the official anthem before the current Olympic anthem was created in 1958.[33][34]

Tickets

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Opening ceremony tickets were sold for US $3 (equivalent to US $56.02 in 2024)[5] each. Events tickets ranged between US $1 (equivalent to US $18.67 in 2024)[5] to US $3 (equivalent to US $56.02 in 2024)[5] per individual event. A US $22 (equivalent to US $410.8 in 2024)[5] pass was available to enter the Coliseum for all events. Children's tickets were available for US $0.5 (equivalent to US $9.34 in 2024)[5] cents for all events.[35] [33]

Marketing

[edit]
1932 Olympics Medals with the traditional Trionfo design.

Emblem and Branding

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The emblem was created by Harry Muir Kurtzworth and the OCOG's in-house art department. It featured the coat of arms of the United States holding the Olympic rings, along with the Olympic motto Citius, Altius, Fortius (Faster, Higher, Stronger) and a laurel branch.[36]

The main colors used were red, white and blue, representing the flag of the United States.

Main Colors :   Red   White   Blue

For the first time, colors were assigned to each sport discipline. Colors were used for programs, badges, athlete identifications and event venue branding.[37] Although not a sport discipline, the Art Festival was assigned "Mocha Brown" as the designated color.

Sport Discipline Color assigned Sport Discipline Color assigned
Athletics   Sunset Orange Modern Pentathlon   Magenta-Red
Boxing   Crimson-Red Rowing   Vivid Blue
Cycling   Earthy Brown Sailing   Dark Green
Equestrian   Dark Navy Blue Shooting   Warm Orange
Fencing   Dusty Pink Swimming   Teal
Gymnastics   Pink Wrestling   Light Yellow
Field Hockey   Olive Green Weightlifting   Beige

Mascot

[edit]

An Olympic mascot, Scottish Terrier Smoky, was featured for the first time in history, albeit unofficially.[38]

Corporate sponsorship

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The games introduced consumer culture to the Olympics, relying on local corporate sponsorships and partnerships with the Hollywood film industry of the time. Iconic brands like Coca-Cola expanded their early Olympic presence in 1932 serving as the "official soft drink" of the Games.[39] Local baked goods maker Helms Bakery provided baked food items, including Helms Olympic Bread, the "official baker"."[40][41] Omega SA also debuted as the "official timekeeper" of the games, they provided one watchmaker and thirty chronographs for officials.[42][43]The Jeffries Printing Co. was the official printing supplier for the games.[44]

Participating nations

[edit]
Participants (blue = first-time)
Number of athletes

A total of 37 nations were represented at the 1932 Games. Colombia made its first appearance at the Olympic Games, and the Republic of China competed for the first time after its failed appearance at the 1924 Games.

Participating National Olympic Committees

Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees

[edit]

Calendar

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For the first time, all discipline events were held within 16 days, 3 weekends within the opening and closing ceremonies. A pattern that has been kept ever since. No previous Summer Olympics had lasted less than 79 days. LAOOC organized 117 events in 14 sports across 20 disciplines. As none of the equestrian teams managed to have three riders finish the Team jumping event course on the 14th day of August, no team medal was awarded.[45][46]


All dates are in Pacific Standard Time (UTC-7)
OC Opening ceremony ● Event competitions 1 Gold medal events CC Closing ceremony
July/August 1932 30th
Sat 		31st
Sun 		1st
Mon 		2nd
Tue 		3rd
Wed 		4th
Thu 		5th
Fri 		6th
Sat 		7th
Sun 		8th
Mon 		9th
Tue 		10th
Wed 		11th
Thu 		12th
Fri 		13th
Sat 		14th
Sun 		Events
Ceremonies OC CC N/a
Aquatics Diving 1 ● 1 ● 1 1 16
Swimming ● 1 1 1 1 1 2 4
Water polo ● ● ● ● ● ● 1
Athletics 4 3 3 5 4 4 2 5 29
Boxing ● ● ● ● 8 8
Cycling Road cycling 1 1 1 6
Track cycling 1 1 1
Equestrian 2 ● ● 2 2 6
Fencing ● ● ● ● 7 7
Field hockey ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1
Gymnastics 1 2 3 5 11
Modern pentathlon ● ● ● ● 1 1
Rowing ● ● ● ● 7 7
Sailing ● ● ● ● ● 4 4
Shooting 1 1 2
Weightlifting 3 2 5
Wrestling ● ● 7 ● ● ● 7 14
Daily medal events 3 6 5 5 14 4 4 3 13 3 10 11 7 5 22 2 117
Cumulative total 3 9 14 19 33 37 41 44 57 60 70 81 88 93 15 116
July/August 1932 30th
Sat 		31st
Sun 		1st
Mon 		2nd
Tue 		3rd
Wed 		4th
Thu 		5th
Fri 		6th
Sat 		7th
Sun 		8th
Mon 		9th
Tue 		10th
Wed 		11th
Thu 		12th
Fri 		13th
Sat 		14th
Sun 		Total events

The Games

[edit]

Ceremonies

[edit]
Main article: 1932 Summer Olympics opening ceremony
The Coliseum during the opening ceremony
The Australian Olympic Team at the Olympic Stadium, Los Angeles, 1932

Opening

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Attended by 101,022 people.[47] The ceremony included a 300-person orchestra, and a choir of 1,200 singers. Organizing committee President William May Garland provided opening remarks of welcome on behaf of California and the City of Los Angeles before introducing Vice President Curtis to officially open the games.[33]

"In the name of the President of the United States, I proclaim open the Olympic Games of Los Angeles, celebrating the tenth olympiad of the modern era."

— Charles Curtis, Vice-President of the United States of America

The ceremony lasted two hours, 2,000 athletes, coaches, and officials from 37 nations participated. Also, 800 journalists, including 200 from abroad were issued press passes.

Closing

[edit]

The closing ceremony was celebrated on Sunday, August 14, 1932, also at the Coliseum. The coliseum hosted Equestrian (Prix des Nations) Jumping and dressage events at 2:30 PM. After the conclusion of the event, the crowd of just under 100,000 remained to witness the closure of the games.

The games orchestra was present, they commenced the start of the parade of nations at sunset. Placards with country names with their respected flag entered the Coliseum. Once complete, IOC president Billet-Latour proclaimed the "youth of the world to assemble in Berlin", in four years time. The Olympic flag was lowered and presented to Major George van Rossem, President of the Dutch Olympic committee, he then forwarded the flag to the IOC president who then gave it to Los Angeles Mayor Porter, to safe keep until the next Olympic Games in Berlin. Trumpets, fanfare and cannons boomed as the nations flags exited the stadium. The orchestra played "Aloha ʻOe", a farewell song as the remaining flag bearer exited. The orchestra then played "taps", the olympic flame was extinguished ending the ceremony and the games.[48]

Sports

[edit]

117 events in 20 disciplines, comprising 14 sports, were part of the Olympic program in 1932. Football was introduced in Paris 1900 Games. Following Jules Rimet's proposal in 1929 to initiate a professional World Championship tournament of football, the sport was then dropped from the 1932 Games by FIFA in an attempt to promote the new World Cup tournament of 1930. Football returned for the 1936 Games in Berlin. [49] In one of two Equestrian jumping events (team competitions) no medals were awarded. The number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses.

Demonstration sports

[edit]

Athletic Achievements

[edit]
Lauri Lehtinen (left) and Ralph Hill finishing the 5000 m race at the 1932 Olympics
Takeichi Nishi with Olympic steed, Uranus
  • In athletics, Babe Didrikson won two gold medals in the javelin and the hurdles event. She also competed in a jump-off for a gold in the high jump. Her technique in the jump-off was ruled illegal, leaving Didrikson with second place.
  • Finland's Paavo Nurmi was suspended from competition by the IAAF for alleged violation of amateur rules. Finns charged that the Swedish officials had used devious tricks in their campaign against Nurmi's amateur status,[50] and ceased all athletic relations with Sweden.[51] A year earlier, controversies on the track and in the press had led Finland to withdraw from the Finland-Sweden athletics international.[52] After Nurmi's suspension, Finland did not agree to return to the event until 1939.[50]
  • Eddie Tolan won both the 100 m and 200 m sprint events. Poland's Stanisława Walasiewicz won the gold medal in the women's 100 m; she also won the silver medal in the event four years later. After her death in 1980, it was discovered that she was intersex and would have been ineligible to participate under modern rules.
  • Several women's events debuted at these games, among them the 80 meters hurdles and javelin throw.[54][55] Babe Didrikson won both events and also competed in the high jump where she was controversially denied gold, leaving her with silver.[56] As women, unlike men, were only allowed to enter a maximum of three events, Didrikson could not compete in the discus throw, long jump, and relay where she would have likely medaled based on her prior results. Had the 200 meters and pentathlon been contested at these games (they debuted in 1964), Didrikson would have won them easily based on her performances prior to the Olympics.[57]
  • In field hockey, only three nations took part. The host nation lost both matches, 1–24 to India and 2–9 to Japan, but still won a bronze medal.
  • Romeo Neri won three gold medals in gymnastics. Although women's team gymnastics debuted in the previous Olympics, the event was not held in these games; however, there were women gymnasts who traveled to Los Angeles and participated in exhibition events at the 1932 games.[58]
  • Helene Madison won three gold medals in swimming, while the Japanese upset the men's events and took all but one title. Kusuo Kitamura won the gold medal in the men's 1500 meter freestyle swimming race. He was and continues to be the youngest ever male swimmer to win a gold medal at the Olympic Games.

Medal count

[edit]
Main article: 1932 Summer Olympics medal table

These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1932 Games.[59][60]

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 United States*443630110
2 Italy12121236
3 France105419
4 Sweden95923
5 Japan77418
6 Hungary65516
7 Finland581225
8 Great Britain57517
9 Germany312520
10 Australia3115
Totals (10 entries)1049887289

Before 1932 all the medals were awarded at the closing ceremony, with the athletes wearing evening dress for the first few Games. The presenting dignitary was stationary while the athletes filed past to receive their medals. The presentation of the medals and awards varied significantly until the 1932 Summer Olympics. Los Angeles introduced protocol that has now become standard. In Los Angeles, athletes were honored by introducing the first true victory podium, the raising of the medalists' national flags, and the playing of the winner's national anthem. These ceremonies were held immediately following events at the Memorial Coliseum.[61][61][62][61]

Broadcasting rights

[edit]

No television rights were offered as TV technology was not available until 1936. Live, real-time radio broadcasts of the Games were severely restricted. The OCOG attempted to sell the live radio feed to NBC Radio Network and CBS News Radio for US $100,000 (equivalent to US $1.87 million in 2024)[5]. They refused to pay the fee, relying instead on reports and summaries by local newspaper affiliates. The primary visual medium for the 1932 Games were theater newsreels. Spectators globally could watch highlights of events in movie theaters after the fact.[63]

Legacy

[edit]
The first official Olympic Village.
Palm Trees planted throughout Los Angeles during the 1920's. Beautification project prior to the Olympics.
  • The games were considered a success and a model for future Olympic Games. The Coliseum set attendance records, including a record 101,022 attended the opening ceremony. A record not broken until Sydney 2000 summer games.
  • For the first time, the Games lasted 16 days, a pattern that has been kept ever since.
  • When the OCOG announced a surplus after the games, the City of Los Angeles, The USOC and the State of California filed a lawsuit for access to the surplus. Los Angeles Superior Court ruled the surplus belonged solely to the OCOG in 1935. The Bureau of Internal Revenue reported a possible surplus was around $1.2 million. The OCOG decided to repay the state bond and then donated the rest to the local community redevelopment agency, which funded the Southern California Committee for the Olympic Games[64]. No documentation of a final accounting was released, but re-constructed by local journalism. [8]
  • An Olympic Village was built for the first time and became a model for future games, occupied by male athletes. Was located around where L.A. city park called, Montieth Park is today in the View Park-Baldwin Hills neighborhoods. [65]
  • Los Angeles Harbor continues to be a major sea port in the Western United States, employing 919,000 people and generating US$39.1 billion in annual wages and tax revenues as of 2007.[66]
  • The Swim Stadium was renovated in 2003 and continues to be in use as of 2010.[83]
  • Tenth Street, a major thoroughfare in Los Angeles, was renamed Olympic Boulevard in honor of the Games of the Tenth Olympiad.
  • Palm trees are not native to Los Angeles. Thousands were planted for the Xth Olympiad. More than 25,000 were planted in 1931 along city boulevards.[84] Palm trees are now synonymous with Los Angeles.
  • First olympics to use stopwatches and a photo finish camera, which enabled officials to time competitions more precise. An important innovative feature of the watches was the split-seconds function, which made it possible to record both the total elapsed time and intermediate (lap) times posted by each competitor.[85]
  • The victory podium was used for the first time at the Summer Games (a podium was also used earlier in the year at the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid).[86][87][c]
  • Sunset Fields Golf Club was renamed Brentwood Country Club in 1941 and is still in use as of 2010.[88]
  • All of the road courses were returned to public usage after the Olympics.[23][24]
  • The Olympic Auditorium continued to be of use for boxing and roller derby events[89] until June 2005 when it was bought to be used as a megachurch.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Nations competing at the Amsterdam Olympics but not the 1932 Los Angeles Games were Bulgaria, Chile, Cuba, Egypt, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Panama, Rhodesia, Romania and Turkey.
  2. ^ a b Hoover, who also skipped the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, was the second U.S. president to miss a Games in the United States held during his term. The first was President Theodore Roosevelt, who decided not to attend the 1904 Summer Olympics, held in St. Louis, Missouri, because St. Louis mayor David R. Francis declined to let Roosevelt help officiate.[2]
  3. ^ In a letter dated May 1931, the IOC president, Count Henri de Baillet-Latour, advised the organizing committees of both Summer and Winter games that athletes should "stand on three pedestals, with the centre one higher than the two others." See Martin (2000) and Olympic.org article "1932: THE PODIUM MAKES ITS OLYMPIC DEBUT".

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ Zarnowski, C. Frank (Summer 1992). "A Look at Olympic Costs" (PDF). Citius, Altius, Fortius. 1 (1). Emmitsburg, Maryland USA: 16–32. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2008. Retrieved March 24, 2007.
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  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. ^ Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ 1932 Summer Olympics official report. Archived April 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine pp. 67-8, 70, 78, 84.
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  30. ^ 1932 Summer Olympics official report. Archived April 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine p. 574.
  31. ^ 1932 Summer Olympics official report. Archived April 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine pp. 76, 78, 585.
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  44. ^ "History | The Jeffries". thejeffriesla.com.
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Bibliography

  • Raevuori, Antero (1997). Paavo Nurmi, juoksijoiden kuningas (in Finnish) (2nd ed.). WSOY. ISBN 978-9510218501.
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