Revolution of Dignity
| 2014 Ukrainian revolution | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Euromaidan | |||
 Protesters fighting government forces on Maidan Nezalezhnosti in Kiev on 18 February 2014. | |||
| Date | 18–23 February 2014 (5 days)[1][2][3] | ||
| Location | 50°27′0″N 30°31′27″E / 50.45000°N 30.52417°E | ||
| Goals |
| ||
| Methods |
| ||
| Resulted in | Euromaidan/Opposition victory
| ||
| Parties | |||
| |||
| Lead figures | |||
| Number | |||
| Casualties and losses | |||
| Deaths: 113 Injuries: 1,811 Ministry of Healthcare totals (16 April 2014 @6:00 LST)[32] Dead & missing during entire conflict: 780 Medical volunteer estimates[33] | |||
The Ukrainian revolution of 2014 (also known as the Euromaidan Revolution or Revolution of Dignity; Template:Lang-uk, Revoliutsiia hidnosti) took place in Ukraine in February 2014, when a series of violent events involving protesters, riot police, and unknown shooters in the capital, Kiev, culminated in the ousting of Ukrainian President, Viktor Yanukovych.[34] This was followed by a series of changes in Ukraine's sociopolitical system, including the formation of a new interim government, the restoration of the previous constitution, and a call to hold impromptu presidential elections within months.[35] Fifty seven percent of people in the government-controlled east regard the change in power as an "illegal armed coup".[36]
Background
After the breakup of the Soviet Union, Ukraine endured years of corruption, mismanagement, (years long) lack of economic growth, currency devaluation, and problems to secure funding from public markets.[37][38] Successive Ukrainian governments in the 2000s sought a closer relationship with the European Union (EU).[39][40] One of the measures meant to achieve this was an association agreement with the European Union, which would have provided Ukraine with funds in return for liberalising reforms.[41] President Yanukovych announced his intention to sign the agreement, but ultimately refused to do so at the last minute.[42] This sparked a wave of protests called the "Euromaidan" movement.[43] During these protests Yanukovych signed a treaty and multibillion-dollar loan with Russia.[43] The Ukrainian security forces cracked down on the protesters, further inflaming the situation and resulting in a series of violent clashes in the streets of Kiev.[44] As tensions rose, Yanukovych fled to Russia and did not return.[43]
Russia refused to recognize the new interim government, calling the overthrow of Yanukovych a coup d'état,[45] and began a military intervention in Ukraine.[46][47] The newly appointed interim government of Ukraine signed the EU association agreement and agreed to reform the country's judiciary and political systems, as well as its financial and economic policies. The International Monetary Fund pledged more than $18 billion in loans contingent on Ukraine's adopting those reforms.[48] The revolution was followed by pro-Russian unrest in some south-eastern regions,[49][50] a standoff with Russia regarding the annexation of Crimea and Sevastopol,[51][52] and a war between the Ukrainian government and Russia-backed separatists in the Donbass.[53][54][55]
Overview
A period of relative calm in the anti-government demonstrations in Kiev ended abruptly on 18 February 2014, when protesters and police clashed. At least 82 people were killed over the next few days, including 13 policemen; more than 1,100 people were injured.[56]
On 18 February, some 20,000 Euromaidan protesters advanced on Ukraine's parliament in support of restoring the Constitution of Ukraine to its 2004 form, which had been repealed by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine shortly after Yanukovych was elected president in 2010. The police blocked their path. The confrontation turned violent; the BBC, citing correspondents, reported that each side blamed the other.[57] The police fired guns with both rubber bullets and, later, live ammunition (including automatic weapons and sniper rifles), while also using tear gas and flash grenades in an attempt to repel thousands of demonstrators. The protesters fought with crude weapons (such as large rocks and bats), firearms, and improvised explosives (Molotov cocktails),[58] and broke into the headquarters of the Party of Regions. Police officers stormed the main protest camp on Maidan Nezalezhnosti and overran parts of the square.[57] The Trade Unions Building, which served as the Euromaidan headquarters, was burned down. Political commentators suggested that Ukraine was on the brink of a civil war.[59] Some areas, including Lviv Oblast, declared themselves politically independent of the central government.[60]
On 19 February, the authorities instituted police checkpoints, restrictions on public transportation, and school closures in Kiev, which the media referred to as a de facto state of emergency.[61]
On 20 February, Internal Affairs Minister Vitaliy Zakharchenko announced that he had signed a decree authorising the use of live ammunition against protesters.[62] Central Kiev saw the worst violence yet, and the death toll in 48 hours of clashes rose to at least 77.[63] In response, the chairman of the Ukrainian parliament, Volodymyr Rybak, announced the next day that he had signed a parliamentary decree condemning the use of force and urging all institutions (the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Cabinet of Ministers, etc.) to cease immediately all military actions against protesters.[64] Parliament also suspended Zakharchenko from his duties.
On 21 February, President Yanukovych signed a compromise deal with opposition leaders. It promised constitutional changes to restore certain powers to Parliament and called for early elections to be held by December.
Despite the agreement, thousands continued to protest in central Kiev, and the demonstrators took full control of the city's government district: the parliament building, the president's administration quarters, the cabinet, and the Interior Ministry.[65][66] On 21 February, an impeachment bill was introduced in Parliament.[67] On the same day, Yanukovych left for Kharkiv to attend a summit of southeastern regions, according to media reports.
On 22 February, the protesters were reported to be in control of Kiev, and Yanukovych was said to have fled the capital for eastern Ukraine.[68][69] The parliament, or Verkhovna Rada, voted 328–0 in favour of impeaching Yanukovych and scheduled new presidential elections for 25 May.[70]
Parliament named its speaker, Oleksandr Turchynov, as interim president on 23 February.[1] A warrant for the arrest of Yanukovych was issued by the new government on 24 February.[71] Over the next few days, Russian nationalist politicians and activists organised rallies in Crimea and urged Russia to help defend the region from advancing "fascists" from the rest of Ukraine.[72]
On 28 February, Yanukovych attended a press conference in southern Russia and answered questions from mostly Russian reporters. He said that the early presidential elections scheduled for late May were illegal and that he "would not be participating in them". He also said that while the 21 February agreement could have calmed the situation, the opposition had not agreed to it.[73]
On 1 March, Russia's parliament approved a request from President Vladimir Putin to deploy Russian troops to Ukraine.[74]
Prelude
Protests originally erupted in November 2013 after Yanukovych refused to sign a political association and free trade agreement with the European Union at a meeting of the Eastern Partnership in Vilnius, Lithuania, choosing closer ties with Russia instead. Prime Minister Mykola Azarov had asked for €20 billion (US$27 billion) in loans and aid.[75] The EU was willing to offer €610 million ($838 million) in loans,[76] but Russia was willing to offer $15 billion,[76] as well as cheaper gas prices.[76] In addition, the EU demanded major changes to Ukraine's regulations and laws, but Russia did not.[75] Russia also applied economic pressure on Ukraine and launched a propaganda campaign against the EU deal.[77]
Yanukovych was widely disliked in Ukraine's west but had some support in the east, where his native Russian is much more spoken, and in the south. The rallies were initially peaceful but became violent in January 2014 after Parliament, dominated by Yanukovych's supporters, passed laws intended to repress the protests. The European Union and the United States urged Yanukovych to negotiate a peaceful end to the conflict and said they would impose sanctions on government officials if they were found responsible for violence.[78]
In the lead-up to the February riots, an amnesty agreement was made with protesters wherein they would be spared criminal charges in exchange for active protesters' leaving occupied buildings.[79] The demonstrators vacated all occupied Regional State Administration buildings, and activists in Kiev left the Hrushevskoho Street standoff; Kiev's City Hall was also released back to government control on 16 February.[79] All those previously jailed for taking part in protests were scheduled to be released after 17 February.[79]
On 14 February, Yanukovych had said: "I want to say that I was incited, and I'm incited to use various methods and ways how to settle the situation, but I want to say I don't want to be at war. I don't want any decisions made using such a radical way."[80] He called on all politicians to refrain from radicalism and to understand that "there is a line that shouldn't be crossed, and this line is law".[80]
Russian involvement
The perception that Yanukovych was trying to establish closer ties with Russia played a major role in the protests. Yanukovych accepted "bail-out" money—$2 billion out of a $15 billion package—from Russia, and this was interpreted as a sign that he would seek close ties with Putin.[81] Russian officials had been pressuring the Ukrainian administration to take decisive action to crush the protests, and the police assault on Euromaidan protesters was ordered hours after the $2 billion from Russia was transferred.[82][83] Several government ministers from across Europe blamed Russia for exacerbating the violence.[84]
In an interview on 20 February, a retired[85] colonel of the Main Intelligence Directorate of Russia (GRU), Aleksandr Musienko, said that the conflict could only be solved by force, and that Ukraine had proven it could not exist as an independent, sovereign state.[85][86] According to government documents released by former Deputy Interior Minister Hennadiy Moskal, Russian officials served as advisers to the operations against protesters. Codenamed "Wave" and "Boomerang", the operations involved the use of snipers to disperse crowds and capture the protesters' headquarters in the House of Trade Unions. Before some police officers defected, the plans included the deployment of 22,000 combined security troops in Kiev.[87] According to the documents, the former first deputy of the Russian GRU stayed at the Kiev Hotel, played a major role in the preparations, and was paid by the Security Services of Ukraine.[88] According to Reuters, the authenticity of the documents could not be confirmed.[89] Interior Minister Arsen Avakov said that the conflict had been provoked by a "non-Ukrainian" third party and that an investigation was ongoing.[90]
On 21 February, after a failed crackdown that killed as many as 100 people, Yanukovych made some concessions. In response, Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev of Russia said that Yanukovych needed to stop behaving like a "doormat", and that further loan installments would be withheld. A Russian political adviser, Sergey Markov, said, "Russia will do everything allowable by law to stop [the opposition] from coming to power."[91] On 24 February, Russia's Foreign Ministry issued a statement urging Ukrainians to "crack down on the extremists who are trying to get established in power",[92] and Medvedev refused to recognise Ukraine's provisional government as legitimate.[93]
During a press conference on 3 April 2014, Ukraine's new interior minister, chief prosecutor, and top security chief implicated more than 30 Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) agents in the crackdown on protesters, saying that, in addition to taking part in the planning, the agents had flown shipments of large quantities of explosives into an airport near Kiev. Valentyn Nalyvaichenko, the interim head of Ukraine's SBU state security agency, said the agents had been stationed in Kiev throughout the Euromaidan protests, had been provided with "state telecommunications" while residing at an SBU compound, and had kept in regular contact with Ukrainian security officials. "We have substantiated grounds to consider that these very groups which were located at an SBU training ground took part in the planning and execution of activities of this so-called antiterrorist operation," Nalyvaichenko said. Investigators, he added, had established that Yanukovych's SBU chief, Oleksandr Yakymenko, who later fled the country, had received reports from FSB agents stationed in Ukraine, and that Yakymenko had held several briefings with the agents. The FSB rejected these claims as "groundless accusations" and otherwise refused to comment.[94]
United States involvement
In a leaked recorded phone conversation between Assistant Secretary of State Victoria Nuland and US Ambassador to Ukraine Geoffrey Pyatt, pre-Maidan, the two U.S. officials are heard discussing their plans to mold Ukraine according to U.S. interests. Specifically, how the new government should be formed:
Nuland: "I don't think Klitsch should go into the government. I don’t think it’s necessary, I don’t think it’s a good idea."
Pyatt: "Just let him stay out and do his political homework and stuff."
Nuland: "I think Yats is the guy who's got the economic experience the governing experience. I just think Klitsch going in… he’s going to be at that level working for Yatseniuk, it’s just not going to work. We want to try to get somebody with an international personality to come out here and help to midwife this thing."[95]
Timeline
 | This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
|
18 February
Initial clashes (Mariinsky and Lypky)
The night before the clashes, Right Sector called on all of its members to ready themselves for a "peace offensive" on 18 February. The Maidan People's Union also urged all concerned citizens to take part in the "peace offensive", which student unions had agreed to join as well. The Maidan Union reported on the morning of 18 February that columns of protesters would begin a march on Parliament at 08:30.[96]
That morning, around 20,000 demonstrators marched on the Verkhovna Rada[81] as Parliament was set to consider opposition demands for a new constitution and government. Around 09:45, the demonstrators broke through the police barricade of several personnel-transport trucks near the building of the Central Officers' Club of Ukraine[97] and pushed the cordon of police aside.[98] The clashes started after some two dozen demonstrators moved a police vehicle blocking their path to Parliament.[58] At 10:00, a member of Parliament representing Batkivshchyna, Lesya Orobets, reported that police armed with Fort-500T shotguns had begun to attack with flash and stun grenades from Shovkovychna Street and Lypska Street.[97]
As the column neared the Verkhovna Rada building at 10:08, it met resistance from another cordon of police officers.[97] There were reports that the number of protesters had swelled to 50,000.[97] At 10:18, according to other reports, explosions and smoke were seen on Instytutska Street as people started to tear up roadway paving blocks.[97] Protesters started to throw the pavement blocks at the police, while officers defending themselves with shields tried to subdue the crowd with stun grenades.[97] Protesters who had barricaded themselves near the Dynamo Stadium colonnade began setting fire to tires.[97] At about 10:30, Parliament was set to vote on whether to restore the 2004 constitution.[97] However, it did not happen as Speaker Rybak did not register the bill.[58]
At 10:33, the street fights between protesters and the police shifted to Shovkovychna Street.[97] Protesters started to wave 200-hryvnia banknotes in the face of some of Yanukovych's police forces - saying that they were merceneries—in Mariinsky Park.[97] An activist, Oleksandr Aronets, reported that snipers were targeting civilians.[97] By 11:00, protesters had sustained serious wounds.[97] Molotov cocktails[97] were thrown by the protesters, and on Shovkovnycha Street, a barricade of dump trucks was set on fire.[97] At 11:10, police officers started to use shotguns and throw grenades from rooftops into crowds.[97]
.JPG)
Raid on Party of Regions office and police retaliation
At 11:23, the Berkut special police forces tried to launch an assault on the crowd, but the protesters attacked back.[97] Two minutes later, the first report came that protesters were breaking down the doors of the Party of Regions headquarters on Lypska Street.[97] At 11:30, protesters—including the journalist Tetyana Chornovol[58]—sacked and set fire to the building.[99][100] At 12:12, Minister of Healthcare Raisa Bohatyriova was attacked by protesters as she left Mariinsky Park, but she escaped unharmed.[97] By 12:30, the police had regained control of the Party of Regions office.[58]
By 13:00, thousands of police officers had encircled the government district and begun chasing down protesters.[58] One protester with a head wound told the Kyiv Post that charging police officers had "smashed everybody" in their path.
Around 13:30, four officers on Instytutska Street were stationed atop a building, lobbing stun grenades at the crowd and shooting, when protesters stormed the building and set part of it on fire. The protesters forced their way to the roof, forcing the police to retreat.[58] The building on Instytutska Street was described as the scene of the day's most violent clashes. Berkut and Internal Troops servicemen opened a full-scale assault, firing directly into the crowd.[97] There were reports of police using water cannons to break through.[97]
By mid-afternoon, police officers using tear gas drove as many as 10,000 protesters from Mariinsky Park, where barricades had been built earlier in the day. Demonstrators threw stun grenades, filling the park with smoke. Other anti-government activists tried to keep the pro-government and anti-government forces apart.[58]
Multiple news outlets published photographs showing the police armed with AK-74 assault rifles.[101][102] Former Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs Hennadiy Moskal speculated that they were Alpha Group units.[103] A Berkut leader, Vladimir Krashevsky, said the armed police officers in black with yellow armbands were part of a Berkut unit that had been deployed to help evacuate the interior troops.[11]
Protesters re-occupied City Hall.[104] And according to the Russian state-owned newspaper Izvestia, opposition activists armed with bats and iron rods beat a computer engineer, Valery Konstantinovich Zakharov, to death in the raid on the Party of Regions office.[105]
Advance toward Maidan
At 15:45, hundreds of riot police officers advanced toward Parliament, attacking protesters.[106] An officer grabbed the gas mask of a Kyiv Post journalist on Instytutska Street and said of the police advance: "I love it! We love it!"[58]
At 16:00, the acting chief of the Ukraine Security Services, Oleksandr Yakymenko, and acting Interior Minister Zakharchenko issued a public warning to protesters to clear the streets within two hours, saying, "If by 18:00 the lawlessness doesn't cease, we shall be forced to use all legal means to bring order."[58] At the October Palace, visible from Independence Square, riot police threw bricks down the hill at protesters, including women, from a bridge along Instytutska Street.[58]
At 20:00, it was reported that 50 unknown assailants were trying to break into the Canadian Consulate.[107]
Attack on Мaidan
Following the warning, the police advanced on thousands of protesters on Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square) with guns, a water cannon, and an armored personnel carrier. Tents housing protesters were burning on the main square.[58] The police justified their actions as part of an anti-terror campaign against "individuals who had clearly armed themselves".[108] Opposition leader Arseniy Yatsenyuk called on the police to retreat 200 meters up Instytutska Street and urged both sides to call a truce until morning.[28] Protesters on the square stacked tires and other burning debris to create a wall of fire between themselves and security forces.[28]
The TV channel 5 Kanal's broadcast was shut down countrywide[28][109] but remained available via satellite (with a brief interruption) and a live feed on YouTube.[28] It resumed service some hours later.
At approximately 22:00, it was reported that the police had broken through the protesters' barricades on the eastern side of the square.[110] Officers then tried to retake the occupied Trade Unions building but failed.[28]
Presidential adviser Hanna Herman said that negotiations between the government and the opposition would only happen once peace was restored and the crowds retreated, and that "calling further for armed conflict is a great crime against the Ukrainian people and the Ukrainian state."[28] General Prosecutor of Ukraine Viktor Pshonka said: "Organisers of mass protests will be held accountable. We will demand the heaviest punishment both for those who revved people up to take part in today's action and for those who organised and controlled them."[108]
At 01:35 the next morning, street lights were switched off around the square. The activists believed that this heralded the beginning of a decisive assault.[111]
Opposition leaders meeting with President Yanukovych
Emerging from a meeting with President Yanukovych, opposition leader Vitali Klitschko told Hromadske TV that the talks had not been successful. Klitschko said that opposition leaders had listened for more than an hour to Yanukovych's claims that they were to blame for the 20 deaths on 18 February. The president also demanded that the opposition force the protesters to leave Maidan Nezalezhnosti.[28] He reportedly threatened opposition leaders with criminal prosecution.[112]
In a message on Ukrainian television, Yanukovych told the opposition leaders, "Separate yourself from the radical elements that seek bloodshed and conflict with law enforcement agencies," and said that if they did not, he would "talk differently" with them.[113] He added: "The opposition leaders have ignored the basic foundation of democracy. The line had been crossed when they called people to arms."[113]
On 20 February, three opposition parties (Batkivshchyna, UDAR, and Svoboda) said in a statement: "We never have and never will call people to arms. This is our principled position. The death of each person is a personal tragedy for each of us."[114] Later that day, the parties said, "To hold talks with the regime, the policies of which led to the deaths of many people, is an extremely unpleasant thing, but we must do everything possible and even the impossible to prevent further bloodshed."[115] They said that dissolving the protests would be "counterproductive and unrealistic" and stated: "It was not we who brought Maidan together, and it is not for us to disperse it! People will decide themselves what to do depending on when and how their demands are satisfied."[115]
19 February
The Kiev Metro was closed and main roads blocked by police.[116] Bigger stores and malls on Khreshchatyk were also closed, but according to a Euronews correspondent, "Life away from the barricades is business as usual."[117]
In the early morning, titushky shot two protesters, killing one.[118] By this point, the death toll had risen to 26 on both sides.[119]
The Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) launched an "anti-terrorist" operation, while the intelligence services began investigating unnamed politicians over what was described as an illegal attempt to seize power.[116] The decision to begin the anti-terrorist operation involved the SBU, the Interior Ministry, the Ministry of Defence, the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, and the central and local governments, according to a statement on the SBU website.[120] According to political analyst Taras Berezovets, the decree meant that the SBU could search protesters, seize their property, and detain them at will, "without a court order or other legal safeguards."[120]
In the early morning, Olena Lukash announced that the opposition had refused to sign a declaration disapproving of radical measures. President Yanukovych demanded that the opposition stop occupying buildings and seizing arms; the opposition, however, would not concede.[121] The acting minister of defence, Pavlo Lebedyev, acknowledged that he had sent some airborne troops from Dnipropetrovsk to Kiev.[122] Ciphered telegrams were discovered in which Yuriy Ilyin, the newly appointed chief of the general staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces, gave direct orders to deploy military units.[123]
Also on 19 February, a military An-26 made a secret flight from Kiev to Russia to pick up a large batch of anti-riot weapons and ammunition; this only became known in 2015.[124]
A Euronews correspondent on Independence Square reported that protesters were arriving "from all parts of Ukraine".[125] By 14:50, about 5,000 remained on the square.[120] Right Sector occupied the Kiev Central Post Office and the State Committee for Television and Radio, with the post office serving as a new headquarters.[120][126]
President Yanukovych fired the chief of the general staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces, Volodymyr Zamana, and replaced him with Ilyin, who was previously the commander of the Ukrainian Navy.[127] The Ministry of Defence announced that it was redeploying units around the country to guard military facilities.[127] The director of the SBU, Oleksandr Yakymenko, said that military bases and arms depots had been attacked in several regions.[128]
The European Investment Bank froze activities in Ukraine,[129] saying, "For the time being, the situation is so cruel that it would be politically the wrong signal, but also irresponsible vis-a-vis the people we asked to do the job, to be active on business in Ukraine."[130]
Following a meeting between government and opposition leaders late at night, both sides declared a truce and agreed to start negotiations.[120][131] President Yanukovych said in a statement that he had agreed to "start negotiations with the aim of ending bloodshed and stabilising the situation in the state in the interests of social peace".[131] According to opposition politician Yatsenyuk, the truce included a pledge from Yanukovych not to launch a police assault that night.[131] Right Sector did not agree to the truce.[132] A Euronews correspondent on Independence Square reported that the number of protesters had grown, saying, "In general, all I have heard from people is the more they are attacked and the worse they are beaten, the more determined they are to stand back up and resume the struggle."[133]
20 February
At 00:35, Interfax reported that Yanukovych had declared 20 February a day of mourning for those killed in the clashes.[134]
Around 03:50, activists claimed that they had torn a shoulder patch from the uniform of a Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) soldier during the clashes, brandishing the patch as alleged proof of Russian involvement.[135] Protesters at Independence Square continued to hear gunshots, despite the ceasefire agreement.[136] Around 04:20, five buses carrying protesters from Ivano-Frankivsk arrived.[137]
Each side blamed the other for igniting the deadly conflict.[138] Yakymenko blamed Ukraine's current Euromaidan government, claiming they were responsible for hiring snipers on 20 February.[139] In a statement, the Presidential Administration of Ukraine claimed that the protesters had gone on the offensive: “They are working in organised groups. They are using firearms, including sniper rifles. They are shooting to kill,” it said.[140] Protesters accused the police of starting the conflict by throwing Molotov cocktails and improvised explosive devices.[138] Opposition politician Klitschko issued a statement saying: “Armed thugs have been let loose in the streets to attack people and create an illusion that there is a confrontation between citizens.”[140]
At 09:25, protesters pushed the Berkut back to the October Palace[141] after security forces tried to set fire to Kiev Conservatory, which was being used as a field hospital for wounded protesters.[142] At 09:32, it was announced that Parliament would not convene.[141] Euromaidan protesters marched on the police with shields and Molotov cocktails and forced them to retreat, thus regaining control of Independence Square and capturing up to 67 police officers.[143][144] Around 10:49, law enforcement personnel were captured while sleeping in the Ukrainian House and during clashes on barricades near the October Palace.[143] Many of the men were only 18 or 19 years old, were not trained, and were armed only with rubber truncheons. Those with minor injuries were treated by medics.[143] The captured police were from Crimea, the central-eastern cities Dnipropetrovsk and Kryvyi Rih, and eastern Luhansk.[138] Interior Troops soldiers, of whom almost 100 surrendered during the clashes (mostly conscripts aged 19–20[145]),[146] were held prisoner at the headquarters of the Energy Company of Ukraine and at the October Palace.[143]
At 10:00, between 10,000 and 20,000 demonstrators remained, according to the Kyiv Post.[143] According to a UNIAN correspondent, there were more than 30,000 people on Independence Square.[147] At 10:55, the chief of the presidential administration, Andriy Klyuev, announced that the president was prepared to sign a treaty with the opposition on the demanded changes to the Constitution of Ukraine, and that the ongoing clashes should compel politicians to find a quick consensus.[148]
Trains between Kiev and Lviv, one of the protesters' strongholds, were temporary suspended; a railway spokeswoman said this was because of damage to the lines.[149] Coincidentally, there were reports that arms had been seized from an Interior Ministry armory in Lviv and transported to the outskirts of Kiev.[150]
The head of the Kiev City State Administration, Volodymyr Makeyenko, resigned from the Party of Regions but said he would continue to perform his duties to ensure that the city functioned properly.[140] He then ordered the reopening of the Kiev Metro.[140] By 15:00, the metro was still not running, and ground-based transport in the city was scarce.[151] The metro was partly reopened in the early evening, but interchange stations remained closed.[152]
The Embassy of the United Kingdom in Kiev was temporarily closed.[153]
Radio Liberty published video footage of police special forces shooting protesters with Kalashnikov and sniper rifles.[154] Acting Interior Minister Zakharchenko announced that combat weapons had been provided to the police, saying in an address to the nation, "We signed relevant orders as part of the Antiterrorist Center's work: the law enforcement officials have been provided with combat weapons, and they will be used in line with the law on police."[155] The ministry's website said the riot police had the right to use their weapons to free hostages being held by protesters.[156] The ministry further stated that a sniper had injured 20 of its police officers.[156]
Interfax-Ukraine reported that at 15:00, "a group of unknown individuals" headed to the Presidential Administration Building, and shots and explosions were heard. The Euromaidan self-defense force had repeatedly urged protesters not to go outside the square's perimeter.[157]
Diplomatic efforts
The above-mentioned clashes erupted shortly before three visiting EU foreign ministers—Radosław Sikorski of Poland, Laurent Fabius of France, and Frank-Walter Steinmeier of Germany—were due to meet with President Yanukovych to push for a compromise with the Ukrainian opposition.[158][159] The meeting was delayed for security reasons and began an hour late.[158] Before the meeting, Fabius said in an interview with BFM TV: "Our purpose is to cause the Ukrainian administration to conduct elections. There is no solution other than elections."[160] The negotiations lasted six hours.[161] Prime Minister Donald Tusk of Poland told reporters soon afterward, "It was agreed with Yanukovych that there was a willingness to hold early elections this year, both presidential and parliamentary." Tusk also said that Yanukovych "was willing to form a national unity government in the next 10 days and to change the constitution before the summer". Further talks were scheduled to negotiate the signing of the relevant document.[162][163]
After a telephone conversation between Yanukovych and the Russian president, Vladimir Putin, Russian human rights ombudsman Vladimir Lukin was sent as an envoy to Ukraine, at Yanukovych's request, to try to mediate talks between the government and the opposition.[158]
The United States imposed visa bans on 20 Ukrainian officials it considered "responsible for ordering human rights abuses related to political oppression".[158] The European Union introduced a visa ban and a financial asset freeze against those responsible for the violence in Ukraine, and a ban on export to Ukraine of equipment that could be used for repression.[clarification needed][164][165][166] "The scale of implementation will be taken forward in the light of developments in Ukraine," the EU Council concluded.[167]
Ukrainian political developments
The leader of the ruling Party of Regions, Oleksandr Yefremov, travelled to Luhansk to meet with local leaders and law enforcement agents to discuss the possibility of southeastern Ukraine's declaring independence and seceding from the state.[168][nb 1] The chairman of the Supreme Council of Crimea, Vladimir Konstantinov, travelled to Moscow, where he announced that the Autonomous Republic of Crimea would secede from Ukraine if there were a change of power.[171][172]
Party of Regions MP Sergiy Tigipko called for the resignation of Parliament Speaker Volodymyr Rybak, his replacement with an opposition parliamentarian, and the urgent election of a prime minister supported by all factions. "The president, the parliament speaker, the acting prime minister, and opposition leaders have completely lost control of the situation in the country and do not offer any solutions to pacify the country," he said. "Their inaction is leading to increased confrontation and deaths.[173] Immediate concrete steps, rather than negotiations, are needed to resolve the crisis in the country."[173] In the evening, Tigipko held talks with opposition politicians Yatsenyuk and Klitschko.[174]
The head of the Kiev City State Administration, Volodymyr Makeyenko, and 17 MPs resigned from the Party of Regions.[175] In Rivne and Zhytomyr, the Party of Regions formally disbanded, with all MPs from those regions leaving the party as well.[176]
Ten Party of Regions and two independent MPs[nb 2] called for a return to the parliamentary-presidential form of government.[177][nb 3] They also called on security forces to "execute the oath they swore to the Ukrainian people, not to follow criminal orders to use firearms, not to allow the participation of law enforcers in provocations involving gangs against the peaceful public and protesters all over Ukraine".[177]
At 16:42, Parliament convened for an emergency sitting.[178] The Party of Regions did not take part.[179] According to a UNIAN correspondent, 227 MPs out of 450—mostly from the opposition, but some from the Party of Regions—were present.[180] Out of 238 deputies present, 236 voted to condemn the recent violence, ban the use of weapons against protesters, and withdraw troops and the police deployed against them.[181][182] The entire parliamentary faction of the Communist Party of Ukraine and some 80% of the Party of Regions chose to miss the session.[183] Lawmakers barred chiefs and commanders of the Interior Troops, the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the SBU, and other government agencies from carrying out any counter-terrorism operations because they violated the Constitution of Ukraine.[184] They were also ordered to stop blocking roads and bridges, squares and streets in Kiev and other cities and towns.[184] The Party of Regions MPs at the sitting agreed to form an "anti-crisis group".[185]
Late in the evening, it was announced that five more MPs had left the parliamentary faction of the Party of Regions.[186]
The Parliament of Crimea called for an extraordinary session on 21 February. The leader of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People said he suspected that lawmakers would ask for Russian military intervention, stating, "Tomorrow may be a decision that will bring chaos and disaster to Crimea."[187] Several scholars discussed the possibility of Russian intervention in Crimea specifically, because of its unique geopolitical nature and demographics.[188]
21 February
The Armed Forces' deputy chief of staff, Lieutenant-General Yuri Dumansky, resigned because he disagreed with the involvement of the army in the conflict.[189] "Today the army is being involved in the civil conflict, which could lead to the mass deaths of civilians and soldiers," he said.[190] At around midnight, journalist Artem Shevchenko, referring to his sources in the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, announced that 10 BTRs had departed from Kozachia (Cossack) Bay, where the Black Sea Fleet of Russia is based, escorted by DAI (Road Auto Inspection) vehicles.[191] According to Shevchenko, 1,500 airborne soldiers and 400 marines—including the 25th Airborne Brigade, the 1st Marine Brigade, the 831st Anti-sabotage Unit, and the 2nd Marine Spetsnaz—had been transferred on 20 February under the command of the SBU for the anti-terrorist operation.[192]
In the lead-up to the day's parliamentary session, it was reported that many members of the Party of Regions and their families had fled the capital,[193] including acting Interior Minister Zakharchenko and Prosecutor General Viktor Pshonka.[194]
Later, Maidan activists released the Interior Troops servicemen whom they had captured the previous day.[145] Meanwhile, the entire police force of Radekhiv joined the protesters in Kiev.[195]
The Security Service of Ukraine officially ended its "preparations for antiterrorist operation" introduced on 19 February.[196]
Deal
A compromise deal was agreed to on 21 February after hours of negotiations led by the European Union mediators and Foreign Ministers Radosław Sikorski of Poland, Laurent Fabius of France, and Frank-Walter Steinmeier of Germany.[197][198] Officially called the Agreement on Settlement of Political Crisis in Ukraine, but unofficially called the 21 February Agreement, it was signed by both opposition leaders and the president after overnight negotiations (read the full text of the agreement here).[199] The agreed-to provisions included a restoration of the constitution as it was between 2004 and 2010; constitutional reform to be completed by September; early presidential elections no later than December 2014; an investigation into the violence conducted under joint monitoring of the administration, the opposition, and the Council of Europe; a veto on imposing a state of emergency; amnesty for protesters arrested since 17 February; the surrender of public buildings occupied by protesters; the forfeiture of illegal weapons; "new electoral laws", and the formation of a new Central Election Commission.[200][201] The three EU foreign ministers signed the document as witnesses;[202] Russian mediator Vladimir Lukin did not, because he had no mandate to sign an agreement on the crisis.[203][204]
Parliament voted unanimously, 386–0, to return to the 2004 constitution, and then 332–0 to suspend acting Interior Minister Zakharchenko.[190] Another bill made changes to the Criminal Code, allowing for the release of Yulia Tymoshenko.[205] 310 MPs voted in favour of the measure, including 54 from the Party of Regions and 32 Communists.[206][207] Mykola Rudkovsky introduced a bill to impeach President Yanukovych.[208] Parliament also adopted a resolution late that evening that ordered all Interior Ministry troops and police officers to return to their barracks.[209]
Deal's aftermath
_activists._Euromaidan,_Kyiv,_Ukraine._Events_of_February_22,_2014.jpg)
Right Sector leader Dmytro Yarosh rejected the agreement, saying, "We have to state the obvious fact that the criminal regime had not yet realised either the gravity of its evil doing." He noted that the agreement did not include provisions for the arrest of Interior Minister Zakharchenko; the punishing of Berkut commanders alleged to have been involved in the murder of civilians; the removal of the general prosecutor and defence minister; a ban on the Party of Regions and Communist Party; and guarantees of safety for those involved in the opposition. He called for the "people's revolution" to continue until power had been completely removed from the governing authorities.[190] Euromaidan leader Andriy Parubiy insisted that elections be held as soon as possible and reiterated that one of the main demands of protesters had been the resignation of President Yanukovych.[210] Automaidan also announced that it would not accept anything short of Yanukovych's resignation.[211]
Vitali Klitschko apologised to the crowd on Independence Square after shaking hands with Yanukovych.[212] Protesters there responded to the deal by booing opposition leaders. Activist Volodymyr Parasiuk warned from the stage that if Yanukovych did not resign by 10:00 the next day, an armed coup would be staged.[213] Oleh Lyashko echoed the demand, saying, "Either he resigns, or we take him away." Outside of Kiev, it was later discovered that the summer home of pro-Russian politician Viktor Medvedchuk had been set on fire.[214]
By late afternoon, hundreds of riot police officers guarding the presidential compound and nearby government buildings had vanished.[209] Radosław Sikorski, the Polish foreign minister, described the withdrawal of forces as "astonishing", noting that it was not part of the agreement.[215] The riot police had begun withdrawing early in the morning because they feared that Yanukovych's government would pin the responsibility for the violence on them, and because they feared being attacked after protesters stole around 1,200 pistols and Kalashnikov rifles from the police on 18 February during the occupation of government buildings in Lviv.[209] The Ukrainian Interior Ministry was left without leadership. Deputy Interior Minister Viktor Dubovik ordered the riot police to leave the city, but it is unclear where this order originated.[209] Opposition member Serhiy Pashynsky arranged escorts out of the city for more than 5,000 officers, Interior Ministry forces, and other special forces.[209] After the riot police vanished, Andriy Parubiy reported that Euromaidan self-defence had peacefully gained control over Kiev and its government buildings,[216] and that the military was standing with the opposition.[217]
A new parliamentary coalition was created after 28 MPs left the Party of Regions' faction.[218] Within the remaining faction, a "group of 31 deputies with a special position" was formed by Sergiy Tigipko "to persuade other Party of Regions MPs to vote progressively".[219]
Casualties
After the first day of clashes, 26 people were reported dead: 16 protesters and 10 police officers. Those hospitalised included three minors, five journalists, and 79 police officers.[27] According to Olga Bogomolets, an honored doctor of Ukraine, "snipers were aiming at heart, lungs and neck".[220]
Deaths
From 18–19 February, the official death toll according to the Ministry of Healthcare was 28, of whom 10 were police and Berkut troops.[221]
By 13:00 on 20 February, at least 34 more protesters had been fatally shot by the police, with reporters verifying the bodies (15 at the Kozatsky Hotel, 12 at the Ukraine Hotel, 7 at the Central Post Office).[143] In the early afternoon, Kyiv Post journalists reported a further eight bodies on Khreshchatyk Street.[143] According to the coordinator of medical services on Independence Square, Oleh Musiy, between 70 and 100 protesters had been killed by 17:30 on 20 February.[222] Meanwhile, the Kiev City State Administration reported 67 deaths based on the number of bodies delivered to forensics.[223] The Ministry of Healthcare reported 75 deaths since the start of the conflict.[32]
Speculation on snipers
CNN reported that officials had intercepted a telephone call between Foreign Minister Urmas Paet of Estonia and High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton in which Paet relayed a doctor's testimony that the sniper killings of protesters and Berkut troops had been committed by the same people.[224] Paet later asserted that he had not been implying that the opposition was involved, but merely relaying the content of the doctor's testimony.[225] Olga Bogomolets, the doctor who allegedly claimed that protesters and Berkut troops had come under fire from the same source, said that she had not made such a claim to Mr. Paet; that she had not implied that the opposition was involved in the killings; and that the government had informed her that an investigation was underway.[226]
Hennadiy Moskal—a former deputy head of Ukraine's main security agency, the SBU, and of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA)—suggested in an interview published in the Ukrainian newspaper Dzerkalo Tizhnya that snipers from the MIA and SBU, not foreign agents, were responsible for the shootings and had acted on contingency plans dating back to Soviet times. He said: "In addition to this, snipers received orders to shoot not only protesters, but also police forces. This was all done in order to escalate the conflict, in order to justify the police operation to clear Maidan."[227][228]
He further suggested that the current minister of internal affairs, Avakov, and the chairman of the SBU, Nalivaichenko, were protecting the personnel who actually planned and carried out the killings, in order to prevent backlash against the ministry and to avoid a loss of prestige.[228] Avakov said that the conflict had been provoked by a "non-Ukrainian" third party and that an investigation was ongoing.[90]
On 31 March 2014, the Daily Beast published photos and videos showing that the snipers were members of the SBU's "anti-terrorist" Alpha unit who had been trained in Russia. The media suggested that it was not the Ukrainian riot police who fired on the protesters, as previously believed, although the members of the Alpha team are Ukrainian citizens.[229][230]
Aftermath
Removal of Yanukovych
On 21 February, President Yanukovych and Parliament declared 22 and 23 February to be days of mourning "due to the loss of human life as a result of mass disturbances".[231]
In Parliament, Speaker Rybak submitted his resignation, citing illness.[232] Yanukovych's whereabouts were unknown, despite media reports that he had flown to Kharkiv (according to the governor of Kharkiv Oblast at the time, Mykhailo Dobkin, Yanukovych was in Kharkiv that day[209]). Oleksandr Turchynov said that most of the ministers had disappeared, including Interior Minister Zakharchenko, who was reported to have fled to Belarus.[233] In Parliament, deputies voted 328–0 (of 447 total deputies)[234] to schedule a presidential election for 25 May.[70][235] They did not follow the impeachment process specified by the constitution, which would have involved formally charging Yanukovych with a crime, a review of the charge by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, and a three-fourths majority vote—at least 338 votes in favor—in Parliament. Instead, Parliament declared that Yanukovych "withdrew from his duties in an unconstitutional manner" and cited "circumstances of extreme urgency" as the reason for early elections.[236] Lawmakers then elected Turchynov to be the chairman of Parliament and acting president and prime minister of Ukraine.[1][237][238]
Turchynov claimed that Yanukovych had agreed to resign as president, but after consulting with advisers, he disavowed that and even pre-recorded a resignation statement.[190] Yanukovych said he would not resign or leave the country and called Parliament's decisions "illegal." He added, "The events witnessed by our country and the whole world are an example of a coup d'état," and compared them to the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany in the 1930s.[239]
Disappearance and prosecution
Following the parliamentary procedures to transfer power to the new provisional government, General Prosecutor Pshonka and Minister of Revenues and Duties Oleksandr Klymenko were stopped at the Russian border while trying to flee the country. According to the State Border Service, Yanukovych also tried to flee via a charter flight from Donetsk, but was stopped by border guards. The guards were "met by a group of armed men who offered money for flying without the proper clearance". Yanukovych then left by armored car, and his subsequent whereabouts were unknown.[240] Former Interior Minister Zakharchenko also tried to fly out of Donetsk and was similarly turned back.[241]
On 23 February, Parliament deputy Oleh Lyashko claimed that Yanukovych had been seen at the Russian naval base in Sevastopol, preparing to flee the country on board a Russian military vessel.[242] Journalist Tetyana Chornovol speculated that he was actually trying to flee on his private yacht, also in Sevastopol.[243]
On 24 February, acting Interior Minister Avakov announced that Yanukovych had been placed on the country's most wanted list and that "a criminal case on mass killings of civilians has been opened" for him and other officials.[244][245]
On 25 February, Parliament asked the International Criminal Court to "establish and bring to justice" senior Ukrainian officials, including Yanukovych, for crimes against humanity committed during "peaceful protests of citizens" from 21 November 2013 to 22 February 2014.[246] On the same day, Yanukovych and Zakharchenko were declared internationally wanted.[247] Criminal proceedings were launched in the 20 February killings of Euromaidan demonstrators. Yanukovych; the former head of the presidential administration, Andriy Kliuyev; former Prosecutor General Pshonka; former Interior Minister Zakharchenko; former SBU head Yakymenko; the commander of the Interior Troops, Stanislav Shuliak; and a number of others were declared suspects in the case.[248]
Political developments
On 22 February, Yulia Tymoshenko was released from prison and addressed more than 100,000 people on Independence Square.[249] The same day, Parliament appointed Avakov as acting interior minister.[250] Lawmakers also ousted Pshonka as general prosecutor of Ukraine in a no-confidence vote.[251]
On 23 February, the second day of national mourning, Parliament voted to abolish the law on language policies that had given the Russian, Romanian, and Hungarian languages the official status of regional languages in some areas.[4][252] However, this measure was later vetoed by the acting president, who said he would not sign the bill until new legislation protecting minority languages was developed.[5] The same day, Parliament dismissed Foreign Minister Leonid Kozhara, Health Minister Raisa Bogatyrova, and Education Minister Dmytro Tabachnyk and nationalised Yanukovych's private estate Mezhyhirya.[4][253] Warrants were issued for former Incomes Minister Oleksandr Klymenko and former Prosecutor General Pshonka.[4] Parliament also passed amendments restoring its power to appoint and dismiss judges, which had belonged to the Supreme Council of Justice.[254]
On 24 February, Parliament dismissed Social Policies Minister Natalia Korolevska and Culture Minister Leonid Novokhatko;[255] it also dismissed Ihor Sorkin as governor of the National Bank of Ukraine and replaced him with Stepan Kubiv.[256][257] The same day, it appointed Valentyn Nalyvaichenko as head of the Security Service of Ukraine after dismissing Oleksandr Yakymenko from the post.[258] Meanwhile, the leader of the Party of Regions faction, Oleksandr Yefremov, declared that the party was moving into the opposition.[259] Seventy-seven of its MPs had left the faction over the past few days.[259]
On Tuesday, 25 February, acting President Turchynov called for the formation of a national unity government by Thursday.[260] (Two days earlier, he had asked for the formation of such a government by Tuesday.[261]) Also on the 25th, Anatoliy Kinakh and 32 other deputies, mostly former Party of Regions members, created the Economic Development faction.[262][263]
On 26 February, Turchynov assumed the duties of the supreme commander-in-chief of the Ukrainian Armed Forces.[264][265]
Juridical developments
On 24 February, Parliament decided to release all political prisoners, including the father and son in the Pavlichenko criminal case,[266] and terminated the powers of five judges of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, appointed from Parliament's quota, for violating their oath.[267] Lawmakers also offered to dismiss, for the same reason, two judges appointed by the president of Ukraine, and called on the Council of Judges of Ukraine to convene an extraordinary congress within three days to consider dismissing five Constitutional Court judges appointed by the Council. In the same resolution, Parliament assigned the prosecutor general of Ukraine to begin criminal proceedings against all judges who, in the opinion of the People's Deputies of Ukraine, were guilty of adopting on 30 September 2010 a decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine (№ 20-rp/2010) on the procedure of introducing constitutional amendments. On 27 February, judges of the Constitutional Court sent a letter to European organizations, international organizations, and human rights institutions questioning the constitutionality of the parliamentary resolution.[268]
On 27 February, Yanukovych was accused of having stolen $70 billion from the state budget.[269]
Censorship
The Ukrainian National Council for TV and Radio Broadcasting instructed all cable operators on 11 March to stop transmitting a number of Russian channels, including the international versions of the main state-controlled stations—Rossiya 1, Channel One, and NTV—as well as Rossiya 24.[270]
Lustration
On 26 February, Ehor Sobolev was nominated to lead the Committee on Lustration in the new Yatsenyuk government.[271] Months later, on 14 August 2014, Parliament adopted a bill that established "procedures for conducting checks of government officials and people nominated for government position with the purpose of deciding whether they meet certain criteria for occupying relevant post".[272][273]
The law on lustration, which excluded from government most officials who had worked in the Yanukovych administration, affected up to a million people.[274] Volodymyr Yavorsky of the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group called it "unreasonable" and a "serious, systematic violations of human rights"—among other reasons, because it meant too many people would lose their jobs, including officials who could not be easily replaced.[275]
The Security Service of Ukraine arrested the former chief of its counterintelligence service, Volodymyr Byk.[276] On 3 July 2014, former Prime Minister Mykola Azarov was placed on the international wanted list for alleged abuse of power. After the Euromaidan, eight former officials tied to Yanukovych’s Party of Regions were found to have committed suicide. When Newsweek asked the General Prosecutor’s Office about the deaths, the office initially replied that all information about them was a state secret, a response that Newsweek called "staggering". The prosecutor's office later said that four of the deaths were being investigated as murders; a suspect was also charged with murder in a fifth case, the death of prosecutor Sergei Melnychuk.[277]
Blockage of traffic
On 18 February at 16:00, the Kiev Metro stopped because of a terrorist threat.[278][279][280] On 20 February at 10:00, Euromaidan's activists picketed the main office at the Kiev Metro station Politekhnichnyi Instytut, demanding that the system be reopened.[281] A former head of the Kiev City State Administration, Ivan Saliy, also called for the reopening of the metro.[282] At 16:00 that day, the Titushky were transported by metro from the Pozniaky station to the Pecherska station, Lvivska Gazeta reported.[283] The government also closed highways and railway access.
The metro became fully operational again, including the reopening of the Maidan Nezalezhnosti station, on 24 February.[284]
Berkut dissolved
On 25 February, acting Interior Minister Avakov signed a decree dissolving the Berkut.[285] In March, Russia announced that the Crimean Berkut unit would preserve its name as it was incorporated into the Russian Interior Ministry.[286][nb 4]
Protests against the new government
According to Cathy Young, in the Antimaidan protests against the revolution, street posters, Internet posts, and even speeches at rallies attacked the new government as a "Jewish clique" seeking to use Ukrainians to defend the interests of wealthy Jews, and depicted the revolution as a “Zionist coup.”[289]
Southern and Eastern Ukraine
The pro-Russian Ukrainian Front organisation held a meeting on 22 February with representatives from southern and eastern Ukraine.[290] Andriy Kluyev, an organiser of the event, said the group intended to discuss the federalisation of the country into semi-autonomous regions.[291] Following the agreement with the opposition and measures passed by Parliament, Yanukovych flew from Kiev to Kharkiv to attend the Ukrainian Front congress; sources indicated that Berkut forces had gathered in Kharkiv in anticipation of the event.[292][293][294] As Yuriy Lutsenko reported, past midnight on 22 February, the SBU opened criminal proceedings against Governor Mikhail Dobkin of Kharkiv and Mayor Hennadiy Kernes for advocating separatism.[295]
At the Congress of the Southern and Eastern regions in Kharkiv on 22 February, the deputies passed a resolution declaring that they were ready to take responsibility for protecting constitutional order in their territory. They stated that the recent events in Kiev had paralyzed the central government and destabilised the country.[296] They also signed a statement rejecting the authority of Parliament.[297] The Interior Ministry reported that Governor Dobkin and Mayor Kernes then fled to Russia.[298]
On February 23, Parliament adopted a bill to repeal the country's law on minority languages. If signed by the president, the bill would have established Ukrainian as the sole official state language of Ukraine, including Crimea, which is populated by a Russian-speaking majority.[299] The Christian Science Monitor reported that the bill "only served to infuriate Russian-speaking regions, [who] saw the move as more evidence that the antigovernment protests in Kiev that toppled Yanukovych's government were intent on pressing for a nationalistic agenda."[300] Acting President Turchynov vetoed the bill on 28 February.[301]
Also on 23 February, clashes erupted in Kharkiv between thousands of equally sized pro- and anti-government rallies, and Mayor Kernes was blocked from entering the City Council building.[302] Pro-Russian protesters stood guard over the statue of Vladimir Lenin in the city center,[303] but the deputy head of the Regional State Administration announced that the city would dismantle the statue regardless on 25 February.[304]
On 24 February, acting Interior Minister Avakov announced that a criminal case had been launched against Yevhen Zhylin, leader of the Kharkiv-based anti-Euromaidan organisation Oplot.[305]
On 1 March, thousands of people in Kharkiv, Donetsk, Simferopol, Odessa, Luhansk, Melitopol, Yevpatoria, Kerch, and Mariupol protested against the new government.[306][307][308] Public surveys in April revealed that most people in Ukraine's eastern regions considered all levels of the government illegitimate. Half of respondents believed that President Turchynov was "illegally occupying his post". Roughly half held the same opinion about the central government led by Prime Minister Yatsenyuk.[309] However, nearly 70% agreed that Yanukovych was also not the legal president of the country.[310]
Crimea
Following the Ukrainian revolution, a secession crisis began in the Russian-leaning Crimean Peninsula. On 1 March 2014, Yanukovych put into writing his request that President Putin of Russia send military forces "to establish legitimacy, peace, law and order, stability and defending the people of Ukraine".[311] On the same day, Putin requested and received authorization from the Russian Parliament to deploy troops to Ukraine in response to the crisis.[74] Russian troops accordingly mobilized throughout Crimea and the southeast of Ukraine. By 2 March, Russian troops had complete control over Crimea.[312][313][314]
Destruction of Soviet monuments
The monument to the Russian field marshal Mikhail Kutuzov was demolished in the city of Brody in western Ukraine.[315][316] At least 25 statues of Lenin were destroyed by Euromaidan protesters.[317] The militant group Right Sector was blamed for much of the destruction.[317][318] In addition, a statue honouring Soviet soldiers was removed from the western Ukrainian city of Stryi.[319][320] In early December 2013, unknown activists partially painted in red and black (similar to the flag of the nationalistic Ukrainian Insurgent Army) a statue honouring the workers of the Arsenal factory in Kiev who died in 1918.[321] On 28 February, a monument dedicated to Soviet forces who fought in World War II and one dedicated to Soviet soldiers who fought in Afghanistan, both in the city of Dnipropetrovsk, were vandalized and painted with nationalistic slogans. [322] On its English-language Twitter account, the Russian Foreign Ministry described the targeting of Russian- and Soviet-built monuments as "Russophobic vandalism" and an "outrage", and demanded that it be stopped.[323]
RSA occupations
Starting on 18 February, Euromaidan activists occupied regional state administration (RSA) buildings in several oblasts (regions).[324]
Economic
In May 2014, the International Monetary Fund disbursed US$3.2 billion to stabilise Ukraine. The European Union required Ukraine to secure this aid package from the IMF in order to obtain about 1.6 billion euros pledged under the recently signed Ukraine-EU Association Agreement.[325]
Sports
On 19 February 2014, UEFA announced that it had decided to change the venue of the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League Round of 32 match between Dynamo Kyiv and Valencia from Olympic Stadium in Kiev to GSP Stadium, in Nicosia, Cyprus, because of the riots in Kiev.[326][327][328]
Dynamo Kyiv and the other clubs competing in the Round of 32 held a minute of silence for the victims in Kiev before the match, and the athletes played wearing mourning armbands.[329][330][331]
On 25 February, subsequent games of the 2013–14 Ukrainian Basketball SuperLeague were postponed.[332][333] On 26 February, the second part of the 2013–14 Ukrainian Premier League was suspended because of the situation in the country.[334]
On 3 March, a scheduled friendly match between the United States and Ukraine in Kharkiv was moved to Nicosia because of safety concerns regarding potential instability in Kharkiv Oblast.[335]
Three HC Donbass home KHL playoff games were moved from Donetsk's Druzhba Arena to Slovnaft Arena in Bratislava, Slovakia.[336] After playing Game 7 of their first-round series against Dinamo Riga and Games 3 and 4 in the second round against Lev Praha in Bratislava, the Slovak capital, the team returned to Donetsk for the sixth game of the series against Lev.
Domestic responses
Verkhovna Rada
On 20 February, Parliament resumed its work around 16:00 and worked until about 23:00. Members adopted a draft law that expressed "condemnation of the violence that led to the deaths of peaceful citizens of Ukraine".[337]
On the morning of 21 February, Parliament announced that Speaker Rybak had signed a resolution titled "About condemning violence in Ukraine, which led to loss of life". The resolution ordered the Cabinet of Ukraine and all siloviks to stop the use of force and prohibited the use of any weapons and special measures against citizens of Ukraine.[338]
Political response
- Iryna Herashchenko, a member of Parliament with Klitschko's opposition Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform party, commented on the critical state of Ukrainian health services, saying: "Emergency services and all are filled to the brink. There is nowhere to put people up. The doctors are wonderful. Their sacrifice is impressive. They work with full dedication, fight for everyone who is injured."[339]
- After negotiations with Yanukovych, opposition leader Yatsenyuk said that the talks had "ended with nothing. ... Deputies from the opposition said Yanukovych threatened all opposition leaders with criminal responsibility. We only had one item: immediately start the truce, but they told us to effectively give in. Since a truce has not been announced and the government has no such desire, we're standing on the brink of the most dramatic page of the history of Ukraine."[339]
- In a statement on his party's website, Klitschko wrote: "Yanukovych reacts to the situation absolutely inadequately. All he's been talking about is that the leaders of the opposition should call on people on Maidan (Kyiv's Independence Square) to end the standoff and lay down arms. ... These are police forces that are violently shooting at protesters downtown Kyiv. This is what I suggest: authorities should immediately withdraw law enforcers and put an end to the bloody crackdown, as people continue to die. This is what I've told Yanukovych. Could talks be a solution while blood has been shed? But unfortunately he has no understanding of the situation."[339]
- Acting Prime Minister Serhiy Arbuzov said at a 19 February cabinet meeting, "It is unacceptable to talk about European values and the desire for a new level of Ukraine's development and at the same time sacrifice human lives, destroy the state's and citizens' goods, burn their cars and apartments, and shame the country in the eyes of international community."[128]
- Acting Minister of Justice Olena Lukash accused the opposition of violating agreements and demanded an immediate end to violence. She argued that the escalation was the fault of extremists.[340]
- Party of Regions MP Oleh Tsariov appeared on Russian TV and announced that officials would clear Independence Square within an hour, saying, "After we bring order to Maidan, we'll bring it nationwide."[28]
- Party of Regions MP Vadym Kolesnichenko blamed the opposition and the German chancellor, Angela Merkel, for the violence in Ukraine.[341]
- On 18 February, in an interview with Hromadske TV, Inna Bohoslovska said that she had seen policemen disguised as protesters shooting at other policemen.[342] The same day, the MVS website showed people dressed as protesters with firearms.[343]
- Yulia Tymoshenko called on the opposition to cease any talks with Yanukovych.[344]
- An international group of researchers who specialize in the study of far right political movements published a joint statement in which they disagreed with claims about the nationalist character of the Ukrainian revolution, pointing out that it had a mostly democratic and liberal character. According to the letter signed by these researchers, while nationalist groups were present and involved in the protests, their influence on the movement was marginal. However, they said, this influence was disproportionately highlighted by the Russian media, which was using the claims as a weapon of Russian imperialism.[345]
Regions
- The presidium of the Supreme Council of Crimea (the parliament of Crimea) said: "Peaceful Crimea is extremely worried by another outbreak of violence in the center of Kiev. Slaughter on the capital's streets proves that the opposition has perceived numerous concessions on the part of the authorities as a manifestation of weakness and has taken advantage of the amnesty law[nb 5] to take a respite before a new attempt to forcibly seize power in the country." It added: "Innocent people died at the hands of the lawless gunmen on February 18. These are no longer peaceful protests, of which the opposition leaders and biased mass media outlets have said repeatedly, and not even mass unrest. This is the beginning of a civil war."[346]
- Deputies of Luhansk Oblast declared: "We turn to the President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovich with the demand to take strict measures concerning those, who today virtually went to war against our country, and to introduce a state of emergency. The time of peaceful negotiations has ended — negotiations cannot be held with terrorists and extremists!"[347]
- Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People's former chairman, Mustafa Abdülcemil Qırımoğlu, said: "They [who?] will answer for the blood of every patriot. I urge all citizens to create pockets of resistance."[348]
International reactions
International organisations
United Nations — Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called on 19 February for an end to the "unacceptable" violence in Ukraine and for amnesty for those detained during the unrest.[349]
European Union — Foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton urged Yanukovych, the government, and leaders of the opposition "to address the root causes of the crisis".[350] In addition, the president of the European Commission, José Manuel Barroso, issued a statement expressing his condolences to the families of those killed and calling for an end to the violence. He also said: "The EU has been offering its sincere assistance to facilitate political dialogue between the sides and de-escalate the situation. We continue to believe that constitutional reform, formation of a new inclusive government and creating conditions for democratic elections constitute the only way out of this deep and long-lasting political crisis. [...] Yet, we have also made it clear that the EU will respond to any deterioration on the ground. We therefore expect that targeted measures against those responsible for violence and use of excessive force can be agreed by our Member States as a matter of urgency."[351]
Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe — The OSCE chairperson-in-office, Foreign Minister Didier Burkhalter of Switzerland, urged Ukrainian authorities on 19 February "to do their utmost to defuse the menacing situation in the country" and to suggest measures to de-escalate the conflict, including the assignment of "an impartial international facilitator, possibly working in tandem with a respected Ukrainian personality, and dispatching an international expert team to establish facts on violent incidents and human rights violations".[352]- Council of Europe — The secretary general of the Council, Thorbjørn Jagland, said in a statement on 18 February that the Ukrainian Parliament should have a "serious debate on how to end the crisis" and offered the legal and constitutional support of the Council of Europe.[353]
- Weimar Triangle — in a joint statement by the foreign ministers of France, Germany, and Poland issued on 28 February, the three countries urged the new Ukrainian authorities to respect minority rights, stating, "A lasting accommodation of the existing diversity in Ukrainian society necessitates reaching out to Eastern and Southern regions and engaging with all legitimate interests, including minority rights, especially regarding language issues."[354]
Nations
Armenia — A Foreign Ministry spokesman said on 20 February: "We deeply regret the tens of victims as a result of clashes in Kiev. Ukraine is a friendly country for Armenia. We hope that the sides will resume talks to achieve a peaceful settlement of contentious issues."[355]
Australia — Foreign Minister Julie Bishop on 19 February condemned the violence and loss of life in Ukraine and urged both sides to resume positive political negotiations to resolve the crisis.[356]
Canada — Foreign Minister John Baird declared in a statement on 18 February: "Canada calls on all sides to show restraint and to cease all acts of violence immediately. No act of violence or repression today will go unnoticed by the Government of Canada, and we will work with our allies in the international community to ensure that those responsible will be held to account."[357] On the same day, Baird also said that Canada would supply demonstrators in Ukraine with medical aid.[358]
Colombia — The Foreign Ministry, on behalf of the Colombian government, issued a press release expressing "deep concern about the situation in Ukraine" while also deploring the "acts of violence that have taken place in the last couple of days." In the same statement, Colombia urged the government of Ukraine to "guarantee security, human rights, and the fundamental liberties of its citizens".[359]
Czech Republic — Foreign Minister Lubomír Zaorálek, meeting with the Ukrainian ambassador on 19 February, described the use of violence against protesters as "absolutely unacceptable" and said that "under no circumstances should internal problems be solved in such a manner".[360]
Estonia — Foreign Minister Urmas Paet said in a statement on 19 February, "We need to help Ukraine out of this crisis," and added, "Estonia is prepared to consider punitive measures against all those responsible for the increase in violence."[361]
Finland — Foreign minister Erkki Tuomioja, in a statement on 18 February, expressed his condolences to the families of those killed, urged an end to the violence and praised the attempts of the EU, the OSCE, and the Council of Europe to mediate in the conflict.[362]
Georgia — The Foreign Ministry released a statement on 18 February condemning the use of force and adding that Georgian officials were "extremely concerned over tragic events" in Kiev.[363] On 20 February, President Giorgi Margvelashvili said that "use of arms against own people does not speak well of any government" and warned that "not a single government has managed to get away with it".[364]
- In an interview with The Guardian, Irakli Alasania, Georgia's defence minister, said that the Ukrainian revolution was the "first strategic failure for Putin." Alasania was sanguine about the potential for escalation, saying: "There's a lot of rhetoric and chest-thumping. It's not unusual. But Russia won't go into military confrontation. I don't think there's a military option on the table for Putin."[365]
Germany — Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier warned, "Those responsible for making decisions that lead to further bloodshed should know that Europe's decision on sanctions will be reconsidered for sure."[350]
Hungary — The Foreign Ministry expressed deep concern and extended condolences to the victims' families. It also stated that, as a neighbouring country, Hungary was interested in a "stable, democratic, and integrated Ukraine, as well as directly interested in the legal certainty of the Trans Carpathian Hungarians".[366]
Israel — Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman said that Israel was concerned about the events and expressed hope that the situation would resolve without further loss of human life.[367]
Italy — Foreign Minister Emma Bonino called on 20 February for visa sanctions against those responsible for violence, a weapons embargo, and humanitarian support.[368]
Latvia — The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement on 19 February putting the full responsibility for the escalation of the crisis on the Ukrainian government. The statement also read, "Those guilty of causing violence must be held responsible."[369]
Lithuania — The Foreign Ministry issued a note stating in part: "We demand to halt violence immediately and thoroughly investigate all the incidents, which have resulted in deaths and injuries, and to arraign the perpetrators before court. Once again, we invite the European Union member states to discuss a possibility of applying target measures against those responsible for the use of force."[370]
Poland — Secretary of State Henryka Mościcka-Dendys from MSZ told the Jyllands-Posten daily on 21 February 2014 that Poland trusted the Ukrainian people to decide for themselves what future they wanted for Ukraine, while stressing the significance of Polish-Ukrainian relations both in history and in individual family ties. There was a time, she said, when Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary were expected to remain in the Soviet Bloc forever, and yet it was a Russian leader, Boris Yeltsin, who changed that belief. She said that situation was analogous to the current one because in the long run, a more democratic Russia could only benefit from a pro-European Ukraine.[371]
Romania — President Traian Băsescu stated that the events threatened the stability of the region. He added that "Romania agrees with the proposed individual sanctions, for the silver lining has been crossed. The 25 deaths serve as evidence for the fact that both parties (e.n. the Ukrainian government and the protesters) have crossed the line."[372] Prime Minister Victor Ponta made an immediate appeal for peace, saying that "diplomatic efforts will lead to the cessation of violence".[373]
Russian Federation — The Russian Foreign Ministry stated on 19 February: "What is happening is a direct result of the policies of appeasement by Western politicians and European institutions, which from the beginning of the crisis turned a blind eye to the aggressive actions of radical forces in Ukraine, thereby encouraging them to escalate and provoke the legitimate authority."[374] According to the press secretary of the president of Russia, Russia considered the events in Ukraine a coup attempt.[375][376]
- On 20 February 2014, Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev stated that Russia could only cooperate fully with Ukraine when its leadership was in "good shape".[140] He added that Russia wanted a "strong government" in Ukraine "so that people don't wipe their feet on the authorities like a doormat".[149] Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov likened threats of EU sanctions "on those responsible for Ukraine violence" to blackmail and said, "The EU is also trying to consider the introduction of sanctions, and at the same time they come to Kiev on uninvited missions."[158]
- On 24 February, Medvedev questioned the legitimacy of the authorities who replaced President Yanukovych, saying, "If you consider Kalashnikov-toting people in black masks who are roaming Kiev to be the government, then it will be hard for us to work with that government."[377]
- The following day, Foreign Minister Lavrov expressed concern about the faith of the TV channel "Inter", Russian TV channels in Ukraine, freedom of speech in Ukraine, and the abolition of the Ukrainian law on language. He added that his government was interested in "preventing the influence of radicals and nationalists who are now trying to play the first violin".[378]
Sweden — Foreign Minister Carl Bildt issued a statement saying in part, "The EU will not hesitate on measures against interests of persons associated with repression and violence in Ukraine."[28] He also said that Yanukovych had "blood on his hands".[379]
Turkey — Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu said in a press conference, "Ukraine is one of the countries with a strategic location in the Black Sea basin. Stability of Ukraine and peace in the country is of vital importance to the whole region."[380]
United Kingdom — Foreign Secretary William Hague said: "It is clear ousted President Viktor Yanukovych's authority is no longer widely accepted in Ukraine, and Britain is working with the new government in Kiev. ... Ukraine had a pressing need for constitutional reform, improvements to its political culture, free elections, and an end to pervasive corruption. Meanwhile, the international community must work with the new government to discourage further violence and agree on international financial support. Ukraine's financial situation is very serious and, without outside assistance, might not be sustainable. An economic crisis in Ukraine would be a grave threat to the country's stability and have damaging wider consequences. It wasn't clear the country could wait until presidential elections in late May for a financial package as it faced dwindling reserves, a depreciating currency, and large foreign exchange debts that were falling due, and it was also shut out of international capital markets." Asked who the UK recognized as the current head of state, Hague said Britain was working with the new government.[381] "There is, of course, a dispute constitutionally about who is the president, but in this situation it is very clear that, whatever the constitutional provisions, the authority of Mr. Yanukovych is no longer widely recognized as president," he said. "And in order to achieve the objectives that I've just set out, it's necessary for us to talk to the speaker who has been declared the acting president."
United States — President Barack Obama warned on 19 February that there would be consequences if violence continued in Ukraine and that the Ukrainian military should not step into a situation that could be resolved by civilians.[382][383] The US also imposed a visa ban on 20 senior Ukrainian officials and other people it accused of being behind the violent crackdown on protesters.[384] On 20 February, President Obama sharply criticized Russian support of the Yanukovych government and called for respect of people's basic freedoms.[385]
Notes
- ^ In Luhansk Governor of Luhansk Oblast Valeriy Holenko said: “We believe that Ukraine becoming a federation will ensure the security of the people. No one’s going to teach us how to live, how to love our motherland or what political interests we defend”.[169][170]
- ^ The MP's from the Party of Regions were Andriy Derkach, Volodymyr Zubyk, Hryhoriy Smitiukh, Oleksandr Kuzmuk, Volodymyr Pekhov, Volodymyr Prodyvus, Volodymyr Struk, Mykola Soroka, Viktor Bondar, Viktor Tykhonov, and two independent lawmakers were Oleksandr Tabalov and Andriy Tabalov.[177]
- ^ On 4 February 2014 the opposition had unsuccessfully tried to push through an unconditional amnesty for all detained protesters, and the returning to the constitution as it was between 2004 and 2010, in the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament).[citation needed]
- ^ The status of Crimea and Sevastopol is currently under dispute by Ukraine and Russia; Ukraine and the majority of the international community consider Crimea an autonomous republic of Ukraine and Sevastopol one of Ukraine's cities with special status, while Russia, on the other hand, considers Crimea a federal subjects of Russia and Sevastopol one of its federal cities.[287] Both are completely under Russian control.[288]
- ^ This law regulated the exempt from criminal liabilities and punishment for Euromaidan protesters who committed crimes in the period 27 December 2013 through 2 February 2014 and had came into effect on 17 February 2014.[79]
References
- ^ a b c "Ukraine: Speaker Oleksandr Turchynov named interim president". BBC News. 23 February 2014. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Первый день после победы революции". Grani.ru. 23 February 2014. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "The uprising in Kiev has apparently reached its conclusion". Geopolitical Weekly. Stratfor. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e Ukraine: Speaker Oleksandr Turchynov named interim president, BBC News (23 February 2014)
- ^ a b На отмену закона о региональных языках на Украине наложат вето. Lenta (in Russian). Russia. 1 March 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Makhnitsky: Some 50 people to be charged with organizing killings of Ukrainians". Kyiv Post. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ http://nationalinterest.org/feature/ukraine-needs-address-its-paramilitary-problem-21597
- ^ http://www.neweasterneurope.eu/articles-and-commentary/2393-ukraine-s-choice-nationalism-vs-european-values
- ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/11/opinion/what-ukraines-jews-fear.html
- ^ "Ukraine crisis: Lenin statues toppled in protest". BBC News. 22 February 2014. Archived from the original on 2 June 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b No Berkut troops among ‘Maidan snipers’ – Ukrainian special forces veteran. RT. 3 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
- ^ К сегодняшнему расстрелу митингующих может иметь отношение подразделение "Альфа" СБУ. Zerkalo Nedeli (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "EuroMaidan ralles in Ukraine (20 Jan updates)". Kyiv Post. 21 January 2014.
- ^ Whitmore, Brian (6 December 2013). "Putin's Growing Threat Next Door". The Atlantic.
- ^ "EuroMaidan rallies in Ukraine – Dec. 16". Kyiv Post. 15 December 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
- ^ "The Council of Maidan Self-Defense Organizes "United Revolutionary Army" throughout Ukraine | Euromaidan PR". Euromaidanpr.wordpress.com. 8 February 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
- ^ Євромайдан Львів встановив кількісний рекорд. Lviv Expres (in Ukrainian). 1 December 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "EuroMaidan rallies in Ukraine (Jan. 23 live updates)". Kyiv Post. 23 January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
- ^ Тернопільський Євромайдан зібрав більше 10 тисяч людей (in Ukrainian). UA: TE. 8 December 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Мариинском парке собралось около 3–4 тысяч "титушек" – нардеп. UNIAN (in Ukrainian). 22 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ В Харькове провели масштабный провластный митинг. BBC (in Russian). 30 November 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
- ^ "На провластный митинг в Донецке привезли несколько десятков автобусов "неравнодушных"". Gazeta.ua. 23 July 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
- ^ Наша задача: отстаивать национальные интересы, строить Европу в Крыму и в Украине – Павел Бурлаков. Новости Крыма [Crimean News] (in Ukrainian). UkraineInfo. 4 December 2013. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ ЄвромадаЇ в Україні: Запоріжжя вражало кількістю, а в Одесі пам'ятник Дюку "одягли" у прапор ЄС (in Ukrainian). UA: TSN. 24 November 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukraine Health Ministry: Kyiv unrest death toll reaches 100". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ На Майдане отмечают, что пропавшими остаются более 150 человек UNIAN, 30 March 2014
- ^ a b МОЗ: З початку сутичок померло 28 людей. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Police advance on EuroMaidan at night after government ultimatum". Kyiv Post. 18 February 2014. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "В полоні МВС: затримано 77 активістів, в'язниця загрожує 40 з них". Ukrayinska Pravda. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Dassanayake, Dion. "Ukraine protests: Death toll rises as police and protestors clash after truce collapses". Daily Express. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
- ^ "Police held hostage by protesters in Kiev: interior ministry". Chicago Tribune. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Information about the victims of clashes in the center of Kyiv". Ministry of Healthcare. Archived from the original on 17 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Around 780 people die during protests in Ukraine in reality, say volunteer doctors". Interfax. 10 April 2014.
- ^ Viktory for the blue camp THe Economist, published 11 February 2010, accessed 16 January 2016
- ^ Damien McElroy (23 February 2014). "Ukraine revolution: live – Ukraine's president has disappeared as world awakes to the aftermath of a revolution". The Daily Telegraph.
- ^ https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2017/0228/In-Ukraine-blockade-threatens-to-force-issue-at-heart-of-civil-war
- ^ The Underachiever: Ukraine's Economy Since 1991, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (March 9, 2012)
Why is Ukraine’s economy in such a mess?, The Economist (Mar 5th 2014) - ^ UAH 1.5 b in budget funds embezzled since year-start, interior minister says, Interfax-Ukraine (18 June 2009)
- ^ "Frequently asked questions about Ukraine, the EU's Eastern Partnership and the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement" (PDF). European Union External Action. 24 April 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
- ^ Thompson, Mark (12 March 2014). "Soros: Ukraine needs EU Marshall Plan". CNN Money. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Coy, Peter; Matlack, Carol; Meyer, Henry (27 February 2014). "The New Great Game: Why Ukraine Matters to So Many Other Nations". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
- ^ Kramer, Andrew (15 December 2013). "EU suspends trade deal talks with Ukraine". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "Ukraine crisis: Timeline". BBC News. 13 November 2014.
- ^ Smith-Spark, Laura; Gumuchian, Marie-Louise; Magnay, Diana (23 January 2014). "Ukraine, Russia sign economic deal despite protests". CNN. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Lavrov: If West accepts coup-appointed Kiev govt, it must accept a Russian Crimea — RT News". RT. 30 March 2014. Archived from the original on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Sullivan, Tim (1 March 2014). "Russian troops take over Ukraine's Crimea region". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Somini Sengupta (15 March 2014). "Russia Vetoes U.N. Resolution on Crimea". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
- ^ Peter Leonard (27 March 2014). "IMF offers Ukraine up to $18 billion in loans". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukraine: Pro-Russians storm offices in Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv". BBC News. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ "Ukraine crisis: pro-Russian protesters on the march". The Telegraph. 4 May 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ "Russian forces expand control of Crimea". The Washington Post. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ "Ukraine cries 'robbery' as Russia annexes Crimea". CNN. 18 March 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ "Ukraine leader says Russian forces are in the country as key town falls". Reuters. 28 August 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ Williams, Carol (10 October 2014). "Russia backing separatists' rival elections in eastern Ukraine". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ "Russia-backed separatists seize Donetsk airport in Ukraine". The Guardian. 15 January 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ "Ukraine Violence Leaves at Least 10 Dead". ABC News. 18 February 2014. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help),Russian trained killers in kiev - ^ a b "Ukraine police storm main Kiev protest camp". BBC News. 18 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Four reported dead, more than 100 injured as violent clashes break out near Ukraine's parliament (live updates)". Kyiv Post. 18 February 2014. Archived from the original on 18 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Matthews, Owen (19 February 2014). "Ukraine: Heading for Civil War". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Gianluca Mezzofiore. "Ukraine Facing Civil War: Lviv Declares Independence from Yanukovich Rule". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "The authorities de facto introduce a state of emergency". Ukrayinska Pravda. 18 February 2014. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukrainian Police Authorized to Use Live Ammo as Battle Rages". RIA Novosti. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Ukraine protests timeline, BBC, 23 February 2014
- ^ Рыбак заявил, что подписал постановление ВР о прекращении огня (in Russian). UNIAN. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ [tyzhden.ua]
- ^ "Ukraine protests timeline". BBC News. 23 February 2014.
- ^ "Офіційний портал Верховної Ради України". W1.c1.rada.gov.ua. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
- ^ "Ukraine protests: Vitali Klitschko is seeking immediate resignation of President Yanukocych – watch live". The Daily Telegraph. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
- ^ Yuras Karmanau; Angela Charlton (22 February 2014). "Ukrainian protesters claim control over capital". Boston. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b James Marson; Alan Cullison; Alexander Kolyandr (22 February 2014). "Parliament Ousts Ukraine President". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukraine issues arrest warrant for missing leader". Washington Post. Associated Press. 24 February 2014.
- ^ Crimea: Next flashpoint in Ukraine's crisis?, BBC News (24 February 2014)
- ^ Основные высказывания Виктора Януковича на пресс-конференции в Ростове-на-Дону (in Russian). ITAR-TASS. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Putin to deploy Russian troops in Ukraine". BBC News. 1 March 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "EU talking to IMF, World Bank, others about Ukraine assistance". Cnbc.com. 11 December 2013. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
- ^ a b c "Ukraine leader seeks cash at Kremlin to fend off crisis". Cnbc.com. 17 December 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
- ^ Russia's shifting role in Ukraine crisis, aljazeera, 2 March 2014
- ^ Vladmir Isachenkov and Maria Danilova (20 February 2014). "Roots and Consequence's of Ukraine's Violence". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d "Law on amnesty of Ukrainian protesters to take effect on Feb 17". Interfax-Ukraine. 17 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Yanukovych: I don't want to be at war, my goal is to restore stable development of country". Interfax-Ukraine. 15 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Fisher, Max (18 February 2014). "The three big reasons that protests reignited in Ukraine". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
- ^ "Ukraine protests: 14 dead in worst day of violence". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 19 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
They moved in hours after Moscow gave Ukraine $2 billion in aid which it had been holding back to demand decisive action to crush the protests.
- ^ MacKinnon, Mark (22 February 2014). "How Putin's Sochi dream was shattered by Ukraine's nightmare". The Globe and Mail.
the Kremlin unsubtly pushing Mr. Yanukovych to use force to clear the fortified tent city on Independence Square [...] shortly before the fighting began, Moscow announced it would pay the next $2-billion tranche.
- ^ Matt Clinch. "EU moves toward Ukraine sanctions amid bloodshed". CNBC. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Massacre in Kiev: the truth in power?. Pravda.ru (original source). 20 February 2014
- ^ Massacre in Kiev: the truth in power? on YouTube. Pravda.ru. 20 February 2014
- ^ "Ukraine averted greater bloodbath, Moskal alleges". Kyiv Post. 24 February 2014.
- ^ "Arrest warrants issued for Yanukovych, other former Ukraine officials on suspicion of mass murder". Kyiv Post. 24 February 2014.
- ^ "Yanukovich planned harsh clampdown on protesters: Ukraine deputy". Reuters. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ^ a b "У кривавому побоїщі в Києві брала участь неукраїнська третя сила – Аваков". Ukrayinska Pravda. 4 March 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
- ^ Mark Mackinnon. "Analysis: Russia blaming West for Ukraine upheaval". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Moscow urges crackdown in Ukraine on 'extremists' in government". Kyiv Post. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Medvedev: Ukrainian authorities' legitimacy in doubt". Kyiv Post. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Olearchyk, Roman (3 April 2014). "Ukraine implicates Russian agents in deadly protester crackdown". Financial Times.
- ^ "Amid US-Russia tussle over Ukraine, a leaked tape of Victoria Nuland" Christian Science Monitor, Feb. 6, 2014
- ^ "Правый сектор объявил мобилизацию для мирного наступления'". Ukrayinska Pravda. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Війна на вулицях Києва. ОНЛАЙН". Ukrayinska Pravda. 18 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Мітингувальники прорвали оточення ВВ і намагаються розблокувати Грушевського". Ukrayinska Pravda. 18 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "При захвате офиса Партии регионов убили двух сотрудников – Царев – Политика". The Sports Network. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukraine: protests at President Viktor Yanukovich's party HQ – video". The Guardian. 18 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Twitter / SpilnoTVEnglish: #Ukraine-#Berkut troops attack". Twitter. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
- ^ Max Seddon. "At Least 13 Dead, Dozens Injured As Ukraine Protests Turn Violent Again". Buzz Feed. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Москаль: Росіяни кажуть Януковичу, що його керівники СБУ та МВС профнепридатні (in Ukrainian). Espreso TV. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Protesters re-occupy Kiev city hall". New Straits Times. Agence France-Presse. 31 January 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Толпа в Киеве забила насмерть компьютерщика из Партии регионов". Izvestia. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Тітушки знущаються на Антимайдані над полоненими активістами. Espreso TV. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ T20:28+02:00 20:28 18 February 2014 (20 October 2012). "Неизвестные пытаются прорваться в консульство Канады в Киеве – милиция". Interfax-Ukraine. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Ukraine: ‘Protesters to be punished’ as police come under attack, Euronews (19 February 2014)
- ^ 5 канал відключили по всій Україні. Ukrayinska Pravda. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ На Майдане горит Дом профсоюзов. Vestiua.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Беркут" против Майдана. Lenta.ru (in Russian). 18 February 2014. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Допис by Svyatoslav Tsegolko. Янукович погрожує справами проти керівників опозиції – Яценюк (in Ukrainian). Ukreayinska Pravda. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Ukraine protesters resist police charge on Independence Square as death toll rises". Euronews. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Batkivschyna, UDAR, Svoboda never have and never will call people to armed protest". Interfax-Ukraine. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Three Ukrainian opposition forces calling to do everything possible to prevent further bloodshed". Interfax-Ukraine. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Kyiv on shutdown as Ukraine protesters fear new police crackdown". Euronews. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukrainian capital mostly normal beyond immediate protest zone". Euronews. 19 February 2014.
- ^ Тітушки Розстріляли Двох Протестувальників – Очевидці. Ukrayinska Pravda. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukraine crisis: Renewed Kiev assault on protesters". BBC News. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e "EuroMaidan rallies in Ukraine (Feb. 19 live updates)". Kyiv Post. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Оппозиция отказалась подписывать заявление об осуждении радикальных действий, – Лукаш (in Russian). Novosti.ua. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Lebedev confirmed sending airborne troops from Dnepropetrovsk to Kyiv. The Ukrainian Week. 19 February 2014
- ^ Last Chief of Staff of Yanukovych ordered separate army units to suppress Maidan. The Ukrainian Week. 19 February 2014
- ^ "Украина задолжала за "секретный" полет". 6 July 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- ^ "Euronews Kyiv correspondent: 'They say they are not going to provoke the police... but they know how to protect themselves'". Euronews. 19 February 2014.
- ^ Майдан нашел себе новый штаб – активисты заняли Главпочтамт. Nikvesti. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Ukraine President Yanukovych sacks army chief amid crisis". BBC News. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Yanukovych accuses Ukraine opposition leaders of trying to seize power by force". Euronews. 19 February 2014.
- ^ Європейський інвестиційний банк заморожує діяльність в Україні - ЗМІ. Epravda.com.ua. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "European Investment Bank freezes activities in Ukraine over violence". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "Ukraine president Viktor Yanukovych says truce reached with opposition figures". Daily Me. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Правий сектор" не погоджується на перемир'я. The Insider (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Protesters' defiance in Maidan: our correspondent's view". Euronews. 19 February 2014.
- ^ На Украине – день траура. Interfax. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "На Майдані з офіцера під час штурму зірвали шеврон із двоголовим орлом – Новини – Український тиждень". Tyzhden. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "На Майдані знову стріляють". Espreso TV. 20 November 2013. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ На Майдан приїхали активісти із Івано-Франківська (in Ukrainian). Espreso TV. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "Protesters take police hostages in conflict". Kyiv Post. 21 February 2014.
- ^ Gorchinskaya, Katya (13 March 2014). "Yakimenko accuses EuroMaidan leaders of hiring snipers; allegations denounced". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ a b c d e "'Dozens dead' in Kyiv as Ukraine 'truce' breaks down". Euronews. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Day of Mourning. Online. Ukrayinska Pravda. 20 February 2014
- ^ Protesters pushed away Berkut to the October Palace. Ukrayinska Pravda. 20 February 2014
- ^ a b c d e f g "Ukraine death toll rising on Feb. 20 with at least 42 people killed, most by gunshots from police". Kyiv Post. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukraine protesters take back Kiev square". RTÉ News. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Captured Interior Troops soldiers released, their condition satisfactory – Interior Ministry". Interfax-Ukraine. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ ЗМІ: ВВшники масово здаються в полон активістам Євромайдану | Українська правда. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "There are more than 30 thousand people at Maidan". Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ At the Yanukovych headquarters propose to sign a constitutional treaty. Ukrayinska Pravda. 20 February 2014
- ^ a b "Ukraine death toll rises to 22 as EU talks under way". BBC News. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Andrew Higgins; Andrew E. Kramer; Steven Erlanger (23 February 2014). "As His Fortunes Fell in Ukraine, a President Clung to Illusions". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
- ^ "Kyiv residents leave city center". Interfax-Ukraine. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Kyiv subway partially resumes operation, says press service". Interfax-Ukraine. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Велика Британія тимчасово закрила своє посольство в Києві". Ukrayinska Pravda. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ ВІДЕОФАКТ: силовики, втікаючи, стріляли з автоматів Калашникова (in Ukrainian). Radio Svoboda. 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukrainian police have been provided with combat weapons – interior minister". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Sniper fire brings disturbing new dimension to Ukraine violence". Euronews. 20 February 2014.
- ^ "Unknown people heading towards Ukrainian presidential administration building; shots audible". Interfax-Ukraine. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e "Ukraine as it happened, Kyiv's bloodiest day". Euronews. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "German, French, Polish foreign ministers end six-hour meeting with Yanukovych". Interfax-Ukraine. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "EU demands elections in Ukraine – French foreign minister". Interfax-Ukraine. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Ukrainian News Agency, Foreign Affairs Ministers Steinmeier Of Germany, Sikorski Of Poland, Fabius Of France To Meet With Yanukovych Again On Thursday-Friday Night. 23:08, Thursday, 20 February 2014. Archived 21 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Ukraine leader Yanukovych willing to hold early elections: Polish PM". Warsaw: Singapore Press. Agence France-Presse. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Ruptly GmbH, Ukraine: European foreign ministers push Yanukovych to call election early. 17:36 (GMT), 20 February 2014; with video.
- ^ "Європа Погодила Санкції Проти Українських Чиновників". Ukrayinska Pravda. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Council conclusions on Ukraine" (PDF). Council of the European Union. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukraine unrest: EU sanctions imposed". BBC News. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Scale of sanctions to depend on further developments in Ukraine- EU Council conclusions". Interfax-Ukraine. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Єфремов поїхав до Луганська, щоб обдумати варіанти від'єднання Південного Сходу України, – ЗМІ (in Ukrainian). Espreso TV. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukrainian 'love' split between 'motherland' and EU". Euronews. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "President appoints 14 regional governors". Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help), Interfax-Ukraine (18 March 2010) - ^ Crimean speaker in Moscow threatens annexation of the Crimea to Russia. Crimean Tatar question. 21 February 2014
- ^ Speaker of the Verkhovna Rada of Crimea ready for separation of peninsula in the case of the collapse of Ukraine. NB News. 20 February 2014
- ^ a b Tigipko calls for Rybak's immediate resignation, urgent election of prime minister, Interfax-Ukraine (20 February 2014)
- ^ Тігіпко знайшовся. Був на переговорах з Кличком та Яценюком. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Anastasia Forina. "Serhiy Klyuyev condemns violence, but remains loyal to Yanukovych". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "У Рівному саморозпустилася обласна фракція Партії регіонів". The Insider. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "Ten Regions Party MPs, two independent MPs express support for Ukrainian people". Interfax-Ukraine. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Emergency sitting of Verkhovna Rada opens". UNIAN. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "PR faction not to take part in today's sitting of Verkhovna Rada – Oleynyk". Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "227 lawmakers registered in VR, sitting resumed". Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "LIVE Ukraine unrest: Clashes in central Kiev". BBC News. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Members voted for ceasefire". Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Individual voting. Verkhovna Rada. 20 February 2014 Archived 2 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Rada condemns use of force causing deaths, bans counter-terrorism operations in Ukraine". Interfax-Ukraine. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukraine parliament holds debate despite Kyiv violence". Euronews. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Five more MPs left faction PR". Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Uainfo Blogosphere. "Бои в регионах: во Львове в казарме Беркута нашли два трупа". Big Mir. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Babiak, Mat. "Is Russia Opening a 'Crimean Front'?". Ukrainian Policy. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Написав рапорт про звільнення Заступник начальника Генштабу". Ukrayinska Pravda. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d "EuroMaidan rallies in Ukraine". Kyiv Post. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ У Київ їдуть батальйон морських піхотинців і дві бригади десантників (in Ukrainian). LB. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "До Києва стягують 1,5 тис. десантників і 400 морпіхів, – журналіст". LB. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Замість голосування в парламенті "регіонали" втікали зі столиці". Ukrayinska Pravda. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Пшонка і Захарченко тікають чартерами з України". Zik. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Police defectors welcomed to Independence Square in Kyiv". Euronews. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukraine's Security Service stops preparations for anti-terrorist operation". Interfax-Ukraine. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Opposition leaders sign deal with president to end crisis in Ukraine". Fox News Channel. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "EU foreign ministers praise "risk -taking" Ukrainian protagonists". Euronews. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Agreement on the Settlement of Crisis in Ukraine - full text". The Guardian. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
- ^ "Agreement on the Settlement of Crisis in Ukraine" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukraine: peace hopes in the air as president loses his powers". The Daily Telegraph. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukraine peace deal signed, opens way for early election". Reuters. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Представник РФ не мав мандату на підписання угоди про кризу – Клюєв | УКРІНФОРМ". Ukrinform.ua. 21 February 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
- ^ "Tensions high at Kyiv protest camp despite ground-breaking deal". CTV News. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Rada passes bill allowing Tymoshenko's releas". Interfax-Ukraine. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Парламент звільнив Тимошенко". Espreso TV. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Rada passes bill allowing Tymoshenko's release". Interfax-Ukraine. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "В Раду внесен законопроект об импичменте президенту". 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f Ukraine Leader Was Defeated Even Before He Was Ousted, New York Times (3 January 2015)
- ^ Парубій: дострокові вибори президента мають відбутися якнайшвидше. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Автомайдан: Не сприймаємо нічого, крім відставки Януковича". Ukrayinska Pravda. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Кличко вибачився перед Майданом за те, що потис руку Януковичу". The Sports Network. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Люди Поставили Ультиматум: Відставка Януковича До Ранку. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ У Київській області горить дача Медведчука. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "As His Fortunes Fell in Ukraine, a President Clung to Illusions", New York Times (23 February 2014)
- ^ Верховная Рада, Администрация президента, Кабмин и МВД перешли под контроль Майдана (in Russian). Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Babiak, Mat. "Coup on the Horizon". Ukrainian Policy. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ 28 MPs quit Party of Regions faction in Rada, Interfax-Ukraine (21 February 2014)
- ^ "Group of 31 deputies who 'have their own opinion' formed in Regions Party faction – Tigipko". Interfax-Ukraine. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Rada prohibited the anti-terrorist operation". BBC of Ukraine. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "ВІТАЛІЙ ЗАХАРЧЕНКО: "У ПОДІЯХ В КИЄВІ ВИННІ БЕЗВІДПОВІДАЛЬНІ ПОЛІТИКИ". MVS Ukraine. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Координатор медичної служби Майдану: за сьогодні вбито від 70 людей". Ukrayinska Pravda. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ У Сутичках у Києві убито від 67 до 100 людей. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Leaked call raises questions about who was behind sniper attacks in Ukraine, CNN, 6 March 2014.
- ^ Estonia denies leaked call implicates Ukraine protesters in killings, Reuters, 5 March 2014.
- ^ Ukraine crisis: March 5 as it happened, entry for 15.17, The Telegraph, 5 March 2014.
- ^ Eckel, Mike (8 March 2014). "Kiev snipers: Who was behind them?". Christian Science Monitor. Associated Press. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- ^ a b "Original Dzerkalo Tizhnya/Zerkalo Nedeli interview". Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) (in Russian and Ukrainian), 6 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014 - ^ "Daily Beast: Russian-Trained Snipers Killed Ukrainian Protesters". Newsmax. 31 March 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Exclusive: Photographs Expose Russian-Trained Killers in Kiev". The Daily Beast. 30 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Yanukovych declares Feb 22–23 days of mourning victims". Interfax-Ukraine. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "РИБАК ПОДАВ ЗАЯВУ ПРО ВІДСТАВКУ". Ukrayinska Pravda. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
- ^ Захарченко пересек украино-белорусскую границу (in Russian). Glavcom. 22 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Ukraine President Yanukovich impeached, Aljazeera.com (22 February 2014)
- ^ "On withdrawal of the President of Ukraine from the implementation of constitutional powers and calling early presidential elections in Ukraine" (in Ukrainian).
- ^ Sindelar, Daisy (23 February 2014). "Was Yanukovych's Ouster Constitutional?". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
[I]t is not clear that the hasty February 22 vote upholds constitutional guidelines, which call for a review of the case by Ukraine's Constitutional Court and a three-fourths majority vote by the Verkhovna Rada – i.e., 338 lawmakers.
- ^ "Ukraine protests timeline". BBC News. 23 February 2014. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Turchinov elected as speaker of Ukrainian Parliament". Voice of Russia. 22 February 2014. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukraine parliament removes Yanukovich, who flees Kiev in "coup"". 14 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Пограничники отказались выпустить самолет Януковича из Донецка. Zerkalo Nedeli. 22 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Экс-глава МВД Захарченко пытался покинуть Украину". Zerkalo Nedeli. 22 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Янукович пытается сбежать из Севастополя на корабле, – депутат. Argumenty Nedeli. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Янукович тікає морем. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 22 February 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Avakov: Yanukovych put on wanted list". Kyiv Post. Interfax-Ukraine. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Yanukovych declared wanted – Avakov". UNIAN. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Rada asks Hague court to punish those responsible for crimes against humanity during peaceful protests in Ukraine". Interfax-Ukraine. 25 February 2014. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Yanukovych, Zakharchenko put on international wanted list, says prosecutor general". Interfax-Ukraine. 26 February 2014. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Yanukovych, Kliuyev, Pshonka, Zakharchenko, Yakymenko, Shuliak face murder charges – PGO". Interfax-Ukraine. 26 February 2014. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Anastasia Vlasova. "Ukrainians celebrate EuroMaidan's triumph". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Parliament appoints Avakov acting interior minister". Interfax-Ukraine. 22 February 2014. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukrainian parliament expresses no-confidence to Viktor Pshonka". Trend News Agency. 22 February 2014. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "На Украине отменили закон о региональном статусе русского языка". Lenta.ru. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukrainian parliament dismisses foreign, health and education ministers, authorizes speaker to act as president". Interfax-Ukraine. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukrainian parliament to appoint and dismiss judges". Interfax-Ukraine. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Верховная Рада продолжает увольнять людей Януковича". newdaynews.ru. 30 May 2005. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukraine's parliament appoints new central bank chief". Reuters. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Template:Uk icon MPs changed the head of the National Bank, Ukrayinska Pravda (24 February 2014)
- ^ "Ukrainian parliament appoints Nalyvaichenko as security service chief". Interfax-Ukraine. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Party of Regions faction becomes opposition". Kyiv Post. Interfax-Ukraine. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Government should be approved on Thursday – Turchynov". Interfax-Ukraine. 25 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukraine seeks agreement on national unity government by Tuesday". Reuters. 23 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Rada creates Group for Economic Development". Radio Ukraine. 25 February 2014. Archived from the original on 30 May 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Депутатські фракції і групи VII скликання (in Ukrainian). Verkhovna Rada. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Turchynov assumes duties of supreme commander-in-chief of Ukrainian Armed Forces". Interfax-Ukraine. 26 February 2014. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Laws of Ukraine. President of Ukraine decree No. 140/2014: On the assumption of responsibilities of Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (Про прийняття обов'язків Верховного Головнокомандувача Збройних Сил України). Adopted on 26 February 2014. (Ukrainian)
- ^ "Rada decides to release political prisoners, including Pavlychenko family". Interfax-Ukraine. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Rada dismisses Constitutional Court judges appointed from its quota, proposes acting president and congress of judges dismiss the rest". Interfax-Ukraine. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Address of judges of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine to European and international organisations and human rights institutions". Constitutional Court of Ukraine official web site. 27 February 2014. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Yatseniuk, confirmed as prime minister, accuses Yanukovych administration robbing Ukraine of $70 billion; 'treasury is empty'". Kyiv Post. 27 February 2014. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Ennis, Stephen (12 March 2014). "BBC News - Ukraine hits back at Russian TV onslaught". BBC News. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Oksana Grytsenko (27 February 2014). "Arseniy Yatseniuk nominated to lead new government as Ukraine prime minister". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Rada passes bill on government lustration in first reading". Interfax-Ukraine. 14 August 2014. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Bsai Yang (12 August 2014). "Ukraine OKs Malaysian experts' access to MH17 crash site". China Central Television. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukraine could sack up to million officials with ties to Russian past". Yahoo News. 9 October 2014.
- ^ "Volodymyr Yavorsky: Proposed lustration law has serious defects". Kyiv Post. 14 August 2014. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "SBU arrests deputy of ex-chief". UNIAN. 10 November 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Tucker, Maxim (8 April 2015). "Mystery of Ukraine's Richest Man and a Series of Unlikely Suicides". Newsweek. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
- ^ Київське метро зупинило рух. Ukrayinska Pravda. 18 February 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Макеєнко: Метро не працюватиме, доки у Києві не буде безпечно". Zik. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "У Києві припинило роботу метро". Ua.racurs.ua. 18 February 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ "Макеєнко відмовився відновлювати роботу метрополітену". Pravda.com.ua. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ Роботу метро в Києві треба відновити негайно — колишній голова КМДА Archived 25 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Метрополітен перевозить "тітушок" з Позняків на Печерськ". Gazeta.lviv.ua. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Template:Uk icon Kiev subway fully resumed, and in the street too, Ukrayinska Pravda (24 February 2014).
- ^ "Head of Ukrainian Interior Ministry signs order to dissolve "Berkut"". Voice of Russia. 25 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Russian interior bodies created in Crimea and Sevastopol, ITAR-TASS (25 March 2014)
- ^ Gutterman, Steve (18 March 2014). "Putin signs Crimea treaty, will not seize other Ukraine regions". Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukraine: Speaker Oleksandr Turchynov named interim president". BBC News. 23 February 2014. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
"Ukraine protests timeline". BBC News. 23 February 2014. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014.{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Young, Cathy (21 May 2014). "Fascism Comes to Ukraine -- From Russia". Archived from the original on 21 May 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Общественный союз "Украинский фронт" 22 февраля проведет съезд депутатов юго-восточных областей страны". Kommersant.ru. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Клюев заставляет губернаторов ехать в Харьков на сьезд за федерализацию —Главком". Glavcom. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Zaks, Dmitry (20 April 2011). "Militants threaten to shatter fragile Ukraine truce – Yahoo News". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ ? Как к Вам обращаться? (5 February 2014). Янукович с Клюевым и Рыбаком вылетели в Харьков. Gazeta.ua. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Янукович прибыл в Харьков и может принять участие в съезде депутатов юго-восточных областей – источник". Interfax-Ukraine. 20 October 2012. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ СБУ порушила кримінальні справи проти Добкіна і Кернеса – Луценко (in Ukrainian). Zik. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Депутаты на съезде в Харькове берут на себя полноту власти на Юго-востоке и в Крыму – резолюция (in Russian). Gazeta.ua. 22 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Clashes in Ukraine". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 22 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Kharkiv mayor, governor flee Ukraine across border with Russia – acting interior ministry's spokesperson". Interfax-Ukraine. 22 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Traynor, Ian (24 February 2014). "Western nations scramble to contain fallout from Ukraine crisis". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Ayres, Sabra (28 February 2014). "Is it too late for Kiev to woo Russian-speaking Ukraine?". CSM. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukraine's parliament-appointed acting president says language law to stay effective". ITAR-TASS. 1 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Mark Mackinnon (23 February 2014). "Globe in Ukraine: Upheaval widens fractures between east and west". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukraine conflict: 'Raw anger' in divided Kharkiv". BBC News. 23 February 2014. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Пам'ятник Леніну у Харкові демонтують у вівторок | УКРІНФОРМ". Ukrinform.ua. 21 August 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
- ^ "Oplot leader faces criminal charges". Interfax-Ukraine. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Елена Захаренкова. На площади Свободы – митинг "патриотичных харьковчан". Objectiv.tv (in Russian). Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "В Донецке пророссийские активисты штурмовали обладминистрацию". Zerkalo Nedeli. 7 March 2014. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Andrew Roth (3 March 2014). "From Russia, 'Tourists' Stir the Protests". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Why Ukraine is dialing back its military offensive in anarchic east (+video)". 29 April 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
- ^ Babiak, Mat (19 April 2014). "Southeast Statistics". Kyiv International Institute of Sociology; Ukrainian Policy. Kiev. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ousted Ukrainian President Asked For Russian Troops, Envoy Says". NBC News. Reuters. 3 March 2014. Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Radyuhin, Vladimir (1 March 2014). "Russian Parliament approves use of army in Ukraine". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Walker, Shaun (4 March 2014). "Russian takeover of Crimea will not descend into war, says Vladimir Putin". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Yoon, Sangwon; Krasnolutska, Daryna; Choursina, Kateryna (4 March 2014). "Russia Stays in Ukraine as Putin Channels Yanukovych Request". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukraine: Russia Angry as Another Soviet Hero Statue Toppled". International Business Times. 25 February 2014.
- ^ "Ukrainian city demolishes monument to Russian general who beat Napoleon". 25 February 2014.
- ^ a b "First the president, now Lenin: Stunning map reveals 100 statues of Soviet leader have been toppled in Ukraine". Daily Mail. 25 February 2014. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Right-wing opposition pulls down monument to Lenin in Ukraine's Zhitomir". ITAR-TASS. 21 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.[dubious – discuss]
- ^ Во Львовской области демонтировали памятник советскому солдату (фото). segodnya.ua (in Russian). 23 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Демонтували пам’ятник "Солдату" (фото, відео). Stryi.com.ua (in Ukrainian). 15 May 2014. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "В Киеве "евромайданщики" осквернили братскую могилу рабочих "Арсенала" (фото) | Новости Одессы". Dumskaya.net. 9 December 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
- ^ В Днепропетровске осквернили памятники Славы, афганцам и генералу Пушкину. Komsomolskaya Pravda. 28 February 2014. Archived from the original on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|script-title=: missing prefix (help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Another Russophobic vandalism act took place in Lvov Region: monument to Russian army commander Kutuzov was pulled down. Stop this outrage". Twitter. 25 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
- ^ "Ukraine protests 'spread' into Russia-influenced east". BBC News. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on 27 January 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukraine agrees to 50% gas price hike amid IMF talks". BBC News. 26 March 2014. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Dynamo to play Valencia in Cyprus". UEFA. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Soccer-Dynamo Kiev game against Valencia moved to Cyprus". Yahoo!. Reuters. 19 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ "Officially. Match "Dynamo" – "Valencia" will be held in Cyprus". Ukrayinska Pravda. Champion. 19 February 2014.
- ^ "Dnipro, Spurs honor Ukraine protests victims". Boston Herald. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Viktoria vs Shakhtar: full house, player kit, respect". FC Shakhtar Donetsk. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Europa League: Valencia claim 2–0 win over Dynamo Kyiv in Cyprus". Sky Sports. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Частину матчів Чемпіонату України "Суперліга" перенесено". Superleague.ua. 25 February 2014. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "The basketball championship of Ukraine suspended". Rupaper.com. 25 February 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Початок весняної частини змагань перенесено". Fpl.ua. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Nate Scott, USA TODAY Sports (3 March 2014). "USA-Ukraine soccer friendly moved to Cyprus". USA Today. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ^ Донбасс прибыл в Братиславу. HCDonbass.com (in Russian). 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "About condemnation of the violence that led to the deaths of peaceful citizens of Ukraine". Verkhovna Rada. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "About condemning violence in Ukraine, which led to loss of life". Verkhovna Rada. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "EuroMaidan rallies in Ukraine (Feb. 18–19 night live updates)". Kyiv Post. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Лукаш обвинила оппозицию в срыве договоренностей с властью (in Russian). Segodnya.ua. 18 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Колесніченко каже, що смерті на Майдані - на совісті Меркель. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Inna Bohoslovska on hromadske on YouTube. Hromadske TV. 18 February 2014
- ^ "At the corner of Shovkovnycha and Instytutska rioters used firearms in the direction of law enforcement officers". MVS. 18 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Tymoshenko requests to stop talks with Yanukovych". Ukrayinska Pravda. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
- ^ Umland, Andreas. "Kyiv's Euromaidan is a Liberationist and not Extremist Mass Action of Civic Disobedience". Change.org.
- ^ "Crimean lawmakers urge Yanukovych to take extraordinary measures to settle crisis". Kyiv Post. 18 February 2014. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Rossiysky Project. Новостной портал | Украинская правда (in Russian). Ukrayinska Pravda. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Я – тоже украинец. Это сейчас самое высокое в мире звание, – российский журналист цитирует Джемилева на Евромайдане (in Russian). Censor.net.ua. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ James Novogrod (19 February 2014). "Ukraine Violence 'Unacceptable,' U.N. Chief Ban Ki-Moon Says". NBC News. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Ukraine: Alarmed West calls for restraint and dialogue". Euronews. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Statement by President Barroso on Ukraine". Press Releases Database (Press release). European Commission. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
{{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukraine: Swiss OSCE Chair offers measures to end violence and resume political route out of crisis". Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Secretary General Jagland: Ukrainian parliament should now have serious debate on how to end crisis". Newsroom. Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Information Service – Joint declaration by the Foreign Ministers of Poland, Germany and France on the situation in Ukraine". Auswaertiges-amt.de. 28 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Armenia hopes for Ukraine peace after deadly clashes in Kiev". ArmeniaNow. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Australia condemns violence in Ukraine". Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Canada Appalled by Renewed Violence in Ukraine". Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Canada to Provide More Medical Supplies to Ukrainians". Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Comunicado del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores sobre la situación en Ucrania". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Colombia. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Minister Zaorálek to Ukrainian Ambassador: Unacceptable treatment of protestors". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Foreign Minister Urmas Paet: violence in Ukraine is unacceptable". Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Statement by Foreign Minister Tuomioja on the situation in Ukraine" (Press release). Ministry for Foreign Affairs for Finland. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
{{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Georgian MFA 'Strongly Condemns' Violence in Kiev". CivilGeorgia. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Margvelashvili on Ukraine Violence: 'No Govt Can Get Away with Use of Arms Against Own People'". Civil Georgia. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Kiev protests are sign Ukraine has turned to EU, says Georgia minister". The Guardian. 27 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Hungary urges peaceful solution to the Ukrainian crisis". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Hungary. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Israel Breaks Silence on Ukraine: We Hope Conflict is Resolved Peacefully". Ynetnews. Reuters. 6 March 2014. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukraine: Bonino urges decisive but gradual EU action, long crisis ahead". Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Foreign Minister at UN raises the issue of situation in Ukraine" (Press release). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "MFA Statement on situation in Ukraine". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Michael Kuttner. "Jyllands-Posten: w reakcji Polski na sytuację na Ukrainie widać stanowczość i decyzyjność, 21 lutego 2014". MSZ w Mediach (in Polish) (2014). Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "TB, on the situation in Ukraine" (in Romanian). România TV. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Adauga pe Facebook. "VP is making an appeal to peace on behalf of Romania". Digi24. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}:|author=has generic name (help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Росія вважає Захід винним в ескалації конфлікту в Україні. Theinsider.ua. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Кремль оценивает события на Украине как попытку госпереворота. Izvestia (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Boris N. Mamlyuk (6 July 2015). "The Ukraine Crisis, Cold War II, and International Law". The German Law Journal. SSRN 2627417.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ "Vladimir Putin faces tough challenge as Ukraine turmoil unravels Russian designs". The Financial Express. 25 February 2014.
- ^ Template:Uk icon Russia is concerned about the fate of "Inter" and Russian channels in Ukraine, Ukrayinska Pravda (25 February 2014)
- ^ "Widening rifts over Ukraine". BBC News. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Turkey calls for Stabilization of Situation in Ukraine". news.biharprabha.com. Indo-Asian News Service. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Winning, Nicholas (24 February 2014). "U.K. Foreign Secretary Says Britain Working With New Ukraine Government". Wall Street Journal.
- ^ "Obama: 'Consequences if Ukraine violence continues'". BBC News. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Obama warns Ukraine of consequences if violence continues". Reuters. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "US imposes visa ban on 20 Ukrainians over Euromaidan riots". news.biharprabha.com. Indo-Asian News Service. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ukraine crisis: Obama attacks Putin over Russia's role". The Guardian. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
External links
Euromaidan and the Revolution of Dignity | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
21 November 2013 – 23 February 2014 | |||||
| Main topics |  | ||||
| Main events |
| ||||
| Aftermath | |||||
| Elections | |||||
| Main places | |||||
| European integration | |||||
| Protest figures |
| ||||
| Anti-protest figures |
| ||||
| Gas disputes |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Other scandals |
| |
| Euromaidan and Revolution | ||
| Russo-Ukrainian War | ||
- Articles that may be too long from March 2014
- Ukrainian crisis
- Euromaidan
- Protests in Ukraine
- Revolutions in Ukraine
- Riots and civil disorder in Ukraine
- 2014 in Ukraine
- Conflicts in 2014
- 21st-century revolutions
- Anti-communism in Ukraine
- History of Ukraine since 1991
- Massacres in Ukraine
- Modern history of Ukraine
- Political history of Ukraine
- Ukrainian democracy movements
- Ukrainian nationalism
- Russia–Ukraine relations
- Ukraine–European Union relations
- Wars involving Russia
- Wars involving Ukraine
- 2010s in Kiev