2015 Atlantic hurricane season
| Season summary map | |
| First system formed | May 8, 2015 |
|---|---|
| Last system dissipated | Season ongoing |
| Strongest storm | Joaquin – 931 mbar (hPa) (27.5 inHg), 155 mph (250 km/h) |
| Total depressions | 11 |
| Total storms | 10 |
| Hurricanes | 3 |
| Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) | 2 |
| Total fatalities | 90 direct, 2 indirect |
| Total damage | ≥ $590.7 million (2015 USD) |
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2013, 2014, 2015, Post-2015 |
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| Related article | |
The 2015 Atlantic hurricane season is a current event in the annual tropical cyclone season in the northern hemisphere. The season officially began on June 1, 2015, and will end on November 30, 2015. These dates historically describe the period each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin and are adopted by convention. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year.
The first storm, Ana, developed a month before the official start of the season, becoming the first pre-season tropical or subtropical cyclone since 2012's Beryl, the earliest-forming cyclone since 2003's Ana, and the earliest cyclone on record to strike the United States. Despite an ongoing El Niño event, the season started unusually early, and August and September so far have featured 8 tropical cyclones. With the classification of Tropical Storm Ida, this season has featured more named storms than the previous season; however this season is still slightly below normal according to its Accumulated cyclone energy Index. In early October, Joaquin became the strongest hurricane in the Atlantic since Igor in 2010.
Contents
Seasonal forecasts
| Source | Date | Named | Hurricanes | Major | Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average (1981–2010) | 12.1 | 6.4 | 2.7 | [1] | ||
| Record high activity | 28 | 15 | 7 | [2] | ||
| Record low activity | 4 | 2† | 0† | [2] | ||
| ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– | ||||||
| TSR | December 9, 2014 | 13 | 6 | 2 | [3] | |
| TSR | April 9, 2015 | 11 | 5 | 2 | [4] | |
| CSU | April 9, 2015 | 7 | 3 | 1 | [5] | |
| NCSU | April 13, 2015 | 4–6 | 1–3 | 1 | [6] | |
| UKMO | May 21, 2015 | 8* | 5* | N/A | [7] | |
| NOAA | May 27, 2015 | 6–11 | 3–6 | 0–2 | [8] | |
| CSU | June 1, 2015 | 8 | 3 | 1 | [9] | |
| TSR | August 5, 2015 | 11 | 4 | 1 | [10] | |
| NOAA | August 6, 2015 | 6–10 | 1–4 | 0–1 | [11] | |
| ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– | ||||||
| Actual activity |
10 | 3 | 2 | |||
| * June–November only † Most recent of several such occurrences. (See all) |
||||||
Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by noted hurricane experts Philip J. Klotzbach, William M. Gray, and their associates at Colorado State University (CSU); and separately by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) forecasters.
Klotzbach's team (formerly led by Gray) defined the average number of storms per season (1981 to 2010) as 12.1 tropical storms, 6.4 hurricanes, 2.7 major hurricanes (storms reaching at least Category 3 strength on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale), and an Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) index of 96.1.[12] NOAA defines a season as above-normal, near-normal or below-normal by a combination of the number of named storms, the number reaching hurricane strength, the number reaching major hurricane strength, and the ACE index.[13]
Pre-season forecasts
On December 9, 2014, Tropical Storm Risk (TSR), a public consortium consisting of experts on insurance, risk management, and seasonal climate forecasting at University College London, issued its first outlook on seasonal hurricane activity during the 2015 season. In its report, the organization forecast activity about 20% below the 1950–2014 average, or about 30% below the 2005–2014 average, totaling to 13 (±4) tropical storms, 6 (±3) hurricanes, 2 (±2) major hurricanes, and a cumulative ACE index of 79 (±58) units. This forecast was largely based on an enhancement of low-level trade winds across the tropical Atlantic during the July to September period. TSR's report stressed that uncertainty in this forecast existed due to the unpredictability in the El Niño Southern Oscillation and North Atlantic sea surface temperatures.[3] A few months later, on April 9, 2015, the organization updated its report, detailing its prediction of activity 45% below the 1950–2014 average, or about 50% below the recent 2005–2014 average, with 11 named storms, 5 hurricanes, 2 major hurricanes, and a cumulative ACE index of 56 units. TSR cited what were expected to be cooler than average ocean temperatures across the tropical North Atlantic and Caribbean Sea as reasoning for lower activity. In addition, the report stated that if the ACE forecast for 2015 were to verify, the total values during the three-year period from 2013–2015 would be the lowest since 1992–1994, signalling a possible end to the active phase of Atlantic hurricane activity that began in 1995.[4]
On April 9, CSU also released its first quantitative forecast for the 2015 hurricane season, predicting 7 named storms, 3 hurricanes, 1 major hurricane, and a cumulative ACE index of 40 units. The combination of cooler than average waters in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic, as well as a developing El Niño predicted to reach at least moderate intensity, were expected to favor one of the least active seasons since the mid-1990s. The probabilities of a major hurricane striking various coastal areas across the Atlantic were lower than average, although CSU stressed that it only takes one landfalling hurricane to make it an active season for residents involved.[5] On April 13, North Carolina State University (NCSU) released its forecast, predicting a near record-low season with just 4 to 6 named storms, 1 to 3 hurricanes, and 1 major hurricane.[6]
On May 21, the United Kingdom Met Office (UKMO) issued its forecast, predicting a season with below-normal activity. It predicted 8 storms, with a 70% chance that the number of storms would be between 6 and 10; it predicted 5 hurricanes, with a 70% chance that that number would fall in the range of 3 to 7. UKMO's ACE index prediction was 74 units, with a 70% chance of the index falling in the range of 40 to 108 units.[7] On May 27, NOAA released its seasonal forecast, predicting a below-normal season with 6 to 11 named storms, 3 to 6 hurricanes, and 0 to 2 major hurricanes. NOAA indicated that there was a 70% chance of a below-normal season, a 20% chance of a near-normal season, and a 10% chance of an above-normal season.[8]
Mid-season outlooks
On June 1, CSU released an updated forecast, increasing the number of predicted named storms to 8, due to the early formation of Tropical Storm Ana, while keeping the predictions for hurricanes and major hurricanes at 3 and 1, respectively; the ACE index forecast was also kept at 40 units. Probabilities of a major hurricane making landfall on various coastal areas remained below average.[9] On August 5, TSR updated their forecast and lowered the number of hurricanes developing within the basin to 4, with only 1 forecasted to be a major hurricane. The ACE index was also reduced to 44 units.[10]
Seasonal summary

The season's first storm, Ana, developed nearly a month before the official start of the season. Next month, Tropical Storm Bill caused torrential rain in the Southern Plains. Tropical Storm Claudette caused minimal damage while tropical. Despite an El Niño over the Pacific, conditions became more favorable for tropical cyclogenesis over the Cape Verde Islands and the west coast of Africa as eight systems formed continuously beginning on mid-August. Danny became the first major hurricane. Erika then produced torrential rain in the Caribbean and Florida, despite remaining unorganized. Fred produced measurable impact on the Cape Verde Islands following crossing them as a hurricane for the first time since 1892. Grace, Henri, Tropical Depression Nine and Ida caused minimal, if any, damage. The strongest and longest-lived storm of the season, Joaquin caused considerable damage in The Bahamas and Bermuda as a Category 4 and Category 2 respectively.
The Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) for the season as of 21:00 UTC on October 7 is 55.07 units.[nb 1]
Storms
Tropical Storm Ana
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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|
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| Duration | May 8 – May 11 | ||
| Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min) 998 mbar (hPa) | ||
Early on May 6, a weak surface low was associated with a broad upper-level trough as disorganized shower and thunderstorm activity extended across Florida, the Bahamas, and adjacent waters.[14] Deep convection gradually increased near the center of the disturbance, and by 03:00 UTC on May 8, the system acquired sufficient organization to be declared Subtropical Storm Ana.[15] Amid the warm waters of the Gulf Stream and abnormally cold upper-level temperatures,[16] Ana intensified to reach peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) by late on May 8,[17] and on the following day, the system completed its transition to a fully tropical cyclone.[18] Diminished by cooler waters and persistent dry air,[19] the system moved ashore north of Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, at 10:00 UTC on May 10, with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h).[20] Ana turned north and north-northeast, weakening to a tropical depression several hours later.[21]
Along the North Carolina–South Carolina border, Ana produced moderate rainfall with accumulations peaking at 6.7 in (170 mm) southeast of Kinston, North Carolina.[22] Minor street flooding took place in the city while beaches in both states experienced 2–4 ft (0.61–1.22 m) of erosion.[23][24] Tropical storm-force winds were confined to coastal areas, with a peak gust of 62 mph (100 km/h) observed near Southport, North Carolina.[25] Upon moving ashore, it became the earliest cyclone to strike the United States on record.[2]
Tropical Storm Bill
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Duration | June 16 – June 18 | ||
| Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min) 997 mbar (hPa) | ||
The NHC began monitoring disorganized convection across the northwestern Caribbean Sea in association with an upper-level trough on June 12.[26] A surface trough formed the following morning,[27] subsequently tracking across the Yucatán Peninsula and into the southern Gulf of Mexico. A reconnaissance aircraft mission early on June 15 found that the circulation was too ill-defined and broad for classification;[28] however, a second plane later that evening found that the disturbance had acquired sufficient organization to be declared Tropical Storm Bill.[29] At 16:45 UTC on June 16, the cyclone moved ashore at Matagorda Island with peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h).[30] Storm discussions mentioned the possibility of Tropical Storm Bill being affected by the rare brown ocean effect, when already wet soils favor intensification over land.[31] Bill moved swiftly towards land, as it was able to keep strength. Over Texas, Bill had rapidly weakened into a Tropical Depression. Over the next three days, Bill weakened fairly slowly; however, the overall structure of the system deteriorated. Bill continued to steadily weaken over the next two days. By June 20, Bill's strength was merely one-sixth of its peak intensity. The same day, land interaction took its toll on Bill and the WPC declared that Bill had become extratropical. Despite this, the NHC's post storm analysis revealed that the storm degenerated two days earlier, on June 18.
The precursor to Bill produced widespread heavy rain in Central America. In Guatemala, flooding affected more than 100 homes while a landslide in the Alta Verapaz department killed two people.[32] Two others died in Honduras due to flooding with two more missing.[33] Heavy rains fell across parts of the Yucatán Peninsula, with accumulations peaking at 13 in (330 mm) in Cancún, the highest daily total seen in the city in nearly two years. One person died from electrocution in the city.[34] Flooding in Texas and Oklahoma led to three deaths while a thunderstorm killed a fourth person in North Carolina.[35][36][37] Across the United States, Bill was responsible for approximately $17.9 million in damage.[38]
Tropical Storm Claudette
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
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| Duration | July 13 – July 14 | ||
| Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min) 1003 mbar (hPa) | ||
In early July, a shortwave trough embedded in the westerlies crossed the United States. The system emerged over the Atlantic near the Outer Banks of North Carolina on July 12; a surface low soon developed. Traversing the Gulf Stream, convection abruptly increased on July 13 and it is estimated that a tropical depression formed by 06:00 UTC that day, roughly 255 mi (410 km) east-northeast of Cape Hatteras. Six hours later, the depression intensified into a tropical storm and was assigned the name Claudette. The sudden development of the cyclone was not well-forecast,[39] and Claudette was not operationally warned upon until it was already a tropical storm.[40] Embedded within southwesterly flow ahead of mid-latitude trough, the storm moved generally northeast. Claudette reached its peak intensity around 18:00 UTC with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a pressure of 1003 mbar (hPa; 29.62 inHg). Increasing wind shear on July 14 prompted weakening, displacing convection from the storm's center. It subsequently degenerated into a remnant low by 00:00 UTC on July 15. The remnants of Claudette were absorbed into a frontal boundary just south of Newfoundland later that day.[39] Foggy and wet conditions associated with Claudette forced flight cancellations and travel delays across portions of eastern Newfoundland.[41]
Hurricane Danny
| Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Duration | August 18 – August 24 | ||
| Peak intensity | 115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min) 974 mbar (hPa) | ||
Early on August 16, the NHC began monitoring an area of disturbed weather in association with a tropical wave south-southwest of the Cape Verde Islands.[42] Amid generally favorable atmospheric conditions, the system organized into a tropical depression by 15:00 UTC on August 18 and further intensified into Tropical Storm Danny six hours later.[43][44] The entrainment of the Saharan Air Layer early on August 19 caused a collapse of associated convection, although it was noted that a vigorous circulation remained.[45] Shower and thunderstorm activity congealed into a small central dense overcast, and a small eye became evident, supporting an upgrade to hurricane intensity at 15:00 UTC on August 20.[46] Tracking west-northwestward, Danny continued to intensify and a recon flight the next day indicated that the cyclone had attained peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h), the first major hurricane of the season.[47] Danny had an unusually high intensity of 974 mbar - an intensity usually found in Category 2 hurricanes. Following peak intensity, a combination of stronger wind shear and drier air caused Danny to rapidly weaken to a minimal tropical storm by the afternoon of August 23.[48] On August 24, Danny dissipated 45 miles (72 km) west-southwest of Guadeloupe.
Tropical Storm Erika
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
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| Duration | August 25 – August 29 | ||
| Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min) 1003 mbar (hPa) | ||
Another area of disturbed weather moved off the coast of Africa in the third week of August. It attained tropical storm force winds by early on August 24 as confirmed by a data buoy, but was not upgraded to a tropical storm until early on August 25 as the circulation closed off. Early the next day, it finally got upgraded into Tropical Storm Erika. Erika continued towards the Caribbean, despite remaining unorganized. The National Hurricane Center noted a wide range of forecasts for the system, with those strengthening it moving north, with weaker ones keeping Erika on a southerly track. The system eventually took the latter track, tearing through Dominica. By August 28, Erika was weak, unorganized and periodically exposed by wind shear and dry air. The system made a quick landfall in Hispaniola, and by the 29, Erika was on the verge of dissipation. At 11:00 (EST), The NHC issued what would be Erika's final advisory while tropical. At about this time, Erika reemerged in the Caribbean, but was unable to redevelop convection, and was deemed to have opened into a trough of low pressure. The NHC noted this in the 2:00 (EST) advisory, and Erika's remnants dodged Cuba to it's north, and caused dangerous rainfall in Southern Florida.[citation needed]
Torrential rains across Dominica, amounting to at least 15 in (380 mm) at Canefield Airport, triggered severe flooding.[49][50] At least 20 homes were destroyed and 80 percent of the island was left without power. The main river running through Roseau, the nation's capital, burst its banks during the overnight of August 26–27, flooding surrounding areas.[49] At least 31 people died across the island, and 35 others remain missing.[51][52] Total damage across Dominica amounted to US$482.8 million.[53]
Hurricane Fred
| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Duration | August 30 – September 6 | ||
| Peak intensity | 85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min) 986 mbar (hPa) | ||
The NHC began monitoring a tropical wave over western Africa on August 27.[54] Shower and thunderstorm activity increased atop a broad area of low pressure as the disturbance moved into the eastern Atlantic,[55] eventually leading to the formation of a tropical depression by 05:30 UTC on August 30.[56] Tropical Depression Six was upgraded to Tropical Storm Fred. It is one of only a small number of tropical cyclones to form east of 20°W longitude in the satellite era. On August 30, 15:00 UTC, a period of strengthening was expected prompting the Hurricane Warnings for Cape Verde. While Fred did not directly hit the Cape Verde islands, it still did cause minor damage on the islands. Moving past the Cape Verde islands, Fred entered into an area of dry air and eventually weakened to a minimal Tropical Storm. Despite the dry air and the NHC predicting Fred was going to weaken, Fred hung on until it finally dissipated late September 6.[57]
Tropical Storm Grace
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Duration | September 5 – September 9 | ||
| Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min) 1002 mbar (hPa) | ||
On September 4, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa and started to organize. By the next day, the wave was declared Tropical Depression Seven by the NHC.[58] Later that day, the depression organized into Tropical Storm Grace. As Grace moved west quicker than anticipated, the storm moved into a region of high wind shear and drier air. Grace weakened to a depression early on September 9 and degenerated into a tropical wave later that day.[citation needed]
Tropical Storm Henri
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Duration | September 9 – September 11 | ||
| Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min) 1008 mbar (hPa) | ||
On September 9, the NHC began monitoring an area of disturbed weather east of Bermuda so it was upgraded to Tropical Depression Eight; the next day it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Henri. Henri degenerated into a remnant low on September 11, while still producing gale force winds.[citation needed]
The remnants of Henri late combined with a strong extratropical cyclone and brought heavy rain and strong winds to parts of Western Europe.[59][60] A line of thunderstorms extending from the system impacted parts of Germany and France, killing two people.[61]
Tropical Depression Nine
| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Duration | September 16 – September 19 | ||
| Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min) 1006 mbar (hPa) | ||
Similar to the formation of Grace, a tropical disturbance moved off the west coast of Africa on September 11. On September 16, the tropical wave strengthened into Tropical Depression Nine. Over the next few days, the system moved northwestward, before turning to the west-northwest. On September 19, Tropical Depression Nine dissipated to the east of the Leeward Islands.[citation needed]
Tropical Storm Ida
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Duration | September 18 – September 27 | ||
| Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min) 1003 mbar (hPa) | ||
Ida formed from Tropical Depression Ten on September 18, a day before nearby Tropical Depression Nine dissipated. When Tropical Depression Ten was upgraded into Tropical Storm Ida, the system was fast to intensify and quickly reached peak intensity. The storm peaked with winds of 50 mph and was at one point forecast to become a hurricane. This would not happen, however, and Ida slowly weakened into a minimal tropical storm by September 22, however the storm was able to keep Tropical Storm intensity over the next two days. On September 24, the storm was downgraded to a tropical depression. Ida later generated into a post-tropical cyclone on September 27.[citation needed]
Hurricane Joaquin
| Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Duration | September 28 – October 8 | ||
| Peak intensity | 155 mph (250 km/h) (1-min) 931 mbar (hPa) | ||
Early on September 28, the NHC classified a disturbance as Tropical Depression Eleven about 405 mi (650 km) southwest of Bermuda, based on the improved circulation on satellite imagery. Initially, the agency did not predict strengthening beyond tropical depression status, due to expected strong wind shear; some computer models anticipated a quick dissipation to the depression.[62] However, the thunderstorms increased and organized around the center as the wind shear decreased. As a result, the NHC upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Joaquin early on September 29. The storm initially moved generally to the west or southwest, steered by a high pressure area to the north.[63] The cloud pattern became better organized as Joaquin moved toward the Bahamas.[64] On September 30, the storm intensified further into a hurricane, as reported by the Hurricane Hunters.[65] Later that day, the storm achieved Category 2 strength, and continued to intensify into a Category 3 storm later that night. Early the next morning, Joaquin further intensified into a Category 4 storm on the Saffir-Simpson scale. Joaquin later weakened as it passed through the Bahamas. However re-curving to the northeast caused Joaquin to re-intensify to a Category 4 major hurricane. Winds were reported at 155 mph, just below Category 5 strength, making it the strongest since Hurricane Igor in 2010. After reaching peak intensity, Joaquin began to rapidly weaken as it approached Bermuda, lashing the island with tropical storm and hurricane conditions. After that, Joaquin began turning east, while keeping hurricane strength. On October 7, Joaquin weakened to a tropical storm, and the system was declared extratropical the next day.[66]
Storm names
The following list of names will be used for named storms that form in the North Atlantic in 2015. Retired names, if any, will be announced by the World Meteorological Organization in the spring of 2016. The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2021 season list. This is the same list used in the 2009 season. The name Joaquin replaced Juan after 2003, but was not used in 2009; therefore, it was used for the first time this year.[67]
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Season effects
This is a table of all of the storms that have formed during the 2015 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their names, duration, peak strength, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2015 USD.
| Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale | ||||||
| TD | TS | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 |
| Storm name |
Dates active | Storm category
at peak intensity |
Max 1-min wind mph (km/h) |
Min. press. (mbar) |
Areas affected | Damage (millions USD) |
Deaths
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ana | May 8–11 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 998 | Southeastern United States | Minimal | 0 (1) | |||
| Bill | June 16–18 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 997 | Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, South Central United States, Midwestern United States | 17.9 | 8 (1) | |||
| Claudette | July 13–14 | Tropical storm | 50 (85) | 1003 | East Coast of the United States, Newfoundland | None | None | |||
| Danny | August 18–24 | Category 3 hurricane | 115 (185) | 974 | Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico | None | None | |||
| Erika | August 25–29 | Tropical storm | 50 (85) | 1003 | Lesser Antilles (Dominica), Greater Antilles, The Bahamas, Southeastern United States | 511.7 | 36 | |||
| Fred | August 30 – September 6 | Category 1 hurricane | 85 (140) | 986 | West Africa, Cape Verde | >1.1 | 9 | |||
| Grace | September 5–9 | Tropical storm | 50 (85) | 1002 | None | None | None | |||
| Henri | September 9–11 | Tropical storm | 40 (65) | 1008 | Western Europe | Unknown | 3 | |||
| Nine | September 16 –19 | Tropical depression | 35 (55) | 1006 | None | None | None | |||
| Ida | September 18 –27 | Tropical storm | 50 (85) | 1003 | None | None | None | |||
| Joaquin | September 28 – October 8 | Category 4 hurricane | 155 (250) | 931 | Turks and Caicos Islands, The Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti, Southeastern United States, Bermuda, Azores, Iberian Peninsula | >60 | 34 | |||
| Season Aggregates | ||||||||||
| 11 cyclones | May 8 – Currently Active | 155 (250) | 931 | ≥590.7 | 90 (2) | |||||
See also
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2015 Atlantic hurricane season. |
- List of Atlantic hurricanes
- 2015 Pacific hurricane season
- 2015 Pacific typhoon season
- 2015 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
- South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 2014–15, 2015–16
- Australian region cyclone seasons: 2014–15, 2015–16
- South Pacific cyclone seasons: 2014–15, 2015–16
- South Atlantic tropical cyclone
Footnotes
- ^ The totals represent the sum of the squares for every (sub)tropical storm's intensity of over 33 knots (38 mph, 61 km/h), divided by 10,000. Calculations are provided at Talk:2015 Atlantic hurricane season/ACE calcs.
References
- ^ "Background Information: The North Atlantic Hurricane Season". Climate Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August 9, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
- ^ a b c National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division (May 7, 2015). "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
- ^ a b Mark Saunders; Adam Lea (December 9, 2014). Extended Range Forecast for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2015 (PDF). Tropical Storm Risk (Report) (London, United Kingdom: Tropical Storm Risk). Retrieved January 7, 2015.
- ^ a b Mark Saunders; Adam Lea (April 9, 2014). April Forecast Update for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2015 (PDF). Tropical Storm Risk (Report) (London, United Kingdom: Tropical Storm Risk). Retrieved April 9, 2015.
- ^ a b Phillip J. Klotzbach; William M. Gray (April 9, 2015). "Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and Landfall Strike Probability for 2015" (PDF). Colorado State University. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
- ^ a b "Expect Quiet Hurricane Season, NC State Researchers Say" (PDF). North Carolina State University. North Carolina State University. April 13, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
- ^ a b "North Atlantic tropical storm seasonal forecast 2015". Met Office. May 21, 2015. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
- ^ a b "NOAA: Below-normal Atlantic Hurricane Season is likely this year". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 27, 2015. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
- ^ a b Phillip J. Klotzbach; William M. Gray (June 1, 2015). "Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and Landfall Strike Probability for 2015" (PDF). Colorado State University. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
- ^ a b Mark Saunders; Adam Lea (August 5, 2015). April Forecast Update for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2015 (PDF). Tropical Storm Risk (Report) (London, United Kingdom: Tropical Storm Risk). Retrieved August 5, 2015.
- ^ "Increased likelihood of below-normal Atlantic hurricane season". Climate Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August 6, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
- ^ Philip J. Klotzbach and William M. Gray (December 10, 2008). "Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and U.S. Landfall Strike Probability for 2009" (PDF). Colorado State University. Archived from the original on June 12, 2009. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
- ^ "NOAA's Atlantic Hurricane Season Classifications". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. National Hurricane Center. May 22, 2008. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
- ^ Michael J. Brennan (May 6, 2015). "Special Tropical Weather Outlook". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
- ^ Richard J. Pasch (May 7, 2015). "Subtropical Storm Ana Discussion Number 1". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
- ^ Eric S. Blake (May 8, 2015). "Subtropical Storm Ana Discussion Number 4". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 11, 2015.
- ^ Richard J. Pasch (May 8, 2015). "Subtropical Storm Ana Discussion Number 5". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 11, 2015.
- ^ Richard J. Pasch (May 9, 2015). "Tropical Storm Ana Discussion Number 9". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 11, 2015.
- ^ Stacy R. Stewart (May 10, 2015). "Tropical Storm Ana Discussion Number 10". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 11, 2015.
- ^ Stacy R. Stewart; David P. Roberts (May 10, 2015). "Tropical Storm Ana Tropical Cyclone Update". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 11, 2015.
- ^ Richard J. Pasch (May 10, 2015). "Tropical Storm Ana Intermediate Advisory Number 11A". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 11, 2015.
- ^ National Weather Service Newport/Morehead City, North Carolina (May 11, 2015). "Public Information Statement 9:52 am EDT Monday, May 11, 2015". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 11, 2015.
- ^ James Hopkins (May 10, 2015). "Ana causes flooding, beach erosion in North Myrtle Beach". Myrtle Beach, South Carolina: WBTW News. Retrieved May 11, 2015.
- ^ Stacey Pinno (May 11, 2015). "Ana causes damage to New Hanover County beaches". New Hanover County, North Carolina: WECT6. Retrieved May 11, 2015.
- ^ Public Information Statement. National Weather Service Office in Wilmington, North Carolina (Report) (Wilmington, North Carolina: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). May 10, 2015. Archived from the original on May 10, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
- ^ Eric S. Blake; James L. Franklin (June 12, 2015). "Tropical Weather Outlook valid 200 pm EDT Fri Jun 12 2015". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
- ^ John P. Cangialosi; Eric S. Blake (June 13, 2015). "Tropical Weather Outlook valid 800 am EDT Sat Jun 13 2015". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
- ^ James L. Franklin (June 15, 2015). "Special Tropical Weather Outlook valid 1235 pm EDT Mon Jun 15 2015". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
- ^ Michael J. Brennan (June 15, 2015). "Tropical Storm Bill Public Advisory Number 1". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
- ^ Stacy R. Stewart (June 16, 2015). Tropical Storm Bill Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
- ^ Jeff Masters and Bob Henson (15 June 2015). "Dangerous Flood Potential in Texas, Oklahoma from Invest 91L".
- ^ Wendy Sandoval (June 14, 2015). "Deslaves dejan segunda víctima en Alta Verapaz" (in Spanish). Siglo21. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
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- ^ "North Carolina Event Report: Thunderstorm Wind". National Climatic Data Center. National Weather Service Office in Greenville-Spartanburg, South Carolina. 2015. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
- ^ "Storm Events Database". National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
- ^ a b Lixion A. Avila (August 14, 2015). Tropical Storm Claudette (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
- ^ Daniel P. Brown (July 13, 2015). Tropical Storm Claudette Special Advisory Number 1 (Advisory). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
- ^ "Post-tropical storm Claudette flight cancellations plague travellers". CBC News. July 15, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
- ^ Eric S. Blake (August 16, 2015). "Tropical Weather Outlook valid 2 am EDT August 16, 2015". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
- ^ Stacy R. Stewart (August 18, 2015). "Tropical Depression Four Public Advisory Number 1". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
- ^ Stacy R. Stewart (August 18, 2015). "Tropical Storm Danny Public Advisory Number 2". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
- ^ Todd B. Kimberlain (August 19, 2015). "Tropical Storm Danny Discussion Number 6". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
- ^ Stacy R. Stewart (August 20, 2015). "Hurricane Danny Discussion Number 9". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
- ^ John L. Beven II (August 21, 2015). "Hurricane Danny Public Advisory Number 14". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
- ^ Richard J. Pasch (August 23, 2015). "Tropical Storm Danny Discussion Number 22". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
- ^ a b Carlisle Jno Paptiste and Danica Coto (August 27, 2015). "5 missing in Dominica as Tropical Storm Erika unleashes heavy rain, wind, landslides". Roseau, Dominica: U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
- ^ "Tropical Storm Erika: At Least 2 Dead, Widespread Flooding Reported in Dominica; Florida Prepares For Possible Impacts". The Weather Channel. August 27, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
- ^ Adam Lidgett (August 28, 2015). "At Least 25 Dead In Dominica From Tropical Storm Erika Flooding, Landslides In Caribbean Island". International Business Times. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
- ^ Breslin, Sean. "Tropical Storm Erika: At Least 25 Dead, Widespread Flooding Reported in Dominica; State of Emergency Declared in Florida". The Weather Channel. The Weather Channel. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
- ^ Ashley Mayrianne Jones (October 3, 2015). "Month after Erika, Dominica destruction 'jaw-dropping'". Virgin Islands Daily News. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
- ^ Stacy R. Stewart (August 27, 2015). "Tropical Weather Outlook valid 8:00 pm EDT August 27, 2015". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
- ^ Eric S. Blake (August 29, 2015). "Tropical Weather Outlook valid 2:00 am EDT August 29, 2015". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
- ^ Stacy R. Stewart (August 30, 2015). "Tropical Depression Six Special Advisory Number 1". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
- ^ "Tropical Storm Grace strengthens slightly as Fred dissipates". Retrieved 2015-09-30.
- ^ "Tropical Depression SEVEN Forecast Discussion". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
- ^ Eric Leister (September 16, 2015). "Henry to Fuel Flooding Rain, Damaging Winds From Spain to UK". Accuweather. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
- ^ Editor, Jamil Hussein - Digital News. "Ex-Tropical Storm Henri: all you need to know". Retrieved 2015-09-15.
- ^ Bob Henson (September 16, 2015). "TD 9 Forms in Central Atlantic". Weather Underground. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
- ^ Todd Kimberlain (2015-09-28). "Tropical Depression Eleven Discussion Number One". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2015-09-30.
- ^ John Cangialosi (2015-09-28). "Tropical Storm Joaquin Discussion Number Five". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2015-09-30.
- ^ Richard Pasch (2015-09-28). "Tropical Storm Joaquin Discussion Number Eight". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2015-09-30.
- ^ Jack Beven (2015-09-28). "Hurricane Joaquin Public Advisory Number Ten-A". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2015-09-30.
- ^ Richard Pasch (2015-10-07). "Post-Tropical Cyclone Joaquin Advisory Number 42". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
- ^ Tropical Cyclone Naming History and Retired Names. National Hurricane Center (Report) (Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). April 11, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
External links
- National Hurricane Center Website
- National Hurricane Center's Atlantic Tropical Weather Outlook
- Tropical Cyclone Formation Probability Guidance Product
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