2018–19 NCAA football bowl games

2018–19 NCAA football bowl games
Season	2018
Regular season	August 25, 2018 (2018-08-25) – December 8, 2018 (2018-12-08)
Number of bowls	41
All-star games	4
Bowl games	December 15, 2018 (2018-12-15) – January 7, 2019 (2019-01-07)
National Championship	2019 College Football Playoff National Championship
Location of Championship	Levi's Stadium Santa Clara, CA
Champions	Clemson Tigers
Bowl Challenge Cup winner	Conference USA
Bowl record by conference Conference Bowls Record Final AP Poll ACC 12 (11) 6–5 (0.545) 2 SEC 12 6–6 (0.500) 6 Big Ten 9 5–4 (0.556) 5 Big 12 7 4–3 (0.571) 3 Pac-12 7 3–4 (0.429) 2 AAC 7 2–5 (0.286) 2 Conference USA 6 4–2 (0.667) 0 Mountain West 6 (5) 3–2 (0.600) 3 MAC 6 1–5 (0.167) 0 Sun Belt 5 3–2 (0.600) 0 Independents 3 2–1 (0.667) 2 Note: The ACC versus Mountain West First Responder Bowl was a no-contest due to lightning.

The 2018–19 NCAA football bowl games were a series of college football bowl games completing the 2018 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The games began on December 15, 2018, and, aside from the all-star games that follow, ended with the 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship, which was played on January 7, 2019.

The total of 40 team-competitive bowls in FBS, including the national championship game, was unchanged from the previous year. To fill the 78 available bowl slots, a total of 10 teams (13% of all participants) with non-winning records (6–6) were invited to bowl games. This was the second consecutive year, and only the third time in eight years, that no teams with losing seasons (6–7 or 5–7) were invited to fill available bowl berths.

Only 39 of the 40 bowls were played, with the First Responder Bowl becoming the first ever postseason game at the FBS-level (or its predecessors) to be cancelled, as a severe lightning storm lingered for over two hours near the Cotton Bowl Stadium. The game was scored as a no-contest for the teams involved.

The three all-star games were the East–West Shrine Game and NFLPA Collegiate Bowl, played on January 19, and the Senior Bowl, played on January 26.

Schedule

The schedule for the 2018–19 bowl games is below. All times are EST (UTC−5).

College Football Playoff and Championship Game

The College Football Playoff system is used to determine a national championship of Division I FBS college football. A 13-member committee of experts ranked the top 25 teams in the nation after each of the last seven weeks. The top four teams in the final ranking play in a single-elimination semifinal round, with the winners advancing to the National Championship game.

The semifinal games for the 2018–19 season were the Cotton Bowl and the Orange Bowl. Both were played on December 29 as part of a yearly rotation of three pairs of six bowls, commonly referred to as the New Year's Six bowl games. The winners advanced to the 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California, on January 7.

Levi's Stadium, site of the National Championship game

	Semifinals					Championship
	December 29 – Orange Bowl Hard Rock Stadium, Miami Gardens
	1	Alabama	45
	4	Oklahoma	34			January 7 – National Championship Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara
						1	Alabama	16
	December 29 – Cotton Bowl AT&T Stadium, Arlington					2	Clemson	44
	2	Clemson	30
	3	Notre Dame	3

Each of the games in the following table was televised by ESPN.

Date	Time (EST)	Game	Site	Teams	Affiliations	Results
Dec. 29	12:00 p.m.	Peach Bowl	Mercedes-Benz Stadium Atlanta, Georgia	No. 10 Florida Gators (9–3) No. 7 Michigan Wolverines (10–2)	SEC Big Ten	Florida 41 Michigan 15
	4:00 p.m.	Cotton Bowl Classic (Playoff Semifinal Game)	AT&T Stadium Arlington, Texas	No. 2 Clemson Tigers (13–0) No. 3 Notre Dame Fighting Irish (12–0)	ACC Independent	Clemson 30 Notre Dame 3
	8:00 p.m.	Orange Bowl (Playoff Semifinal Game)	Hard Rock Stadium Miami Gardens, Florida	No. 1 Alabama Crimson Tide (13–0) No. 4 Oklahoma Sooners (12–1)	SEC Big 12	Alabama 45 Oklahoma 34
Jan. 1	1:00 p.m.	Fiesta Bowl	State Farm Stadium Glendale, Arizona	No. 11 LSU Tigers (9–3) No. 8 UCF Knights (12–0)	SEC American	LSU 40 UCF 32
	5:00 p.m.	Rose Bowl	Rose Bowl Pasadena, California	No. 6 Ohio State Buckeyes (12–1) No. 9 Washington Huskies (10–3)	Big Ten Pac-12	Ohio State 28 Washington 23
	8:45 p.m.	Sugar Bowl	Mercedes-Benz Superdome New Orleans, Louisiana	No. 15 Texas Longhorns (9–4) No. 5 Georgia Bulldogs (11–2)	Big 12 SEC	Texas 28 Georgia 21
Jan. 7	8:00 p.m.	College Football Playoff National Championship (Cotton Bowl Winner vs. Orange Bowl Winner)	Levi's Stadium Santa Clara, California	No. 2 Clemson Tigers (14–0) No. 1 Alabama Crimson Tide (14–0)	ACC SEC	Clemson 44 Alabama 16

Non-CFP bowl games

For the 2018–19 bowl season, the Gasparilla Bowl was re-located from Tropicana Field to Raymond James Stadium (which already hosts the Outback Bowl). Under new sponsorship deals in comparison to the prior season's bowl games, the Cactus Bowl was renamed the Cheez-It Bowl, the Heart of Dallas Bowl was renamed the First Responder Bowl, and the Foster Farms Bowl was renamed the Redbox Bowl. The Gator Bowl name was reinstated for the first time since the 2013 season, as it had been known as the TaxSlayer Bowl for the four prior editions.

Date	Time (EST)	Game	Site	Television	Teams	Affiliations	Results
Dec. 15	1:30 p.m.	Cure Bowl	Camping World Stadium Orlando, Florida	CBSSN	Tulane Green Wave (6–6) Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns (7–6)	American Sun Belt	Tulane 41 Louisiana 24
	2:00 p.m.	New Mexico Bowl	Dreamstyle Stadium Albuquerque, New Mexico	ESPN	Utah State Aggies (10–2) North Texas Mean Green (9–3)	MWC C-USA	Utah State 52 North Texas 13
	3:30 p.m.	Las Vegas Bowl	Sam Boyd Stadium Las Vegas, Nevada	ABC	No. 21 Fresno State Bulldogs (11–2) Arizona State Sun Devils (7–5)	MWC Pac-12	Fresno State 31 Arizona State 20
	5:30 p.m.	Camellia Bowl	Cramton Bowl Montgomery, Alabama	ESPN	Georgia Southern Eagles (9–3) Eastern Michigan Eagles (7–5)	Sun Belt MAC	Georgia Southern 23 Eastern Michigan 21
	9:00 p.m.	New Orleans Bowl	Mercedes-Benz Superdome New Orleans, Louisiana		Appalachian State Mountaineers (10–2) Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders (8–5)	Sun Belt C-USA	Appalachian State 45 Middle Tennessee 13
Dec. 18	7:00 p.m.	Boca Raton Bowl	FAU Stadium Boca Raton, Florida		UAB Blazers (10–3) Northern Illinois Huskies (8–5)	C-USA MAC	UAB 37 Northern Illinois 13
Dec. 19	8:00 p.m.	Frisco Bowl	Toyota Stadium Frisco, Texas		Ohio Bobcats (8–4) San Diego State Aztecs (7–5)	MAC MWC	Ohio 27 San Diego State 0
Dec. 20	8:00 p.m.	Gasparilla Bowl	Raymond James Stadium Tampa, Florida		Marshall Thundering Herd (8–4) South Florida Bulls (7–5)	C-USA American	Marshall 38 South Florida 20
Dec. 21	12:30 p.m.	Bahamas Bowl	Thomas Robinson Stadium Nassau, Bahamas		FIU Panthers (8–4) Toledo Rockets (7–5)	C-USA MAC	FIU 35 Toledo 32
	4:00 p.m.	Famous Idaho Potato Bowl	Albertsons Stadium Boise, Idaho		BYU Cougars (6–6) Western Michigan Broncos (7–5)	Independent MAC	BYU 49 Western Michigan 18
Dec. 22	12:00 p.m.	Birmingham Bowl	Legion Field Birmingham, Alabama		Wake Forest Demon Deacons (6–6) Memphis Tigers (8–5)	ACC American	Wake Forest 37 Memphis 34
	3:30 p.m.	Armed Forces Bowl	Amon G. Carter Stadium Fort Worth, Texas		Army Black Knights (10–2) Houston Cougars (8–4)	Independent American	Army 70 Houston 14
	7:00 p.m.	Dollar General Bowl	Ladd–Peebles Stadium Mobile, Alabama		Troy Trojans (9–3) Buffalo Bulls (10–3)	Sun Belt MAC	Troy 42 Buffalo 32
	10:30 p.m.	Hawaii Bowl	Aloha Stadium Honolulu, Hawaii		Louisiana Tech Bulldogs (7–5) Hawaii Rainbow Warriors (8–5)	C-USA MWC	Louisiana Tech 31 Hawaii 14
Dec. 26	1:30 p.m.	First Responder Bowl	Cotton Bowl Stadium Dallas, Texas		Boston College Eagles (7–5) No. 25 Boise State Broncos (10–3)	ACC MWC	No contest due to weather cancellation.
	5:15 p.m.	Quick Lane Bowl	Ford Field Detroit, Michigan		Minnesota Golden Gophers (6–6) Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets (7–5)	Big Ten ACC	Minnesota 34 Georgia Tech 10
	9:00 p.m.	Cheez-It Bowl	Chase Field Phoenix, Arizona		TCU Horned Frogs (6–6) California Golden Bears (7–5)	Big 12 Pac-12	TCU 10 California 7 (OT)
Dec. 27	1:30 p.m.	Independence Bowl	Independence Stadium Shreveport, Louisiana		Duke Blue Devils (7–5) Temple Owls (8–4)	ACC American	Duke 56 Temple 27
	5:15 p.m.	Pinstripe Bowl	Yankee Stadium Bronx, New York		Wisconsin Badgers (7–5) Miami (FL) Hurricanes (7–5)	Big Ten ACC	Wisconsin 35 Miami (FL) 3
	9:00 p.m.	Texas Bowl	NRG Stadium Houston, Texas		Baylor Bears (6–6) Vanderbilt Commodores (6–6)	Big 12 SEC	Baylor 45 Vanderbilt 38
Dec. 28	1:30 p.m.	Music City Bowl	Nissan Stadium Nashville, Tennessee		Auburn Tigers (7–5) Purdue Boilermakers (6–6)	SEC Big Ten	Auburn 63 Purdue 14
	5:15 p.m.	Camping World Bowl	Camping World Stadium Orlando, Florida		No. 20 Syracuse Orange (9–3) No. 16 West Virginia Mountaineers (8–3)	ACC Big 12	Syracuse 34 West Virginia 18
	9:00 p.m.	Alamo Bowl	Alamodome San Antonio, Texas		No. 13 Washington State Cougars (10–2) No. 24 Iowa State Cyclones (8–4)	Pac-12 Big 12	Washington State 28 Iowa State 26
Dec. 29	12:00 p.m.	Belk Bowl	Bank of America Stadium Charlotte, North Carolina	ABC	Virginia Cavaliers (7–5) South Carolina Gamecocks (7–5)	ACC SEC	Virginia 28 South Carolina 0
	1:15 p.m.	Arizona Bowl	Arizona Stadium Tucson, Arizona	CBSSN	Nevada Wolf Pack (7–5) Arkansas State Red Wolves (8–4)	MWC Sun Belt	Nevada 16 Arkansas State 13 (OT)
Dec. 31	12:00 p.m.	Military Bowl	Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium Annapolis, Maryland	ESPN	Cincinnati Bearcats (10–2) Virginia Tech Hokies (6–6)	American ACC	Cincinnati 35 Virginia Tech 31
	2:00 p.m.	Sun Bowl	Sun Bowl Stadium El Paso, Texas	CBS	Stanford Cardinal (8–4) Pittsburgh Panthers (7–6)	Pac-12 ACC	Stanford 14 Pittsburgh 13
	3:00 p.m.	Redbox Bowl	Levi's Stadium Santa Clara, California	Fox	Oregon Ducks (8–4) Michigan State Spartans (7–5)	Pac-12 Big Ten	Oregon 7 Michigan State 6
	3:45 p.m.	Liberty Bowl	Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium Memphis, Tennessee	ESPN	Oklahoma State Cowboys (6–6) No. 23 Missouri Tigers (8–4)	Big 12 SEC	Oklahoma State 38 Missouri 33
	7:00 p.m.	Holiday Bowl	SDCCU Stadium San Diego, California	FS1	No. 22 Northwestern Wildcats (8–5) No. 17 Utah Utes (9–4)	Big Ten Pac-12	Northwestern 31 Utah 20
	7:30 p.m.	Gator Bowl	TIAA Bank Field Jacksonville, Florida	ESPN	No. 19 Texas A&M Aggies (8–4) NC State Wolfpack (9–3)	SEC ACC	Texas A&M 52 NC State 13
Jan. 1	12:00 p.m.	Outback Bowl	Raymond James Stadium Tampa, Florida	ESPN2	Iowa Hawkeyes (8–4) No. 18 Mississippi State Bulldogs (8–4)	Big Ten SEC	Iowa 27 Mississippi State 22
	1:00 p.m.	Citrus Bowl	Camping World Stadium Orlando, Florida	ABC	No. 14 Kentucky Wildcats (9–3) No. 12 Penn State Nittany Lions (9–3)	SEC Big Ten	Kentucky 27 Penn State 24

FCS bowl game

The FCS has one bowl game; they also have a championship bracket that began on November 24 and ended on January 5.

Date	Time (EST)	Game	Site	Television	Participants	Affiliations	Results
Dec. 15	12:00 p.m.	Celebration Bowl	Mercedes-Benz Stadium Atlanta, Georgia	ABC	North Carolina A&T Aggies (9–2) Alcorn State Braves (9–3)	MEAC SWAC	North Carolina A&T 24 Alcorn State 22

All-star games

Date	Time (EST)	Game	Site	Television	Participants	Results
Jan. 13		Tropical Bowl	Daytona Stadium Daytona Beach, Florida		American Team National Team	American 24 National 16
Jan. 19	3:00 p.m.	East–West Shrine Game	Tropicana Field St. Petersburg, Florida	NFL Network	West Team East Team	West 21 East 17
	5:00 p.m.	NFLPA Collegiate Bowl	Rose Bowl Pasadena, California	FS1	American Team National Team	American 10 National 7
Jan. 26	2:30 p.m.	Senior Bowl	Ladd–Peebles Stadium Mobile, Alabama	NFL Network	North Team South Team	North 34 South 24

Team selections

See also: Bowl eligibility and Bids to college bowl games

Generally, a team must have at least six wins to be considered bowl eligible. The College Football Playoff semi-final games are determined based on the top four seeds in the playoff committee's final rankings. The remainder of the bowl eligible teams are selected by each respective bowl based on conference tie-ins, order of selection, match-up considerations, and other factors.

CFP top 25 standings and bowl games

See also: 2018 NCAA Division I FBS football rankings

On December 2, 2018, the College Football Playoff selection committee announced their final team rankings for the season.

Three of the four semifinalists – Alabama, Clemson, and Oklahoma – had also been semifinalists the previous season.

Rank	Team	W–L	Conference and standing	Bowl game
1	Alabama Crimson Tide	13–0	SEC champions	Orange Bowl (CFP semifinal)
2	Clemson Tigers	13–0	ACC champions	Cotton Bowl (CFP semifinal)
3	Notre Dame Fighting Irish	12–0	Independent	Cotton Bowl (CFP semifinal)
4	Oklahoma Sooners	12–1	Big 12 champions	Orange Bowl (CFP semifinal)
5	Georgia Bulldogs	11–2	SEC East Division champions	Sugar Bowl (NY6)
6	Ohio State Buckeyes	12–1	Big Ten champions	Rose Bowl (NY6)
7	Michigan Wolverines	10–2	Big Ten East Division co-champions	Peach Bowl (NY6)
8	UCF Knights	12–0	AAC champions	Fiesta Bowl (NY6)
9	Washington Huskies	10–3	Pac-12 champions	Rose Bowl (NY6)
10	Florida Gators	9–3	SEC East Division second place (tie)	Peach Bowl (NY6)
11	LSU Tigers	9–3	SEC West Division second place (tie)	Fiesta Bowl (NY6)
12	Penn State Nittany Lions	9–3	Big Ten East Division third place	Citrus Bowl
13	Washington State Cougars	10–2	Pac-12 North Division co-champions	Alamo Bowl
14	Kentucky Wildcats	9–3	SEC East Division second place (tie)	Citrus Bowl
15	Texas Longhorns	9–4	Big 12 second place	Sugar Bowl (NY6)
16	West Virginia Mountaineers	8–3	Big 12 third place (tie)	Camping World Bowl
17	Utah Utes	9–4	Pac-12 South Division champions	Holiday Bowl
18	Mississippi State Bulldogs	8–4	SEC West Division fourth place	Outback Bowl
19	Texas A&M Aggies	8–4	SEC West Division second place (tie)	Gator Bowl
20	Syracuse Orange	9–3	ACC Atlantic Division second place	Camping World Bowl
21	Fresno State Bulldogs	11–2	Mountain West champions	Las Vegas Bowl
22	Northwestern Wildcats	8–5	Big Ten West Division champions	Holiday Bowl
23	Missouri Tigers	8–4	SEC East Division fourth place (tie)	Liberty Bowl
24	Iowa State Cyclones	8–4	Big 12 third place (tie)	Alamo Bowl
25	Boise State Broncos	10–3	MWC West Division champions	First Responder Bowl

Conference champions' bowl games

Three bowls will feature two conference champions playing against each other—the Boca Raton Bowl, Orange Bowl, and Rose Bowl. Rankings are per the above CFP standings.

Conference	Champion	W–L	Rank	Bowl game
ACC	Clemson Tigers	13–0	2	Cotton Bowl
American	UCF Knights	12–0	8	Fiesta Bowl
Big Ten	Ohio State Buckeyes	12–1	6	Rose Bowl
Big 12	Oklahoma Sooners	12–1	4	Orange Bowl
C-USA	UAB Blazers	10–3	—	Boca Raton Bowl
MAC	Northern Illinois Huskies	8–5	—	Boca Raton Bowl
Mountain West	Fresno State Bulldogs	11–2	21	Las Vegas Bowl
Pac-12	Washington Huskies	10–3	9	Rose Bowl
SEC	Alabama Crimson Tide	13–0	1	Orange Bowl
Sun Belt	Appalachian State Mountaineers	10–2	—	New Orleans Bowl

Bowl–eligible teams

• ACC (11): Boston College, Clemson, Duke, Georgia Tech, Miami (FL), NC State, Pittsburgh, Syracuse, Virginia, Virginia Tech, Wake Forest
• American (7): Cincinnati, Houston, Memphis, South Florida, Temple, Tulane, UCF
• Big Ten (9): Iowa, Michigan, Michigan State, Minnesota, Northwestern, Ohio State, Penn State, Purdue, Wisconsin
• Big 12 (7): Baylor, Iowa State, Oklahoma, Oklahoma State, TCU, Texas, West Virginia
• C-USA (7): FIU, Louisiana Tech, Marshall, Middle Tennessee, North Texas, Southern Miss, UAB
• MAC (7): Buffalo, Eastern Michigan, Miami (OH), Northern Illinois, Ohio, Toledo, Western Michigan
• Mountain West (7): Boise State, Fresno State, Hawaii, Nevada, San Diego State, Utah State, Wyoming
• Pac-12 (7): Arizona State, California, Oregon, Stanford, Utah, Washington, Washington State
• SEC (11): Alabama, Auburn, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, LSU, Mississippi State, Missouri, South Carolina, Texas A&M, Vanderbilt
• Sun Belt (6): Appalachian State, Arkansas State, Georgia Southern, Louisiana, Louisiana–Monroe, Troy
• Independent (3): Army, BYU, Notre Dame

Number of bowl berths available: 78
Number of bowl-eligible teams: 82

Bowl-eligible teams that did not receive a berth

As there were more bowl-eligible teams than berths available, four teams that were bowl-eligible did not receive an invitation.

• Louisiana–Monroe (6–6)
• Miami (OH) (6–6)
• Southern Miss (6–5)
• Wyoming (6–6)

Bowl–ineligible teams

• ACC (3): Florida State, Louisville, North Carolina
• American (5): East Carolina, Navy, SMU, Tulsa, UConn
• Big Ten (5): Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Nebraska, Rutgers
• Big 12 (3): Kansas, Kansas State, Texas Tech
• C-USA (7): Charlotte, Florida Atlantic, Old Dominion, Rice, UTEP, UTSA, Western Kentucky
• MAC (5): Akron, Ball State, Bowling Green, Central Michigan, Kent State
• Mountain West (5): Air Force, Colorado State, New Mexico, San Jose State, UNLV
• Pac-12 (5): Arizona, Colorado, Oregon State, UCLA, USC
• SEC (3): Arkansas, Ole Miss, Tennessee
• Sun Belt (4): Coastal Carolina, Georgia State, South Alabama, Texas State
• Independent (3): Liberty, New Mexico State, UMass

Number of bowl-ineligible teams: 48

Television Ratings

Non-CFP bowl games

Rank	Date	Matchup				Network	Viewers (millions)	TV Rating	Game	Location
1	January 1, 2019, 5:00 ET	#9 Washington	23	#6 Ohio State	28	ESPN	16.7	8.9	Rose Bowl	Rose Bowl, Pasadena, CA
2	January 1, 2019, 8:45 ET	#15 Texas	28	#5 Georgia	21		13.3	7.3	Sugar Bowl	Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans, LA
3	January 1, 2019, 1:00 ET	#11 LSU	40	#8 UCF	32		8.5	4.7	Fiesta Bowl	State Farm Stadium, Glendale, AZ
4	December 29, 2018, 12:00 ET	#10 Florida	41	#7 Michigan	15		8.4	5.0	Peach Bowl	Mercedes-Benz Stadium. Atlanta, GA
5	January 1, 2019, 1:00 ET	#14 Kentucky	27	#12 Penn State	24	ABC	7.7	4.4	Citrus Bowl	Camping World Stadium, Orlando, FL
6	December 28, 2018, 9:00 ET	#24 Iowa State	26	#13 Washington State	28	ESPN	5.5	3.2	Alamo Bowl	Alamodome, San Antonio, TX
7	December 31, 2018, 7:30 ET	NC State	13	#19 Texas A&M	52		5.1	2.7	Gator Bowl	TIAA Bank Field, Jacksonville, FL
8	December 28, 2018, 5:15 ET	#16 West Virginia	18	#20 Syracuse	34		4.8	2.8	Camping World Bowl	Camping World Stadium, Orlando, FL
9	December 31, 2018, 3:45 ET	#23 Missouri	33	Oklahoma State	38		3.8	2.3	Liberty Bowl	Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium, Memphis, TN
10	December 27, 2018, 5:15 ET	Miami (FL)	3	Wisconsin	35		3.8	2.3	Pinstripe Bowl	Yankee Stadium, Bronx, NY

#CFP Rankings.

College Football Playoff

Game	Date	Matchup				Network	Viewers (millions)	TV Rating	Location
Cotton Bowl (semifinal)	December 29, 2018, 4:00 ET	#3 Notre Dame	3	#2 Clemson	30	ESPN	16.9	9.4	AT&T Stadium, Arlington, TX
Orange Bowl (semifinal)	December 29, 2018, 8:00 ET	#4 Oklahoma	34	#1 Alabama	45		19.1	9.9	Hard Rock Stadium, Miami Gardens, FL
National Championship	January 7, 2019, 8:00 ET	#2 Clemson	44	#1 Alabama	16		25.3	13.6	Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara, CA

See also

• Bowl Challenge Cup

Further reading

• Kelly, Doug (ed.). "2018–19 Football Bowl Association Media Guide" (PDF). footballbowlassociation.com. Retrieved January 3, 2020 – via Amazon Web Services.
• Low, Chris (January 10, 2019). "College football all-bowl team: Trevor Lawrence, Quinnen Williams lead the way". ESPN. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
• McGee, Ryan (January 4, 2019). "Bowl season: Still crazy after all these years". ESPN. Retrieved January 7, 2019.