Jump to content

2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement
Part of the Student–People's uprising
Police blockade in a mass procession
A male student wearing shackles carrying a sign saying "Break down the shackles of those quotas" (ভেঙ্গে ফেল ঐ কোটার শিকল)
A female student carrying a sign reading "Quota or merit? Merit! Merit!" (কোটা না, মেধা? মেধা! মেধা!)
Student demonstrations in Shahbagh, Dhaka in July 2024
Date6 June – 3 August 2024
(1 month and 4 weeks)
Location
Bangladesh and abroad
Caused byReinstatement of the pre-2018 quota system in government jobs following the Bangladesh High Court's declaration of the 2018 circular as illegal.
GoalsInitially focused on quota reform.
Methods
Resulted in
Successful
Parties
Protesters
  • Anti-discrimination Students Movement
      • Students from various universities, colleges, schools and madrasas[6]
  • University teachers
  • Media persons, singers, writers, poets, artistes, social media influencers
  • Some lawyers and members of bar council[7][8]
  • Bangladesh diaspora

Lead figures
Casualties and losses
Deaths: 1425+ (according to the Prime Headline,[30] including Sayed, Mugdho and children)[31][32] and 2 JCD activist[33][34][35]

Injuries: 22,000 (including children)[a]

Arrests: 12,000+[b]
Deaths: 12 Awami League activists (including Chhatra league and Jubo league),[58] 44 Policemen and 1 Ansar[59][60]

Injuries: Several[quantify] Chhatra League activists[61] and 1,117+ Policemen[62][59]
Deaths: At least 45 non-protester civilians[c] (including 32 children)[66] and 4 journalists
Total: At least 1500+ deaths[67]
Injuries: 225+ journalists[68][69]

The 2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement was a series of anti-government[d] and pro-democracy[e] protests in Bangladesh, spearheaded primarily by university students. Initially focused on restructuring quota-based systems for government job recruitment, the movement expanded against what many perceive as an authoritarian government when they carried out the July massacre of protestors and civilians, most of whom were students.[f] Started as a student movement, the movement later escalated into a fully-fledged mass uprising known as the Student–People's uprising.

The protest began in June 2024, in response to the Supreme Court of Bangladesh reinstating a 30% quota for descendants of freedom fighters, reversing the government decision made in response to the 2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement. Students began to feel like they have a limited opportunity based on merit. The protest quickly spread throughout the entire country because of the government's violent response, as well as growing public dissatisfaction against an oppressive government. The situation was further complicated by many other ongoing issues, like the government's inability to manage a prolonged economic downturn, reports of rampant corruption and human rights violations, and the absence of democratic channels for initiating changes.[83][84][85][86]

The government sought to suppress the protests by shutting down all educational institutions. They deployed their student wing, the Chhatra League, along with other factions of the Awami League party. These groups resorted to using firearms and sharp weapons against the demonstrators.[g] The government then deployed Police, RAB, BGB and other armed forces, declaring a nationwide shoot-at-sight curfew[h] amid an unprecedented government-ordered nationwide internet and mobile connectivity blackout that effectively isolated Bangladesh from the rest of the world.[i] Later, the government also blocked social media in Bangladesh.[2] As of August 2, there were 215 confirmed deaths, more than 20,000 injuries,[94][36] and more than 11,000 arrests.[j] The unofficial death toll is between 300 and 500.[99] UNICEF reported that at least 32 children were killed during July's protests, with many more injured and detained.[100][101] Determining the exact number of deaths has been difficult because the government reportedly restricted hospitals from sharing information with the media without police permission, hospital CCTV footage was confiscated, and numerous individuals with gunshot wounds were buried without identification.[102][103][104]

The Awami League government and Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina have suggested that political opponents have co-opted the protest.[105][106] Despite the curfew restrictions the movement remained ongoing as it expanded its demands to include accountability for violence, a ban on the student wing of the government Chhatra League, and resignation of certain government officials,[107] including the resignation of Prime Minister Hasina.[108] The government's use of widespread violence against the general public turned the student protest into a people's uprising known as the non-cooperation movement.[k]

Background

[edit]

After the High Court ruled in favor of quotas on 5 June 2024, the students of various universities in Dhaka united to demand a quota reform movement. After the movement was initially started, it was postponed due to Eid al-Adha and the summer holidays. After the holidays, the agitation started again peacefully but gradually became widespread. Initially, the students and teachers of many public universities and other educational institutions joined the movement.[113] Later, the students of private universities also followed suit by joining the public demonstration.[114] Under the banner of Anti-discrimination Students Movement (Bengali: বৈষম্যবিরোধী ছাত্র আন্দোলন), students started the Bangla Blockade. During the movement, the Appellate Division issued a status quo for four weeks on 10 July, canceling the freedom fighters' quota. Reacting to the court verdict, the students said they are seeking a final solution to the quota issue from the government, claiming the movement has nothing to do with the court. The protest also affected the domestic train and road transportation networks across Bangladesh.[115][116]

Peaceful demonstrations by the students restarted on 1 July, while public university teachers declared a strike protesting the new Universal Pension Scheme,[117] causing universities to close. Demonstrations spread nationwide as the movement became headed by a newly formed Anti-discrimination Students Movement, an umbrella organisation for the student protesters. On July 7, protestors launched the nationwide Bangla Blockade, obstructing traffic and rail in major cities and metropolises including Dhaka, Chittagong, Comilla, Jessore, Rangpur, Rajshahi, and Bogura.[118] While the Appellate Division ordered a four-week status quo regarding the quota on 10 July, protesters continued to demand a solution from the government.[119] Protests turned violent for the first time the next day as the police clashed with the students. On 14 July, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina made controversial remarks about the anti-quota protests, escalating the situation and raising the public's anger. On 15 July, the ruling Awami League solidified its stance against the demonstrations, and the protestors met first violent suppression from the Chhatra League leaving several hundred injured.[120][121][122] In response to the Chhatra League attacks, student protesters at Rajshahi University vandalized halls, targeting the room of the President of RU Chhatra League and other members associated with the group.[123] The protesters in Dhaka University removed Chhatra League members from 11 different halls and declared a ban on the pro-quota student organization.[124] At other universities across the country, students expelled Chhatra League members from their campuses,[125] with some members in Chittagong even being thrown from high rooftops by angry protesters during clashes.[126] These actions led to many campuses independently declaring themselves "Chhatra League Free".[127]

Demands

[edit]

Initial demands

[edit]

The Anti-discrimination Students Movement put forward the following demands to the government:[128][129]

  • Cancellation of the existing quota system for government jobs.
  • Provision of the quota at fair rates to minority groups and disabled people.
  • Passing a new law in the parliament which establishes a new quota system for a maximum of 5% of total jobs.

After nationwide violence

[edit]

In response to the violent protests involving members of the Chhatra League and police forces, the Anti-discrimination Students' Movement issued a revised nine-point demand. The demands include:

  1. Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina should publicly apologize, and take responsibility for the deaths of students during the protests.[70]
  2. Home Minister Asaduzzaman Khan and Road Transport and Bridges Minister Obaidul Quader should resign from their cabinet positions and party roles for their alleged roles in using law enforcement and Chhatra League to carry out violence against the protesters.[130]
  3. Deputy inspectors general of police, police commissioners, and superintendents of police in the areas where student casualties occurred must be dismissed from their posts.
  4. The vice-chancellors and proctors of Dhaka University, Jahangirnagar University, and Rajshahi University must resign due to their inadequate response to the violence against students.
  5. There should be a nationwide ban on the Awami League's student wing Bangladesh Chhatra League in all educational institutions in Bangladesh.[131]
  6. Policemen, law enforcement officers, army/military officials and any individuals involved in the attacks should be arrested and held accountable according to the laws.[132]
  7. Financial compensation should be provided to the families of students who were killed or injured during the protests.
  8. All educational institutions and student residential halls should be reopened immediately.
  9. Law enforcement officers, including armed forces and other security personnel, should be withdrawn from all educational institutions to ensure a peaceful environment.

Timeline

[edit]
Student carrying a protest sign written "কোটা একটি ভিক্ষা; মুক্তি পাক শিক্ষা" (lit.'Quota is an alm; education be freed').
RAB Bell 407 helicopter shooting at protesters during the protest.
Quota Reform Protest in Muradpur, Chattogram

Early phase (5 June – 9 July)

[edit]

On 5 June, the High Court reestablished the job quota that reserves 30% of the civil service posts for the children and grandchildren of freedom fighters in the Bangladesh Liberation War.[133]

Six universities performed peaceful protests against the quota ruling.[134]

The protests calmed down because of the Eid ul Adha celebrations, but they soon restarted after the break.

On 7 July, students staged a blockade and demanded the rescinding of the quota.[135]

Bangla Blockade and Chhatra League attacks (10–17 July)

[edit]

10 July

[edit]

At approximately 11:00 a.m. in the University of Dhaka, a protest march commenced in front of the library, passed by the Raju Memorial Sculpture, and culminated in the blockage of the Shahbagh intersection.[136] Members of the law and order forces positioned barricades in front of the students. In the afternoon, it is known that the status quo has been given for four weeks in the ruling given by the High Court canceling the quota system. The Chief Justice asked the students to go back. Dhaka's transport system came to a standstill due to the blockade in various parts of Dhaka. Long-distance buses and trains were stopped due to the agitation.[137]

Police attacked protesting students of Comilla University.[138]

11 July

[edit]

The blockade in Shahbagh was supposed to start at 03:00 p.m. but due to rain, the students crossed the police barricade on their way to Shahbagh and started later at 04:30 p.m.[139] Dhaka College students retreated due to police barricades and Dhaka University students joined the students of Jagannath University at Shahbagh. Apart from Shahbagh, other places in Dhaka were unaffected by the movement. At 09:00 p.m., the students ended their agitation and announced a protest march and rally on 12 July to protest the violent police attack on them.[137]

12 July

[edit]

At 05:00 p.m., students gathered at Shahbagh and staged a blockade in the area.[140]

While students were protesting at Comilla Victoria College, a group of Chhatra League members launched an attack on the protesters. During the situation, a student who was recording a video was taken to a hall and beaten by the Chhatra League members.[141]

13 July

[edit]

Students protested by blocking the railway tracks in Rajshahi.[142] In Dhaka, DU students held a press conference in the evening, where they complained that attempts were being made to block the students' movement with lawsuits.[143]

14 July

[edit]

Students marched in Dhaka and held a sit-in protest and blockade, later submitting a memorandum to President Mohammed Sahabuddin.[144]

In response to the controversial statement made by the Prime Minister of Bangladesh during a press conference, where she reportedly referred to students protesting the quota reform movement as the children of Razakars (traitors in the 1971 Independence War), students organized a midnight demonstration at the Dhaka University campus area (See the § Razakar remarks section). Female students from Rokeya Hall joined the protest by breaking the lock put up by the authorities at the dorm gate.[145]

The government instructed operators to shut down the 4G network in the University of Dhaka area.[146] At around 11:30 p.m., leaders and members of the Bangladesh Chhatra League attacked protesters at the University of Chittagong[147] injuring 13 protesters.[148]

15 July

[edit]

The attacks against the protesters began soon after the ruling Awami League general secretary said on Monday that the Bangladesh Chhatra League, the student wing of the ruling party, was ready to give a fitting reply to quota protesters for their 'arrogant behaviour.'[149]

In Jessore at around 12:00 p.m., students from Jessore University of Science and Technology and Michael Madhusudan College staged a protest, where a member of the Chhatra League attacked and injured a protester.[150]

In Dhaka, Members of the Chhatra League started their procession to Shahbagh from Segunbagicha near Motsho Bhobon at around 03:45 p.m.[151]

Later in the evening, Chhatra League members attacked students inside Bijoy Ekattor Hall of Dhaka University, where some of the attackers were seen shooting with pistols and carrying sticks.[152] In response, the protesters also threw brickbats from the inside of the hall to retaliate.[153] While covering the protest in the University of Dhaka, two journalists from The Daily Star and Prothom Alo were assaulted and injured in the attack carried out by the Chhatra League.[154][151]

At 5:30 p.m., members of the Chhatra League attempted to attack the emergency department of Dhaka Medical College Hospital, where over 200 students injured in the clashes were seeking treatment.[155][156] After several attempts throughout the afternoon, Chhatra League members, some wearing helmets, forcibly entered DMCH around 7:30 p.m. and initiated an attack. Many were observed carrying rods.[157] They targeted students already injured in the quota reform movement and vandalized several ambulances parked at DMCH.[158]

Later the same evening, an attack carried out by the Chhatra League Rajshahi branch at Rajshahi University left six students injured, including the joint convenor of the Bangladesh Students Union at RU.[159]

In Comilla, The CoU coordinator of the anti-discrimination student movement was assaulted at around 8:00 p.m. when eight Chhatra League members called him to check his phone and beat him.[160]

The protesters called for nationwide demonstrations and rallies in all educational institutions of the country at 03:00 p.m. on 16 July.[161]

16 July

[edit]

At around 12:15 a.m., members of the Chhatra League attacked Jahangirnagar University students using firearms. The students took shelter at the vice-chancellor's residence after breaking its lock.[162] Around 300 Chhatra League members, armed with galvanized pipes and sticks, threw bricks and glass bottles at the students. Shots were reportedly fired, injuring two journalists, including one from Dhaka Tribune and over 50 student protesters.[163]

Police arrived to control the situation, while both groups positioned themselves outside the vice-chancellor's residence. Students claimed the attackers included outsiders, some in their forties.[164] Later on, the sub-inspector of the Ashulia Police Department instead decided to blame the students by stating that the protesters are to blame for causing "this mayhem".[165]

A violent incident involving police and students demanding quota reforms took place in front of Begum Rokeya University in Rangpur between 2:30 p.m. and 3:00 p.m. Police resorted to lathi charges and firing during the incident. Abu Sayed, a Begum Rokeya University student and quota reform activist, was shot four times by a police officer. He was taken to Rangapur Medical College Hospital where the doctors pronounced him dead on arrival.[166][167]

At around 3:30 p.m., it was reported that in the Farmgate–Khamarbari area, Chhatra League assailants attacked protestors with sticks while students from Govt. Science College were protesting against the attack of Chatra Leage in University of Dhaka. When the protestors took shelter in the Farmgate metro station, the assailants entered and started to beat the students, which was witnessed by the passengers. Police were allegedly deployed to control the situation.[168] However, DMTCL, the authority responsible for the operation for the Dhaka Metro Rail, denied these claims and stated that guards of the station drove the "miscreants" away as they entered with bamboo sticks. They also stated that there was no damage to the station. However, they announced plans to close some of the gates of the station complex for some time to prevent the recurrence of such incidents.[169]

As students at public universities were forcefully vacated, students from various schools, colleges, and private universities joined the cause. They protested and blocked roads against the violence of the Chhatra League in the quota reform movement, including Notre Dame College, Dhaka Residential Model College, RAJUK Uttara Model College, Adamjee Cantonment College, Viqarunnisa Noon School and College,Govt. Science College,Ideal School and College, Ideal College, Dhaka City College, BAF Shaheen College Dhaka, BAF Shaheen College Kurmitola, Birshrestha Noor Mohammad Public College, Birshrestha Munshi Abdur Rauf Public College and so on.[l]

Students of North South University, Independent University Bangladesh, United International University and BRAC University protested at and around their respective premises areas at Bashundhara Residential Area and Merul Badda with the blockade set up by the students extending up to Baridhara, the Pragati Sarani Streets in front of the Jamuna Future Park mall, the largest mall in the country, Notun Bazar, Badda, and Kuril, causing gridlock to its neighboring areas as well, including Rampura, Banasree, Badda Link Road and Abul Hotel area in Malibagh. During this time, Asif Mahtab Utsha, former lecturer of Independent University Bangladesh, notable for the textbook tearing controversy, joined with his students in front of Jamuna Future Park, being the first teacher in Bangladesh to do so.[174] He gave a speech in the open and in front of national media where he rebuked his colleagues for not joining the students and being their shield, while also challenging the Chaatra League criminals who attacked Dhaka University students to come to Bashundhara Gate. In his speech he attempted to boost morale of the students by saying, "I did not teach my students to fall back. No retreat, only forward".[175]

Students of University of Scholars, Primeasia University and Far East University blocked the Banani area and New Airport road. Students of Notre Dame College protested in the country's main financial hub and the largest central business district of Motijheel at Shapla Square. Students of Daffodil International University also attempted to start a demonstration on the road but instead protested on campus. Students of other universities and colleges also joined the protests. Protests also took place in Dhanmondi, specifically in front of the Science Laboratory area and in Uttara. Gridlocks were also experienced at places like Mohammadpur, Dhanmondi, Mirpur Road, and Gabtoli.[m]

Students blocked railway lines in Chattogram and Mohakhali.[179] The Dhaka–Chattogram,[180] Dhaka–Barisal,[181] Dhaka–Rajshahi[182] and Dhaka–Tangail highways were also blocked.[183]

In the evening, the Ministry of Education announced the indefinite closure of schools and colleges[184][185] and the postponing of the HSC exam scheduled for 18 July.[186]

The UGC declared that all public and private universities across the country will remain closed until further notice.[187] At the same time, all affiliated medical, textile, engineering and other colleges will also remain closed.[188][189] The commission also directed university authorities to vacate residential halls allegedly considering safety of the students.[190]

In remembrance of the fallen, the movement announced a symbolic funeral prayer scheduled for July 17.[191]

17 July

[edit]

Clashes erupted with police after the funeral prayer program organized by the student protesters, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) and other parties to honor six individuals killed on 16 July for the quota reform movement.[192]

The government ordered all students to vacate the residential halls.[193] The protestors rejected the order, to which the authorities deployed police to evacuate the halls.[n] Students who blocked the Dhaka-Barisal highway announced a total shutdown for 18 July, allowing only emergency services, to protest police violence, demand justice for the deceased, and call for a terror-free campus.[197]

Sheikh Hasina addressed the nation at 7:30 p.m.,[198] where she announced a judicial probe into the deaths during the anti-quota protests and urged patience until the Supreme Court delivers its verdict, emphasizing justice for the students and condemning the violence.[199]

Students at the university erected the Shaheed Smriti Stambha, a memorial pillar to honor the memory of the dead students.[200]

Complete Shutdown (18–19 July)

[edit]

18 July

[edit]

In the morning police clashed with BRAC University students on the streets of Badda.[201] Police also charged batons and fired tear gas canisters at the students and lobedb tear gas shells at the BRACU campus.[202][203] The Mirpur-10 station of the Dhaka Metro was closed for arson at a foot-overbridge beneath it.[204] Reports indicated that approximately 30 students were killed by the Bangladesh police.[205]

Minister of Law Anisul Haque urged the students to withdraw their movement.[o]

The Bangladesh Police, RAB, Bangladesh Bank, Bangladesh Prime Minister's Office and Bangladesh Chhatra League's official website was hacked by a pro-protester group[211] as a response to the violence and attacks carried out by the police and the Chhatra League.[212][213]

Metro rail services in the capital were suspended,[214] and at around 9 p.m., the government shut down internet access across the entire country.[215]

A second-year student from the Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Science at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology drowned while attempting to cross a canal with friends. The incident occurred during a police chase amid clashes between students, police and Chhatra League members.[p]

19 July

[edit]

The Dhaka Metropolitan Police, in an attempt to hinder the students' protests, announced the indefinite suspension of public gatherings and processions.[219] The Bangladesh Railway authorities, on orders from higher-ups in the government, directed train services between Dhaka and the rest of the country to shut down to prevent quota reform protestors from using trains to travel or form gatherings, according to several unnamed railway supervisors speaking with Prothom Alo.[220] The nationwide shutdown of Internet access begun on 18 July continued into 19 July.[221]

Avatar of Cloudflare Radar
Avatar of Cloudflare Radar
Cloudflare Radar
@CloudflareRadar
X logo, a stylized letter X

Bangladesh is experiencing a near complete #Internet outage after a government-ordered shutdown of mobile networks. Traffic and announced address space dropped to near-zero around 15:00 UTC (21:00 local).

19 July 2024[222]

Throughout the country, calls for quota reform protests largely continued. Around 10:00 a.m., teachers at Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology wore black face coverings in protest.[223] At approximately 12:45 p.m., after protesters in Kishoreganj District's Bhairab Thana surrounded the police station, police fired into the crowd from within the station, injuring over a hundred students.[224]

Some clashes with the police also took place elsewhere, including in Uttara, Mohammadpur, and Badda thanas of Dhaka.[225] The Mirpur 10 and Kazipara metro stations were vandalised, causing extensive damages worth 500 crore (US$42 million).[214]

In Narsingdi, quota reform protesters stormed a prison and released hundreds of inmates before setting the facility on fire.[226]

The government imposed a curfew at midnight and deployed troops nationwide.[227][228]

Negotiations and Supreme Court verdict (19–22 July)

[edit]

After the deadly Shutdown, the Anti-discrimination Students' Movement and the government started negotiations on 19 July night. At midnight, a meeting took place between three government representatives and three representatives of the protesters: Sarjis Alam, Hasnat Abdullah, and Tanvir Ahmed.[229] Notably, Sarjis Alam was a member of the Chhatra League and participated in the 2019 DUCSU election as a candidate from the Chhatra League.[230]

During the negotiations, at midnight of 20 July, Nahid Islam, a quota reform movement coordinator, was allegedly taken from a friend's house in Nandipara, according to his father.[231] After being released on 21 July, Nahid reported being blindfolded, handcuffed, and tortured before regaining consciousness in Purbachal.[232]

On 21 July, the Appellate division of the Supreme Court finally reduced the percentage of quotas from 56% to 7%.

Suspensions (23–28 July)

[edit]

Following the verdict on July 22, the Anti-discrimination Students' Movement announced a two-day suspension of protests. They demanded that the government lift the curfew, restore internet access, and cease targeting student protesters.[233] With the suspension of the protests by the Anti-discrimination Students' Movement, no further violence was reported by this period. The agitators later further extended the suspension.[234] But mass detentions were continued by the law enforcement agencies.

On 26 July, police detained three coordinators of the Anti-discrimination Students' Movement from the hospital, namely Nahid Islam, Abu Bakar Mazumdar and Asif Mahmud. The Home Minister claimed their detention was for their own security and investigation purposes.[235] The later day, two more coordinators of the movement–Sarjis Alam and Hasnat Abdullah–were detained. The Additional Deputy Commissioner of the Detective Branch Junaed Alam Sarker and stated that they were detained for interrogation about their alleged connection with the opposition Jamaat-e-Islami and Gono Odhikar Parishad Member-Secretary Nurul Haq Nur.[236] In response, the movement threatened to resume their protests from 29 July if the three were not released, while also demanding action against ministers and police officers over the deaths of the protesters.[237]

Meanwhile, the government gradually relaxed the curfew restrictions, allowing banks, factories and offices to reopen.[238]

On 23 July, the ICT Minister announced that the government would restore broadband internet service partially to banks, business organizations, export sectors, and selected areas after a five-day disruption.[239] Accordingly, on 24 July, broadband internet services were restored,[240][241] and on 28 July, mobile internet was restored in Bangladesh, although social media websites like Facebook, Instagram and TikTok continued to be blocked.[242]

On 28 July, six protest coordinators of the Anti-discrimination Students' Movement, who had been taken into custody by the Detective Branch, issued a statement from the DB office announcing the withdrawal of the protests.[243] However, other coordinators of the movement alleged that these individuals had been coerced by the DB into making the statement. The remaining coordinators vowed to continue their protest, with or without the support of the six individuals.[244][245]

Resumption (29 July – 2 August)

[edit]
Police arresting protestors from ECB Chattwar, Dhaka Cantonment
Protesters at Shaheed Minar, Dhaka during "Remembering the Heroes" march

29 July

[edit]

Protesters resumed large-scale demonstrations across various regions of the country[246] after the government ignored an ultimatum to release their leaders.[247] Police arrested 2,822 students in Dhaka.[248]

University professors across Bangladesh, under the "Anti-Repression Teachers Rally" banner, have called for an end to student harassment and mass arrests. They demanded the release of detained students and expressed solidarity with ongoing student protests. The rally, held at Dhaka University's Aparajeyo Bangla on July 29, 2024, began with a moment of silence for students killed in the recent quota reform movement, which the teachers labeled the "July Massacre."[249]

30 July

[edit]

A cabinet meeting chaired by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina on 29 July declared that nationwide mourning would be observed on 30 July to honor those killed during the quota reform movement.[250] While Awami League leaders posted black profile pictures on Facebook, many users in Bangladesh chose red, rejecting the official mourning as a farce and declaring they will mourn only when justice is served for the dead students.[q]

At a press conference held at the Dhaka Reporters Unity, several prominent citizens, including Iftekharuzzaman, executive director of Transparency International Bangladesh; Syeda Rizwana Hasan, Chief Executive of the Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association (BELA); and Asif Nazrul, Professor of Law at University of Dhaka, issued a 24-hour ultimatum for the unconditional release of the six coordinators of the Anti-Discrimination Student Movement currently in Detective Branch (DB) custody.[254]

31 July

[edit]

On 31 July, the Anti-Discrimination Student Movement organized a nationwide protest named "March for Justice" in response to the series of killings, mass arrests, attacks, lawsuits, enforced disappearances, and murders of students and citizens. Abdul Hannan Masud, one of the coordinators of the movement, confirmed the event.[255] The protest was scheduled to take place at 12 pm across court premises, campuses, and streets nationwide, advocating for nine specific demands of the students. The movement sought the support and cooperation of teachers, lawyers, human rights activists, professionals, workers, and citizens.[256]

At 11:20, students from Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST) and other educational institutions in Sylhet marched from the university gate towards Court Point in support of the protest.[257]

By 11:00, protesters began assembling at the Chattogram Court premises. Despite police barricades, around 200 protesters entered the premises and staged a sit-in.[258] A group of 50 to 60 pro-BNP lawyers stood in solidarity with the students, while pro-Awami League lawyers conducted a counter-march.[259] The protest in Chattogram concluded around 15:15 with a march from the court premises to the New Market intersection.[260]

Around 13:15, students from BUET, the University of Dhaka, and several other universities marched towards the High Court. Their progress was halted by the police near the Bangladesh Shishu Academy, resulting in the detention of several students.[261] In response, the students gathered at Doel Square, later joined by teachers from Dhaka University's White Panel. The protest in Dhaka ended around 15:00 after nearly three hours of demonstration.[262]

From 12:20 to 13:00, University of Rajshahi students blocked the Dhaka-Rajshahi Highway as part of the protest.[263] Police detained five students from the university during the demonstration.[264]

At 15:00, after being shut down for 13 days, Facebook, WhatsApp and other social media platforms were reopened.[265]

1 August

[edit]

In memory of those killed, injured, and tortured by police during the 2024 quota reform movement, the Anti-Discrimination Student Movement announced a nationwide program titled "Remembering the Heroes" on 1 August. This announcement was made in a press release signed by Rifat Rashid, one of the co-coordinators of the Anti-Discrimination Student Movement, on 31 July. Additionally, he called for online and offline campaigns in support of the movement and memory of the martyrs, using the hashtags JulyMassacre and RememberingOurHeroes on social media platforms.[266][267]

At 12:30 p.m., teachers and students of Jahangirnagar University held a protest song rally and cultural gathering to protest the attacks on Dhaka University teachers, the mass arrests of protesting students and citizens, and the harassment through false cases. In solidarity with the movement, twelve teachers from the Daffodil International University also participated in the JU event.[268]

After the 24-hour ultimatum for the unconditional release of the six coordinators of the quota reform movement expired, several prominent citizens, including Iftekharuzzaman, Syeda Rizwana Hasan, and Asif Nazrul, announced that they would go to the DB office on the afternoon of August 1.[269]

The government banned the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami, its student wing, the Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir and its associated bodies citing anti-terrorism laws following their involvement in the protests.[270][271] So far, 274 cases have been filed against students in various police stations in Dhaka Metropolitan. In these cases, up to the morning of 1 August, 3,011 students have been arrested by the Dhaka Metropolitan Police.[272]

The police released six student leaders as the government looked to calm tensions and forestall fresh demonstrations.[273] Upon being released from the DB office, several coordinators announced that they would continue the movement and shared their statements on social media.[274][275]

In Narayanganj, the Candlelight Vigil program organized in support of "Remembering the Heroes" was disrupted by police intervention. During this time, the police baton-charged the students, injuring at least ten.[276]

2 August

[edit]
Protesters in Rangpur chanting "ছি ছি হাসিনা, লজ্জায় বাঁচিনা" (transl. Shame shame Hasina, we can't live out of shame)

The protesters sought justice for victims affected by the unrest and police crackdown following the release of student leaders. This release did not alleviate public anger, leading to renewed protests.[277] Demonstrators demanded the reopening of schools and universities across the country and, called for Sheikh Hasina's resignation.[278][279] Clashes occurred as police fired rubber bullets, tear gas shells, and sound grenades in several locations, including Uttara,[280] Khulna,[281] Sylhet,[282] and Habiganj.[283] One police officer was beaten to death by protesters in Khulna,[281] while one civilian died in Habiganj.[283]

Due to the renewed unrest, internet service providers again restricted access to Facebook, WhatsApp, and Telegram.[284] After five hours of restriction, access to Facebook and Messenger were reopened; however Telegram remained restricted.[285]

On the same day, the six coordinators, previously detained by the Detective Branch, said they were coerced into withdrawing from the movement, alleging that the statement was obtained under duress for national broadcast.[286]

Following the ongoing violence and sabotage incidents centered around the quota reform movement, 78 HSC candidates arrested in related cases were granted bail from various courts nationwide. Among them, 55 were from the Dhaka Division, 14 from the Chittagong Division, six from the Khulna Division, and three from the Rangpur Division.[287][288]

UNICEF expressed concern over the deaths of at least 32 children during the protest crackdown. Sanjay Wijesekera, UNICEF Regional Director for South Asia, urged swift measures to ensure the children can return to school.[289][66]

End of the movement

[edit]

3 August

[edit]

In the early hours of the day, an injured person died while receiving treatment.[290]

As a last resort to quell the protests, Sheikh Hasina proposed peaceful talks with the protesters, stating that her office was open and expressing a desire to "sit with the quota protesters and listen to them." However, central coordinator Nahid Islam announced that the protesters had no plans to negotiate with the government. He added that they had endured torture while in police custody and had resorted to a hunger strike while detained by police and the Detective Branch. Asif Mahmud, another coordinator of the Anti-Discrimination Student Movement, stated, "There is no dialogue with bullets and terrorism."[291]

Around 10:30 a.m., students from various educational institutions in Rajshahi marched and gathered in front of the Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET), chanting slogans. The students took to the streets demanding the resignation of Sheikh Hasina.[292]

Students and ordinary people gathered at the Central Shaheed Minar area with protest marches from different parts of the capital,[293] At around 5:30 p.m., Nahid Islam, one of the coordinators, addressed the assembled crowd at Shaheed Minar.[294] where the Anti-discrimination Students Movement announced a single demand for the resignation of Sheikh Hasina and her cabinet and called for a comprehensive non-cooperation movement from 4 August,[295] which marked the end of the quota protests.

The court granted bail to Arif Sohel, a coordinator of the Anti-Discrimination Student Movement, who remained in jail despite the decision.[296]

In Chittagong, there was an attack on the residence of Education Minister Mohibul Hasan Chowdhury. During this incident, two cars parked in front of the house were vandalized, and one of them was set on fire. Earlier, around 5:30 p.m., there was also an attack on the office of Md Mohiuddin Bacchu, the Member of Parliament for Chittagong-10, located in the Lalkhan Bazar. The office was set on fire during the attack.[297] In another incident in Sreepur, Gazipur one person was killed during clashes between police and protesting students.[298]

In Rangpur, two police officers were temporarily suspended in connection with the death of Abu Sayed on 16 July. The two officers are ASI Amir Hossain of Rangpur Police Lines and Constable Sujan Chandra Roy of Tajhat Police Station.[299]

During an anti-discrimination student movement in Sylhet, clashes occurred between the police and the students along with the public. Initial reports indicated that over a hundred people were injured in the conflict.[300]

At around 1:30 p.m. in Race Course, Comilla, leaders and activists of the Chhatra League, Jubo League, and Swechchhasebak League attacked a mass rally of anti-discrimination student movement protesters. During the attack, they fired openly at the students, resulting in 10 students being shot and a total of 30 people being injured.[301][302]

In Bogra, there were repeated clashes between protesting students and the police. From 4 p.m. to around 6 p.m., these confrontations lasted nearly two hours. During the conflict, the police fired tear gas shells, sound grenades, rubber bullets, and shotgun rounds. Several areas of the city, including Satmatha, Circuit House Mor, Romena Afaz Road, Kalibari Mor, Bir Muktijoddha Rezaul Baki Road, and Jailkhana Mor, turned into battlegrounds. At least six students were shot, and an additional 50 students were injured.[303][304] On this day the movement ended and was succeeded by the Non-cooperation movement (2024).

Post movement

[edit]

Aftermath

[edit]

Mass killing

[edit]

Supreme Court verdict

[edit]

With the deterioration of the law and order situation in the country, Minister of Law Anisul Haque conferred with the Attorney General AM Amin Uddin about appealing to the court for a hearing of the case on July 21.[305]

On the same day, the Appellate Division of Supreme Court ordered an overhaul of the quota reservation system. It ordered 93% of recruitment in government jobs to be based on merit and 5% to be reserved for the children of freedom fighters, martyred freedom fighters and Biranganas, 1% for the ethnic minorities and 1% for the third gender and the disabled people with immediate effect.[r] Accordingly, on 23 July, the Ministry of Public Administration published a gazette notification in line with the Supreme Court verdict.[s] In the post-gazette news conference, Anisul Huq said the new quota system will be followed while recruiting employees directly in all government, semi-government, autonomous and semi-autonomous institutions, statutory bodies and different corporations.[t]

Despite the ruling, student protesters pledged to continue demonstrating for other demands such as the release of people imprisoned during the protests and the resignations of officials deemed responsible for the violence that occurred with it.[316][317]

Non-cooperation movement

[edit]

Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina proposed peaceful talks with the protesters, saying,

"The doors of Ganabhaban are open. I want to sit with the quota protesters and listen to them. I do not want conflict."

— Sheikh Hasina, Prime Minister

However, in the afternoon, central coordinator Nahid Islam announced that they had no plans to negotiate with the government. He stated:[318]

When we were in DB custody, we were offered to sit in talks with the Prime Minister. But we protested against this proposal by going on a hunger strike in DB custody.

Asif Mahmud, a coordinator of the Anti-Discrimination Student Movement, commented:

We have no plans to negotiate with them. Our demands are very clear. If they have any statements, they can present them to the nation through the media. The decision of the protesting students and people is our decision. There is no dialogue with bullets and terrorism.

— Asif Mahmud, [319]

Students and ordinary people gathered at the Central Shaheed Minar area with protest marches from different parts of the capital,[320] At around 5:30 PM, Nahid Islam, one of the coordinator, addressed the assembled crowd at Shaheed Minar.[321] where the Anti-discrimination Students Movement announced a single demand for the resignation of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and her cabinet and called for a comprehensive non-cooperation movement from 4 August,[322] which marked the end of the quota protests.

Casualties and damages

[edit]

Casualties

[edit]

The mass killings carried out by the law enforcement agencies were described as "July massacre" in various sources. A preliminary report by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights published on 16 August 2024 stated that more than 400 fatalities were reported nationwide between 16 July and 4 August, mainly due to violence carried out by state forces such as the Bangladesh Police, RAB, BGB and Army, as well as the Chhatra League. The report stated that restrictions on communication and state interference in hospitals make this figure an undercount.[323][324] According to UNICEF, at least 32 children died during the protest crackdown surrounding the protests and unrest in July.[289][66] Prothom Alo found that out of the 354 people killed it had counted during the protests, 39 were children.[325][326]

During Bangla Blockade

[edit]

Six people were reported killed on 17 July: Md. Shahjahan, a 25-year-old hawker from the New Market area;[327] Md. Farooq, a 32-year-old employee of a furniture shop; Md. Wasim Akram, a 22-year-old student of the Sociology Department at Chittagong College and an activist of Chatra Dal;[328] Faisal Ahmed Shanto, a 24-year-old student of Omargani M.E.S. College;[329] Sabuj Ali, a 25-year-old member of the Chhatra League and a student of Dhaka College;[330][331] and most notably, Abu Sayed, a 25-year-old student of the Department of English at Begum Rokeya University.[332][333]

During Complete Shutdown

[edit]

At least eleven people were reported killed on 18 July,[334] of which only three of which have had their names released: Siyam, an 18-year old worker at a battery shop in Gulistan;[65] Dipta Dey, a 21-year-old second-year student of Madaripur Government College;[335] and Farhan Faiyaaz, a 17-year-old student of Dhaka Residential Model College.[336]

Another four were killed in a clash between the police at Uttara, including two students of Northern University,[337][338] while one was killed in Narsingdi in a clash between police and students.[338]

Damages

[edit]
Mirpur-10 police box set ablaze by the agitators

The movement resulted in huge damage of various state properties in Bangladesh. According to a report by Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha, at least thirty major state establishments experienced arson and severe damage.[339] The state broadcaster, Bangladesh Television (BTV), was attacked and set on fire on 18 July 2024. The building suffered extensive damage, with several sections completely burnt.[3][339] Sheikh Hasina visited the site and expressed deep sorrow over the incident.[340] A major data center in Dhaka was set on fire, causing severe disruptions to internet and telecom services across the country and the loss of 70–80% of the country's bandwidth.[341] Arsons also occurred in the toll stations of Dhaka Elevated Expressway and Mayor Mohammed Hanif Flyover,[339] and two Dhaka Metro stations, including the Mirpur-10 station.[204] Footage of Sheikh Hasina visiting the station and shedding tears on 25 July was criticised on social media, with users accusing her of failing to react similarly to the loss of life during the protests.[342]

According to Bangladesh Police, 235 police infrastructures and 281 vehicles were vandalized and set on fire.[343] On 19 July, a violent attack on Narsingdi District Jail resulted in a massive jailbreak. Armed assailants, allegedly linked to Jamaat-e-Islami and BNP by the government, stormed the prison, set fires, and broke open cell locks, allowing 826 prisoners, including nine militants, to escape. The attackers looted weapons, ammunition, and food supplies while causing extensive damage to the facility. Several prison guards were killed during the attack, and the attackers fled with the escaped prisoners.[344]

Bangladesh's economy suffered losses of over $1.2 billion as a result of the nationwide curfew and protests. Among the industries greatly affected were ready-made garments, steelmaking, pharmaceuticals, ceramics and outsourcing and e-commerce.[345]

Mass arrests and detentions

[edit]

The Bangladesh Police including Detective Branch (DB) and RAB arrested a large number of student protesters and members of opposition political parties. As of July 30, the total count reached over 9600.[u] On 23 July, plainclothes police arrest a non-protester HSC examinee after failing to find his elder brother.[352] On 26 July, plainclothes police officers detained three protest coordinators, namely Nahid Islam, Asif Mahmud and Abu Baker Majumder from Gonoshasthaya Kendra hospital. The three were receiving medical treatment for injuries they received from alleged beatings and torture while in prior police custody.[353] On 27 July, DB detained protest coordinators Sarjis Alam and Hasnat Abdullah.[354] On July 28, plainclothes police detained two more protest coordinators, namely Nusrat Tabassum and Arif Shohel.[355] These detained coordinators but Arif Shohel are the one who issued a statement from the DB office announcing the withdrawal of the protests. However, other coordinators of the Anti-discrimination Students' Movement alleged that these individuals had been coerced by the DB into making the statement. The remaining coordinators announced to continue their protest.[244][245] After missing for days Arif Shohel and Asif Mahtab Utsha, a former teacher of BRAC University placed six-day remand each.[356] On July 29, police arrested at least 34 protesters including coordinators.[357]

On July 20, Nurul Haq Nur, associated with the 2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement, was arrested by police on charges of involvement in the 18 July arson attack on Setu Bhaban, although there were claims he was not involved. Some observers viewed the arrest as politically motivated.[v] Bangladeshi law mandates that an arrested person must be presented in court within 24 hours; failure to do so is considered an enforced disappearance.[360][361] According to Nur's wife, he was unaccounted for 40 hours before being brought to court, raising questions about the legality of his detention. She also alleged that Nur was tortured by law enforcers while in remand.[363][364]

On 27 July, Hasanatul Islam Faiaz, a 17-year-old, was presented in a lower court in Dhaka and placed on a seven-day remand.[365] He was the 16th of 17 individuals charged in connection with the killing of a police officer near Matuail Hospital during the protests.[366] The charges included murder, concealment of the body, and theft of the officer's motorcycle. Although the case file listed Faiaz's age as 19,[367] his birth certificate confirmed he was 17, born on 19 April 2007.[368] On July 28, the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate Court Judge Tahmina Haque canceled the remand order following an appeal, citing the incorrect age in the case file which violates UNCRC.[369]

Controversies

[edit]

Razakar remarks

[edit]
Students of the University of Rajshahi using the Razakar slogans on 14 July 2024 at 11:30 p.m. (BST)

On 14 July, during a press conference, Sheikh Hasina responded to a question about the anti-quota protests stating,

If the grandchildren of freedom fighters don't get quota benefits, will those then go to the grandchildren of the Razakars? That's my question to the countrymen.

Razakars were a Bengali paramilitary force during the Bangladesh Liberation War which collaborated with the Pakistani forces to halt the independence of Bangladesh. In modern-day Bangladesh, the term razakar is used as a pejorative, meaning "traitor" or "collaborator", similar to the usage of "Quisling" in the Western World.[370] Using the term razakar can be highly insulting in Bangladesh.[371]

In response to Sheikh Hasina's comment, in the early hours of 15 July, students began using new slogans out of anger such as "তুমি কে, আমি কে? রাজাকার, রাজাকার! কে বলেছে, কে বলেছে? স্বৈরাচার, স্বৈরাচার!" (lit.'Who are you? Who am I? A Razakar, a Razakar! Who has said it? Who has said it? The Autocrat, the Autocrat!'),[w][372][373] "এক, দুই, তিন, চার, আমরা হলাম রাজাকার" (lit. 'One, two, three, four, we are all Rajakars'),[374] and "চাইতে গেলাম অধিকার, হয়ে গেলাম রাজাকার!" (lit.'Sought for rights, got turned into a Razakar!')[x] protesters argued that the Prime Minister's statement indirectly labelled them as "Razakars" and demeaned them for advocating for quota reform,[374] which led them to adopt the slogan.[379]

The Bangladesh Chhatra League, the student wing of the ruling party Awami League, threatened that any protester using these slogans would face consequences, as they viewed these actions as something offensive to the spirit of the liberation war and freedom fighters. It also announced plans to take action if the usage of these slogans continued.[380][381] Social Welfare Minister Dipu Moni stated that the student protesters who call themselves "Razakars" should not have the right to hold the flag of Bangladesh.[382] In light of these events, Sheikh Hasina questioned the education of the protesters.[383]

Usage of UN-marked vehicles

[edit]

Bangladesh Armed Forces used United Nations marked vehicles including APCs during a curfew imposed by the government.[384][385] Spokesperson of the UN secretary general, Stéphane Dujarric expressed concern over reports of UN-marked vehicles being used during the protests and stated that such vehicles should only be used for official UN peacekeeping or political missions, adding that he had raised the issue to the Bangladeshi government.[386][387] As of 1 August 2024, the United Nations continues to engage with the Bangladesh Army for its peacekeeping missions, with Bangladesh contributing the third-largest number of troops globally, totaling 5,614 personnel. This engagement persists despite ongoing concerns and reports regarding the country's governance practices.[388] On 24 June, Foreign Minister Hasan Mahmud told reporters that some vehicles were "rented to the UN peace mission" and the authorities had forgotten to remove the logos.[389][390] It is speculated that Bangladesh and its military may face potential sanctions from the Western countries and scrutiny from the International Criminal Court for deploying UN-marked vehicles to target unarmed protesters.[391][392]

Indian involvement

[edit]

On September 1, 2024, Bonn-based bilingual magazine The Mirror Asia alleged in a report that, following a directive from the Hasina government on July 16 to use force against student protesters, 400 officers trained by Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) were deployed to Dhaka at the request of Sheikh Hasina and India's security advisor Ajit Doval. According to the report, these officers were involved in suppressing the movement using methods similar to those used in Kashmir and returned to Delhi on July 28. The magazine also alleged that R&AW, having been unaware of subsequent developments, was later affected by CIA tactics on August 5.[393][394][395]

On August 5, 2024, the day of Sheikh Hasina's resignation, several video clips surfaced online, showing a group of foreign armed personnel departing the country by air from Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport.[396][397] On September 25, Chief Prosecutor of the International Crimes Tribunal, Tajul Islam, announced that preliminary investigations indicated the involvement of non-Bengali speaking armed officials in the massacre of protesters. The victims have alleged that these individuals were Hindi speakers.[396][397]

Reactions

[edit]

Domestic

[edit]

Support

[edit]

Bangladesh's largest opposition party, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, denounced the Chhatra League attacks on the protesters.[398] The Left Democratic Alliance also denounced the suppressions saying, "the government is delivering provocative speeches instead of recognizing logical changes in the quota system."[399]

Thirty eminent citizens of the country condemned the loss of lives in violent clashes during the protests.[400] Non-governmental organization Transparency International Bangladesh also denounced the suppressions.[401]

In an interview published on 14 August, nine days after the resignation of Sheikh Hasina, her son and the former IT advisor Sajeeb Wazed expressed that the stand of the fifth Hasina ministry on the quota system was wrong and they should have supported the protesters from the first.[402]

Oppose

[edit]

Muhammad Zafar Iqbal, a renowned Bangladeshi litterateur and former professor at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, remarked that he would not like to visit Dhaka University again, claiming he would see the "Razakars" in the students.[403] This statement sparked immense outrage and controversy among the supporters and the participants in the quota reform movement. Many online bookshops, including Rokomari.com, announced they would no longer sell or promote his literary works, removing his books from their websites.[404] Similarly, students of the university declared him a persona non grata.[405]

International

[edit]
  •  United States: State Department spokesperson Matthew Miller condemned the attacks on protesters by the Chhatra League.[406] However, the spokesperson of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bangladesh, Saheli Sabrin, called Miller's remarks "unsubstantiated claims".[407] Congressman Andy Kim condemned the violence by the government against the student protestors.[408]
  •  United Kingdom: The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office stated its concerns about the violence following protests and urged both sides to "end the violence and find a peaceful way forward".[409]
  •  China: The Chinese Foreign Ministry stated on August 1 that the situation in Bangladesh has stabilized and social order has resumed, expressing satisfaction as a "close neighbor" following the recent protests and casualties.[410]
  •  India: Minister of External Affairs, Subrahmanyam Jaishankar said he was closely following the situation in Bangladesh.[411] In its official press briefing, the Ministry of External Affairs described the events as Bangladesh's 'internal matter' and expressed the Indian government's commitment to protect Indian citizens living in Bangladesh.[412]
  •  United Nations: Secretary General António Guterres expressed his concerns and urged the government to ensure a conducive environment for dialogue and encouraged protesters to engage in dialogue to resolve the deadlock.[413][414] His spokesperson, Stéphane Dujarric expressed concern over reports of UN-marked vehicles being used during the protests and stated that such vehicles should only be used for official UN peacekeeping or political missions, adding that he had raised the issue to the Bangladeshi government.[386][387] United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk urged the government to engage with student protesters and to stop the violence.[415] As of 1 August 2024, in spite of widespread proof of anti democratic, dictatorial and authoritarian practices, United Nations persists to engage with Bangladesh Military for it's peace keeping missions with the third most number of troops contributed in the world, 5614 personnel.
  •  Germany: A foreign ministry spokesperson emphasises that it is important that Bangladesh remain democratic amid the unrest in the country.[416]
  •  European Union: Ambassador to Bangladesh Charles Whiteley stated that he "wants to see a quick resolution of present situation" and urges the government for "avoidance of further violence and bloodshed".[417][418] EU Foreign Policy chief Josep Borrell condemned the "excessive use of force" against protesters and called for accountability and respect for human rights. He emphasized the need for an investigation into the deaths, arrests, and property damage.[419]

Organisations

[edit]

Human Rights Watch urged the Bangladeshi government to end the crisis, punish those committing serious crimes, and protect protesting students. They also called for increased scrutiny of Bangladeshi security forces by the UK and the EU.[420]

UNICEF expressed concerns over the death of 32 children in the protests. Sanjay Wijesekera, UNICEF Regional Director for South Asia, urged swift measures to ensure that children can return to school.[289]

The All India Students Association denounced the violence and expressed their solidarity with student protesters.[421] The Awami Ittehad Party also condemned the violence and urged safety for the Indian nationals residing there.[422]

Amnesty International condemned the attacks against protesters and called on the government "to immediately guarantee the safety of all peaceful protesters and proper treatment of all those injured".[y]

Ma Thida, Chair of PEN International's Writers in Prison Committee, condemned the violence and called on the Bangladesh government to protect journalists and ensure their freedom of expression.[425][426]

International Federation for Human Rights and Odhikar urged the government to investigate the law enforcement crackdown and hold officers accountable for unnecessary or disproportionate force. They also called for an immediate, independent investigation into attacks on protesters by BCL members.[427]

Célia Mercier, Head of Reporters Without Borders's South Asia Desk, demanded that those responsible for the violent attacks on journalists be identified and brought to justice immediately. She also called on authorities to guarantee the safety of journalists and the right to information.[428]

The digital civil rights NGO Access Now urged the government for unrestricted internet access and transparency during disruptions, with service providers giving prior notification and explanations to users.[429]

Outside Bangladesh

[edit]
Bangladeshis in Ancona, Italy protesting in support of the movement.

In India, the All India Democratic Students Organisation staged a protest in Kolkata in support of the Bangladeshi students.[z]

In Nepal, on July 20, the All Nepal National Free Students Union held a rally in solidarity with the quota reform movement in Bangladesh and to protest the killing of students.[433]

The Bangladeshi diaspora in Italy,[434] Canada,[435] France,[436] Qatar,[437] the United Arab Emirates, the Maldives, the United Kingdom and Malta[438] protested in solidarity with the protesters in Bangladesh.[439]

In the UAE, a demonstration by Bangladeshi labourers also opposed the suppression of protesters, however, several of them were charged with holding protests and violating the UAE's laws against public demonstrations.[440] Following a trial on 21 July, three defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment for "rioting", while 54 others received sentences ranging from 10 to 11 years and were ordered to be deported upon release.[441][442] Human Rights Watch condemned their arrest, citing the country's restrictive laws and labor conditions as violations of human rights.[443] A Bangladeshi lawyer, Wolora Afrin Rasna was hired by the country’s interim government to secure the release of those imprisoned. Md. Touhid Hossain stated that Muhammad Yunus vowed that he would personally approach senior Emirati authorities to seek the release of those detained, and would also contact the “concerned government”, if necessary.[444] The detainees were later pardoned by UAE president Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan on 3 September.[445]

In the Maldives, a group of Bangladeshi labourers staged a protest in Southern Huvadhoo Atoll in Thinadhoo on 19 July affirming support for the protests in Bangladesh. However, the Ministry of Homeland Security and Technology ordered their detention and deportation.[446] The Ministry's Spokesperson Fathimath Rifath said that expatriate workers in the Maldives are barred from political involvement in such an act, which amounted to a visa violation.[447]

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51]
  2. ^ [52][53][54][55][56][57]
  3. ^ [33][63][64][65]
  4. ^ [70][71][72][73]
  5. ^ [74][75][76][77]
  6. ^ [78][79][80][81][82]
  7. ^ [87][88][89]
  8. ^ [78][41][90][91]
  9. ^ [92][93][2]
  10. ^ [95][96][97][98]
  11. ^ [109][110][111][112]
  12. ^ including PrimeAsia University, United International University, BRAC University, University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Dania College, Dr. Mahbubur Rahman Mollah College, State University of Bangladesh, Enam Medical College and Hospital, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology, Daffodil International University, North South University, American International University Bangladesh, Independent University, Bangladesh, Eastern University, City University, East West University, Southeast University, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, BGMEA University of Fashion and Technology, Manarat International University, Dhaka International University and many others.[170][171][172][173]
  13. ^ [176][177][178]
  14. ^ [194][195][196]
  15. ^ [206] Subsequently, the protester students stormed the headquarters of the state-owned television network, Bangladesh Television, and committed an arson attack. The network halted its transmissions following the attack.[207][208][209][210]
  16. ^ [216][217][218]
  17. ^ [251][252][253]
  18. ^ [306][307][308][309]
  19. ^ [310][311][312]
  20. ^ [313][314][315]
  21. ^ [346][52][53][54][55] As of July 31, 2024, 86.84% of those detained in Dhaka were protester and non-protester without any political affiliation, whereas 13.15% of those were members of various opposition parties.[347] Police arrest people from protests and also from block raids at night after shutting down electricity and internet at targeted areas.[348] Police also arrest random passersby from the street especially targeting students, for Facebook posts and showing farewell hand gesture to helicopter.[349][350][348][351]
  22. ^ [358][359] The court denied him bail and ordered his detention following a 5-day remand. According to his wife, who spoke to the media, Nur was in good health before his arrest. Upon his release from remand on 26 July, he appeared to be in significant pain and unable to stand without assistance, suggesting he had been tortured and beaten.[360][361][362]
  23. ^ In some version, সরকার (lit.'Government') is used instead of স্বৈরাচার (lit.'Autocrat').
  24. ^ In some version, চেয়েছিলাম is used instead of চাইতে গেলাম but the meaning remains unchanged.[375][376][377][378]
  25. ^ [423][424][406]
  26. ^ [430][431][432]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Remittance boycott putting significant pressure on reserves". Dhaka Tribune. 30 July 2024.
  2. ^ a b c "Social media off-limits indefinitely". The Daily Star. 26 July 2024. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  3. ^ a b BBC News বাংলা (18 July 2024). রামপুরা রণক্ষেত্র, বিটিভি ভবনে আগুন, সবশেষ পরিস্থিতি।BBC Bangla (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024 – via YouTube.
  4. ^ "Sheikh Hasina: Who is Bangladesh's controversial prime minister?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 August 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  5. ^ "What We Know About the Ouster of Bangladesh's Leader". The New York Times. 5 August 2024. Archived from the original on 6 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  6. ^ "Witnessing the quota reform protests as a high school student". The Daily Star. 25 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  7. ^ "Lawyers stage 'March for Justice' at Dhaka lower courts". Dhaka Tribune. 31 July 2024.
  8. ^ "It's criminal offence against people: Lawyers". Prothom Alo. 30 July 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  9. ^ "BNP lends support to anti-quota, pension protests". The Daily Star. 6 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  10. ^ "BNP morally supports protests over pension scheme, quota system: Fakhrul". The Financial Express (Bangladesh). Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  11. ^ "Jamaat declared full support to student movement". Jugantor (Bangladesh) (in Bengali). Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  12. ^ "Reinstatement of quota system absurd and farcical move against meritorious students- Chhatrashibir". Shibir Official Website (Bangladesh). Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  13. ^ ""No to Military Rule" in Bangladesh!". 5 August 2024. Archived from the original on 6 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  14. ^ "Interview on student movement in Bangladesh". Yeni Demokrasi. 22 August 2024. Archived from the original on 24 August 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  15. ^ "Shahbagh metro station closed amid quota reform protests". Dhaka Tribune. 11 July 2024.
  16. ^ Hasnat, Saif; Das, Anupreeta (16 July 2024). "Bangladesh Deploys Border Force to Try to Quell Student Protests". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  17. ^ "Govt deploys BGB troops in 4 districts". Daily Sun. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  18. ^ "Bangladesh deploys army to face down massive job quota protests". Reuters. 20 July 2024.
  19. ^ "Bangladesh army enforces curfew as student-led protests spiral". NBC News. 20 July 2024. Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  20. ^ "কোটা সংস্কার আন্দোলনকারীদের রুখে দেওয়ার ঘোষণা যুবলীগের". Daily Kalbela (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  21. ^ "Pro-quota groups suspend program after 2-hour sit-in". Dhaka Tribune. 10 July 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  22. ^ "None to be spared for committing subversive acts: Home minister". Prothom Alo. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  23. ^ "Chātradēra matabirōdha halē'i bākabitaṇḍā haẏa, sē rakama'i kichu kichu jāẏagāẏa hacchē: Sbarāṣṭramantrī" ছাত্রদের মতবিরোধ হলেই বাকবিতণ্ডা হয়, সে রকমই কিছু কিছু জায়গায় হচ্ছে: স্বরাষ্ট্রমন্ত্রী [When students have disagreements, there are arguments, it is happening in some places: Home Minister]. The Daily Star Bangla (in Bengali). 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  24. ^ "Notification on reformed quota system issued following apex court verdict: Anisul". Prothom Alo. 24 July 2024. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  25. ^ "Arafat urges quota protestors not to prolong public suffering". The Daily Star. 10 July 2024.
  26. ^ "Farhad: Govt awaits court order to address quota issue". Dhaka Tribune. 11 July 2024.
  27. ^ "Palak issues final warning, blames Facebook for misinformation". The Business Post. 17 July 2024. Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  28. ^ "BCL ready to face those trying to politicise quota protests: Saddam". The Daily Star. 11 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  29. ^ "BCL unleashes fury on quota protesters". The Daily Star. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  30. ^ "The 2024 Bangladesh Quota Reform Protests: Government Crackdown Turns Deadly Massacre". The Prime Headline. 29 August 2024. Archived from the original on 29 August 2024. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  31. ^ "Student in Rangpur killed during protesters' clash with police". The Daily Star. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  32. ^ "21 bodies buried as unclaimed". Prothom Alo. 26 July 2024. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  33. ^ a b "Quota reform: 3 killed in Chittagong Chhatra League-protester clash". Dhaka Tribune. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  34. ^ "চট্টগ্রামে সংঘর্ষে তিনজন নিহত, দুজনের বুকে-পিঠে গুলির চিহ্ন". Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 14 August 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
  35. ^ "মাগুরায় সংঘর্ষে ছাত্রদল নেতাসহ নিহত ৪". Dhaka Post (in Bengali). 5 August 2024. Archived from the original on 14 August 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
  36. ^ a b "রক্তাক্ত জুলাই' মুক্তির মন্দির সোপানতলে..." shohid.info (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  37. ^ "350 injured as BCL attacks quota protesters". New Age (Bangladesh). 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024.
  38. ^ "Āhata 297 jana ḍhākā mēḍikēlē cikiṯsā nēna" আহত ২৯৭ জন ঢাকা মেডিকেলে চিকিৎসা নেন [297 injured people were treated at Dhaka Medical]. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 15 July 2024. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  39. ^ "Clash involving BCL, around 250 quota protesters injured". www.dailymessenger. 15 July 2024. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  40. ^ "Clash involving BCL, quota protesters leave around 250 injured". UNB. 15 July 2024. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  41. ^ a b "Bangladesh students clash in job quota protests, at least 100 injured". Reuters. 15 July 2024.
  42. ^ "At least 100 wounded as Bangladesh students protest government job quotas". Al Jazeera. 15 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  43. ^ "More than 400 injured in Bangladesh job quota rally clashes". Barron's. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  44. ^ "ফেনীতে শিক্ষার্থীদের বিক্ষোভে ছাত্রলীগের হামলা, পুলিশসহ আহত ২০". Jamuna TV (in Bengali). 17 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  45. ^ "মুন্সিগঞ্জে পুলিশের উপস্থিতিতে ছাত্রলীগের হামলা, আহত-৫". Jamuna TV (in Bengali). 17 July 2024. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  46. ^ "Several injured as violent clashes erupt at Barishal University". The Business Standard. 17 July 2024. Archived from the original on 1 September 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  47. ^ "Quota reform movement: 21 injured receive treatment at DMCH". Dhaka Tribune. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  48. ^ "ব্রাহ্মণবাড়িয়ায় শিক্ষার্থীদের সাথে ছাত্রলীগের সংঘর্ষ, ওসিসহ আহত ২০=". Jamuna TV (in Bengali). 17 July 2024. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  49. ^ "Quota movement: 70 injured as clash breaks out in JU". Dhaka Tribune. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  50. ^ "Violence erupts in Dhaka over quota protests; 50 injured". The Financial Express (Bangladesh). Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  51. ^ "Child among six shot during Shanir Akhra clash following police attack". BDNews24. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  52. ^ a b "Over 9,000 arrested in nationwide drives in 11 days". Prothom Alo. 28 July 2024. Archived from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
  53. ^ a b "Over 5,500 held in one week". The Daily Star. 27 July 2024. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
  54. ^ a b "Violence arrest total passes 2,500: AFP". The Financial Express. Archived from the original on 24 July 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  55. ^ a b "Over 9,000 arrested in nationwide drives in 11 days". Prothom Alo. 28 July 2024. Archived from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
  56. ^ Amreen, Rubama (25 July 2024). "11 more cases against unnamed protesters". Prothom Alo. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  57. ^ "Updates on Quota Reform Movement: Cases and Arrests". 26 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  58. ^ "আওয়ামী লীগের ১২ জন নিহত, আহত সহস্রাধিক". Bangladesh Pratidin (in Bengali). 27 July 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  59. ^ a b "সহিংসতায় ৩ পুলিশ ও ১ আনসার নিহত, আহত ১১১৭: স্বরাষ্ট্রমন্ত্রী". bdnews24 (in Bengali). 23 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  60. ^ "খুলনায় সংঘর্ষের মধ্যে পিটিয়ে পুলিশ সদস্যকে হত্যা". Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 2 August 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  61. ^ "বরিশালে আন্দোলনকারীদের সঙ্গে সংঘর্ষ, পুলিশের উপ-কমিশনার রক্তাক্ত". Banglanews24.com (in Bengali). 17 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  62. ^ "Army patrols streets as Bangladesh police fire on curfew violators". Dawn. 21 July 2024. Archived from the original on 21 July 2024. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  63. ^ "হবিগঞ্জে পুলিশ-আন্দোলনকারীদের সংঘর্ষে নিহত ১". Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 2 August 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  64. ^ "Police inquest attributes 2 deaths in Dhaka to anti-quota protesters". BD News24. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  65. ^ a b "One 'shot to death' during clashes at Shonir Akhra as quota reform protests rage on". THE BUSINESS STRANDARD. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  66. ^ a b c "Dozens of children killed in Bangladesh protests – Unicef". BBC. 2 August 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  67. ^ "4 journos killed, over 200 injured during quota reform protests". Dhaka Tribune. 30 July 2024.
  68. ^ সাংবাদিকদের ওপর হামলায় সম্পাদক পরিষদের উদ্বেগ. Samakal (in Bengali). 17 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  69. ^ "Quota movement: Editors' Council expresses deep concern over attacks on journos". Dhaka Tribune. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  70. ^ a b "Will consider talks if nine demands met". The Daily Star. 24 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  71. ^ Shih, Gerry (19 July 2024). "Bangladesh imposes curfew after dozens killed in anti-government protests". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  72. ^ "Drenched in blood - how Bangladesh protests turned deadly". www.bbc.com. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  73. ^ "Bangladesh wakes to TV, internet blackout as deadly protests spike". France 24. 19 July 2024. Archived from the original on 24 July 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  74. ^ "As Protests Erupt, a Rocky Start to Sheikh Hasina's Fourth Consecutive Term". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  75. ^ "বিডিটুডে.নেট:গণতন্ত্রের পক্ষে, স্বৈরাচারের বিরুদ্ধে লড়ছে বাংলাদেশ". A complete online magazine. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  76. ^ "Jamaat-Shibir banned". The Daily Star. 2 August 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  77. ^ "নতুন নির্বাচন দাবি ড. ইউনূসের গণতন্ত্রে রাষ্ট্রের মালিক জনগণ". মানবজমিন. Archived from the original on 1 September 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  78. ^ a b "A Faux Pas by Bangladesh's PM Has Morphed a Small Protest Into a Nationwide Movement". The Wire. Archived from the original on 22 July 2024. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  79. ^ Hasnat, Saif (11 July 2024). "Tens of Thousands of Students Protest Job Quotas in Bangladesh's Streets". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  80. ^ Hasan, Mubashar; Ruud, Arild Engelsen (15 July 2024). "Why is the Bangladesh Government Unable to Quell Ongoing Students Protests?". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  81. ^ "Bangladeshi protesters demand end to civil service job quotas". The Hindu. 8 July 2024. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  82. ^ "The Quota Reform Protest In Bangladesh Is Much More Than It Seems". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 21 July 2024. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  83. ^ Lu, Christina (7 August 2024). "What's Behind Bangladesh's Student Protests?". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  84. ^ "Is the system rigged against meritocracy?". The Daily Star. 10 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  85. ^ Ahmed, Redwan; Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (26 July 2024). "Bangladesh student protests turn into 'mass movement against a dictator'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  86. ^ Charlie Campbell (2 November 2023). "Sheikh Hasina and the Future of Democracy in Bangladesh". TIME. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  87. ^ "সিলেটে কোটা আন্দোলনকারীদের ওপর ছাত্রলীগের সশস্ত্র হামলা, আহত ১০". Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  88. ^ "চট্টগ্রামে শিক্ষার্থীদের ওপর গুলি চালানো দুজনের পরিচয় মিলেছে". RTV News (in Bengali). 17 July 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  89. ^ "শাবিপ্রবির ছাত্রলীগ নেতাদের রুম থেকে বিপুল পরিমাণ অস্ত্র উদ্ধার". Jago News 24 (in Bengali). 18 July 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  90. ^ "Student protests turn deadly in Bangladesh: what's fuelling the fury?". South China Morning Post. 18 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  91. ^ Regan, Helen (19 July 2024). "Bangladesh has erupted over jobs reserved for the children of 'freedom fighters.' Here's what you need to know". CNN. Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  92. ^ "Bangladesh to impose curfew, deploy army as protests widen, communications disrupted". Reuters. 19 July 2024.
  93. ^ Ramachandran, Naman (19 July 2024). "Bangladesh Internet in 'Total Shutdown' Amid Student Protests and Dozens of Deaths: 'Things Are Really Turning Bad'". Variety. Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  94. ^ "2 killed in mass processions, clashes across country". Prothom Alo. 3 August 2024. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  95. ^ "Nearly 3,000 arrested in Dhaka, 11,000 nationwide". The Business Standard (TBS). 31 July 2024. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  96. ^ "How Bangladesh student protests sparked broader crisis for Hasina government". Middle East Eye. 23 July 2014. Archived from the original on 24 July 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  97. ^ "Bangladesh student protests: Why is the government facing public anger?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  98. ^ ALAM, Shafiqul. "Bangladesh Arrest Total Passes 2,500: AFP Tally". Barrons. Archived from the original on 24 July 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  99. ^ "Bangladesh faces growing criticism for violent crackdown on students". Voice of America. 31 July 2024. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  100. ^ "At least 32 children killed in Bangladesh violence". UNICEF. 2 August 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  101. ^ "Bangladesh: Dozens of children killed in protests - Unicef". www.bbc.com. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  102. ^ "6,703 injured received treatment in 31 Dhaka hospitals". Prothom Alo. 29 July 2024. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  103. ^ "21 bodies buried as unclaimed". Prothom Alo. 25 July 2024. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  104. ^ "21 unclaimed bodies buried, all found bullet-ridden". The Daily Observer. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  105. ^ Campbell, Charlie (25 July 2024). "How Mass Protests Challenge Bangladesh's Past—and Threaten to Rewrite Its Future". TIME. Archived from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  106. ^ "Is This the Beginning of the End of Sheikh Hasina's Rule?". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  107. ^ Alam, Shahidul. "In Bangladesh, protests are no longer about the quota system". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  108. ^ "Thousands protest in Bangladesh demanding PM Hasina's resignation". Reuters. 2 August 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  109. ^ "Bangladesh student protests become 'people's uprising' after brutal crackdown". South China Morning Post. 2 August 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  110. ^ "One demand now". The Daily Star. 4 August 2024. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  111. ^ "Anti-Discrimination Student Movement announces one-point demand". unb.com.bd. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  112. ^ "Students renew Bangladesh protests, call for PM Hasina's resignation". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  113. ^ "Universities outside Dhaka also heat up with quota movement". Daily Sun. 15 July 2024. Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  114. ^ "Private university students join Quota Reform Movement protests". The Daily Star. 15 July 2024. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  115. ^ "Kōṭā āndōlana: Muktiyōd'dhā kōṭā bahāla karē hā'ikōrṭēra rāẏē sthitābasthā āpila bibhāgēra" কোটা আন্দোলন: মুক্তিযোদ্ধা কোটা বহাল করে হাইকোর্টের রায়ে স্থিতাবস্থা আপিল বিভাগের [Quota Movement: Muktijoddha upheld the status quo Appellate Division in the judgment of the High Court]. BBC News বাংলা (in Bengali). 10 July 2024. Archived from the original on 11 July 2024. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
  116. ^ Alam, Julhas (16 July 2024). "Violent clashes over government jobs quota system leave scores injured in Bangladesh". AP News. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  117. ^ "Teachers' protest over pension scheme: No classes, exams at DU for third straight day". The Daily Star. 3 July 2024. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  118. ^ "Deadly unrest over job quotas grips Bangladesh". BBC. No. 17 July 2024. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  119. ^ "Quotas in govt jobs: Protesters won't back down despite SC status quo". The Daily Star. 11 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  120. ^ "100 Injured as Bangladesh Students Clash in Job Quota Protests". Archived from the original on 22 July 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  121. ^ "BCL, quota protesters clash". 15 July 2024. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  122. ^ "100 injured as Bangladesh student groups clash over job quotas". CNA. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  123. ^ "Quota reform: RU Chhatra League leaders room vandalized, 20 motorcycles torched". Dhaka Tribune. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  124. ^ "Students announce 'ban' on politics in 11 DU halls". The Business Standard. 17 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  125. ^ "BCL leaders beaten up, forced out of most DU halls overnight". The Daily Star. 17 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  126. ^ "15 Chhatra League activists allegedly thrown from six-storey building". Dhaka Tribune.
  127. ^ "6 killed as violence spreads". The Daily Star. 17 July 2024. Archived from the original on 23 July 2024. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  128. ^ "Bangladesh: Students protest jobs reserved for war heroes' children". www.bbc.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2024. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
  129. ^ "Blockade to continue tomorrow as students left Shahbagh after 8hrs". Prothomalo. 10 July 2024. Archived from the original on 14 July 2024. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
  130. ^ "Two varying sets of demands from quota protesters". The Daily Star. 21 July 2024. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  131. ^ "In Bangladesh, protests are no longer about the quota system". Aljazeera. 23 July 2024. Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  132. ^ "Bangladesh continues curfew amid mass arrests of protesters". Anadolu Agency. 26 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  133. ^ "What's behind Bangladesh's violent quota protests?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  134. ^ "কোটা পুনর্বহালের প্রতিবাদে ৬ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে বিক্ষোভ". thedailycampus.com. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  135. ^ "Anti-quota students enforce 'Bangla Blockade', announce one-point demand". 7 July 2024. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  136. ^ "Third day of Bangla Blockade: Students rally at Shahbagh for quota reform". Dhaka Tribune. 10 July 2024.
  137. ^ a b "কোটা সংস্কার আন্দোলনে বুধবার সারাদিন যা হয়েছে". BBC News বাংলা (in Bengali). 10 July 2024. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
  138. ^ "কুমিল্লায় কোটা আন্দোলনকারীদের ওপর পুলিশের হামলা, দুই সাংবাদিক আহত" [Police attacks quota protesters in Cumilla, two journalist injured]. Bangla Tribune (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  139. ^ "Quota protesters lift Shahbagh blockade after four hours". The Financial Express. 7 July 2024. Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  140. ^ "Quota reform: Students again block Shahbagh intersection". Dhaka Tribune. 12 July 2024. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  141. ^ "কোটা আন্দোলনের ভিডিও করায় শিক্ষার্থীকে তুলে নিয়ে বেধড়ক পিটুনি". banglanews24.com (in Bengali). 12 July 2024. Archived from the original on 14 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  142. ^ "রাজশাহীতে ছুটির দিনেও রেলপথ অবরোধ করে বিক্ষোভ করেছে শিক্ষার্থীরা". Pratham Alo (in Bengali). 13 July 2024. Archived from the original on 14 July 2024. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
  143. ^ "'মামলা দিয়ে শিক্ষার্থীদের আন্দোলনে বাধা দেওয়ার চেষ্টা'". Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 13 July 2024. Archived from the original on 14 July 2024. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
  144. ^ প্রতিবেদক (14 July 2024). "রাষ্ট্রপতিকে দেওয়া স্মারকলিপিতে যা বলেছেন আন্দোলনকারীরা". Prothomalo (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 14 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  145. ^ "ফেসবুকে পদত্যাগের পোস্ট দিয়ে মুছে ফেললেন ছাত্রলীগ নেতা শ্রাবন". Somoy Tv (in Bengali). 15 July 2024. Archived from the original on 14 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  146. ^ প্রতিবেদক, নিজস্ব (15 July 2024). "ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় ক্যাম্পাসে মোবাইলে ইন্টারনেট সেবা বন্ধ". Prothomalo (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  147. ^ প্রতিনিধি (15 July 2024). "চট্টগ্রাম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে রাতে কোটা সংস্কার আন্দোলনকারীদের বিক্ষোভে হামলা". Prothomalo (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 14 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  148. ^ "'BCL attacks' hurt 13 CU students". Prothom Alo. 15 July 2024. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  149. ^ "Six killed as clashes erupt all over". 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  150. ^ "Chhatra League men allegedly attack quota reform protesters in Jessore". Dhaka Tribune. 15 July 2024.
  151. ^ a b "Quota protesters announce new programmes for tomorrow as over 320 injured across country in alleged BCL attacks". The Business Standard. 15 July 2024. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  152. ^ "Quota reform movement: Clash breaks out at DU Shahidullah Hall". Prothom Alo. 15 July 2024. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  153. ^ "BCL activists lock into clash with quota protesters at DU". www.banglanews24.com. 15 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  154. ^ "Two journos injured in 'BCL attack' at DU". The Business Standard. 15 July 2024. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  155. ^ "BCL unleashes fury on quota protesters". The Daily Star. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  156. ^ "Chhatra League activists storm DMCH premises in search of protesters". daily-sun. July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  157. ^ Saad, Muntakim; Hossain, Sajjad (16 July 2024). "Panic at DMCH emergency as 'BCL men' swoop on demonstrators". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  158. ^ "DU clash: Injured quota reform protesters attacked again at DMCH". Dhaka Tribune. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  159. ^ "6 RU students injured in 'attack' by BCL activists". The Business Standard. 15 July 2024. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  160. ^ "কুবিতে বৈষম্য বিরোধী আন্দোলনের সমন্বয়কে মারধরের প্রতিবাদে মানববন্ধন". www.dainikamadershomoy.com (in Bengali). 16 July 2024.
  161. ^ "Quota reform protesters announce fresh program". Dhaka Tribune. 15 July 2024. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  162. ^ "Midnight chaos as BCL attacks sit-in at JU". The Daily Star. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  163. ^ "Dozens of quota reform protesters injured in night of violence at JU". Dhaka Tribune. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  164. ^ "'BCL attacks' JU students with firearms at midnight; students take shelter at VC residence". The Business Standard. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  165. ^ "Police blame quota reform activists for causing mayhem at JU". The Business Standard. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  166. ^ প্রতিবেদক, নিজস্ব (17 July 2024). "রংপুরে যেভাবে গুলিবিদ্ধ হলেন আন্দোলনকারী আবু সাঈদ". Prothomalo (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  167. ^ প্রতিনিধি, বিশেষ (17 July 2024). "'স্যার! এই মুহূর্তে আপনাকে ভীষণ দরকার, স্যার!'". Prothomalo (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  168. ^ "Attack reported inside Farmgate metro rail station". Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  169. ^ "Farmgate Metro Station: Clash between protesters, BCL reported; authorities deny". The Daily Star. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  170. ^ "রাজধানীর বিভিন্ন সড়ক অবরোধ করে শিক্ষার্থীদের বিক্ষোভ". Channel 24 (Bangladeshi TV channel). 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  171. ^ "Students protesting on the streets of the capital, clashes in Badda". Independent Television (Bangladesh). 16 July 2024.
  172. ^ "এবার রাস্তায় নামলো বেসরকারি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের শিক্ষার্থীরা". Somoy TV (in Bengali). 16 July 2024.
  173. ^ "মিরপুরে বিইউবিটি ও বাংলা কলেজ শিক্ষার্থীদের সড়ক অবরোধ". jagonews24.com (in Bengali). 10 January 2014. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  174. ^ ATN News (18 September 2024). গুম ও রিমান্ডের ভয়াবহ নির্যাতনের বর্ণনা দিলেন আসিফ মাহতাব | Asif Mahtab | DB Office | Torture Cell. Retrieved 18 September 2024 – via YouTube.
  175. ^ Kalbela News (16 July 2024). কোটা সংস্কার আন্দোলনে রাস্তায় শিক্ষক আসিফ মাহতাব | Asif Mahtab | Quota Movement | Kalbela. Retrieved 18 September 2024 – via YouTube.
  176. ^ "Quota protests: Private university students block major roads in Dhaka". unb.com.bd. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  177. ^ "Private university students join quota reform movement". Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  178. ^ "Private univ students block roads in Dhaka seeking quota reform". dainikshiksha.com. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  179. ^ "Students block railway line in Dhaka". Prothom Alo. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  180. ^ "Quota protest: IIUC students block Ctg-Dhaka highway, railway". The Daily Star. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  181. ^ "Students block several points on Dhaka-Barishal Highway". Daily Sun. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  182. ^ "Quota reform movement: Students block Rajshahi-Dhaka highway". United News of Bangladesh. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  183. ^ "Quota reform protesters block Dhaka-Tangail highway, disrupting traffic". Dhaka Tribune. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  184. ^ "Secondary schools, colleges closed indefinitely". The Daily Star. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  185. ^ প্রতিবেদক, বিশেষ (16 July 2024). "সারা দেশে সব স্কুল–কলেজে ক্লাস বন্ধ ঘোষণা". Prothomalo (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  186. ^ "Thursday's HSC, equivalent exams postponed". The Financial Express. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  187. ^ "All public, private universities closed indefinitely". The Business Standard. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  188. ^ রিপোর্ট, স্টার অনলাইন (16 July 2024). "সারা দেশে সব বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় বন্ধ ঘোষণা, হল ছাড়ার নির্দেশনা". The Daily Star Bangla (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  189. ^ "Bangladesh shuts universities, colleges indefinitely after protests turn deadly". Hindustan Times. 17 July 2024. Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  190. ^ "UGC: All public, private universities closed indefinitely". Dhaka Tribune. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  191. ^ "Quota Reform Movement: 6 Dead in Clashes, Symbolic Funeral to Be Held Tomorrow". Bangla Blockade. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  192. ^ "BNP-like-minded parties chased each other with police, threw bricks". The Daily Ittefaq. 17 July 2024.
  193. ^ "Quota Reform Movement: PM to address nation Wednesday evening". daily-sun. July 2024. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  194. ^ "Quota reform: Won't accept order to vacate DU halls, says coordinator Sarjis". Prothomalo. 17 July 2024. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  195. ^ "Police greenlighted to clear university halls, no leniency will be given: DB chief Harunor". Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  196. ^ "Nationwide "Complete Shutdown" Announced by Anti-Discrimination Student Movement". 17 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  197. ^ প্রতিবেদক, নিজস্ব (17 July 2024). "শনির আখড়ায় শিক্ষার্থীদের সঙ্গে পুলিশের সংঘর্ষ, গুলিতে আহত ৬". Prothomalo (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  198. ^ "PM Hasina to address the nation". 17 July 2024. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  199. ^ "PM vows judicial probe of quota protest deaths". www.thereport.live. 17 July 2024. Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  200. ^ "Univ teachers continue demos protesting at killings, arrests of students". New Age. Bangladesh. 30 July 2024. Archived from the original on 31 July 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  201. ^ "Police clash with BRAC University students". The Business Standard. 18 July 2024. Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  202. ^ "Police clash with BRAC University students, lob tear gas shells at campus". The Daily Star. 18 July 2024. Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  203. ^ "10 injured as police fire rubber bullets at BRAC University". The Daily Observer. Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  204. ^ a b "Mirpur-10 Fire Causes Metro Rail Shutdown: Fire incident near Mirpur-10 station disrupts metro rail service". The Daily Star. 18 July 2024. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  205. ^ "Bangladesh police have killed about More 30 Students". NAIS.com. 18 July 2024. Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  206. ^ প্রতিবেদক, নিজস্ব. "আন্দোলনকারীদের সঙ্গে কোটা সংস্কারের ব্যাপারে নীতিগতভাবে আমরা একমত: আইনমন্ত্রী". Prothomalo (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  207. ^ Drury, Flora; Ethirajan, Anbarasan (18 July 2024). "Bangladesh issues high security alert as deadly protests escalate". BBC. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  208. ^ "State TV set ablaze, death toll rises as student protests roil Bangladesh". France 24. 18 July 2024. Archived from the original on 19 July 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  209. ^ Bhattacherjee, Kallol (18 July 2024). "Bangladesh TV goes off air as anti-quota protesters set fire to TV station; mobile internet blocked". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  210. ^ বিটিভি ভবনে হামলা, ভাঙচুর–অগ্নিসংযোগ, সম্প্রচার বন্ধ. Prothom Alo. 18 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  211. ^ "বাংলাদেশ ব্যাংকের ওয়েবসাইট হ্যাকড". Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 19 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  212. ^ "BCL website hacked, ministry websites inaccessible". Daily Sun. 18 July 2024. Archived from the original on 21 July 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  213. ^ "Widespread telecoms disruptions in Bangladesh as student protests spike". Reuters. 19 July 2024.
  214. ^ a b "Metro rail faces 500C damage as no clear timeline for restart". Dhaka Tribune. 25 July 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  215. ^ "Bangladesh snaps internet services as anti-quota protests turn violent killing 39". Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  216. ^ সংবাদদাতা (26 July 2024). "শাহজালাল বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের প্রধান ফটককে 'শহীদ রুদ্র তোরণ' নাম দিলেন আন্দোলনকারীরা". Prothomalo (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  217. ^ "Grief, silence descend on Rudra's home, his parents are struck dumb". bdnews24.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  218. ^ সংবাদদাতা, নিজস্ব; সিলেট (26 July 2024). "শাবিপ্রবির প্রধান ফটককে 'শহীদ রুদ্র তোরণ' ঘোষণা শিক্ষার্থীদের". The Daily Star Bangla. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  219. ^ "রাজধানীতে সব ধরনের সভা-সমাবেশ ও মিছিল নিষিদ্ধ করেছে ডিএমপি". Daily Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 19 July 2024. Archived from the original on 24 July 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  220. ^ "পরবর্তী নির্দেশ না দেওয়া পর্যন্ত সারা দেশে ট্রেন চলাচল বন্ধ". Daily Prothom Alo. 19 July 2024. Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  221. ^ "দেশজুড়ে বন্ধ ইন্টারনেট পরিষেবা, অগ্নিগর্ভ বাংলাদেশে বাড়ছে হতাহতের সংখ্যা, বাড়ছে উদ্বেগ". aajkaal.in. Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  222. ^ Cloudflare Radar [@CloudflareRadar] (19 July 2024). "Bangladesh is experiencing a near complete #Internet outage after a government-ordered shutdown of mobile networks. Traffic and announced address space dropped to near-zero around 15:00 UTC (21:00 local)" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  223. ^ "মুখে কালো কাপড় বেঁধে রাজশাহী প্রযুক্তি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের শিক্ষকদের প্রতিবাদ". Daily Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 19 July 2024. Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  224. ^ "ভৈরবে থানা ঘেরাও করলেন আন্দোলনকারীরা, গুলি, আহত শতাধিক". Daily Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 19 July 2024. Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  225. ^ "রাজধানীর উত্তরা, মোহাম্মদপুর, বাড্ডাসহ বিভিন্ন এলাকায় আন্দোলনকারীদের সঙ্গে পুলিশের সংঘর্ষ". Prothomalo (in Bengali). 19 July 2024. Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  226. ^ "Bangladesh police arrest senior opposition leader, ban rallies in Dhaka amid deadly unrest". France 24. 19 July 2024. Archived from the original on 22 July 2024. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  227. ^ "দেশে কারফিউ সেনা মোতায়েন প্রধানমন্ত্রীর স্পেন সফর বাতিল". dw.com (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  228. ^ Mahmud, Faisal; Khaliq, Riyaz ul (19 July 2024). "Curfew imposed, military deployed as death toll in student protests climbs to 75 in Bangladesh". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  229. ^ "কোটা আন্দোলনে ঢাকাসহ সারাদেশে ব্যাপক সংঘর্ষ, কারফিউ জারি - BBC News বাংলা" (in Bengali). 20 July 2024. Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  230. ^ মোস্তফা, মোহাম্মদ (13 July 2024). "যৌক্তিক আন্দোলনকে প্রশ্নবিদ্ধ করে কথা বললে তা হতাশ করে" [Questioning a Rational Movement is Frustrating]. Prothomalo (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 14 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  231. ^ "অভিযোগ নাহিদ ইসলামের 'চোখ বেঁধে তুলে নিয়ে নির্যাতন'". Daily Inqilab (in Bengali). 22 July 2024. Archived from the original on 22 July 2024. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  232. ^ "'চোখ বেঁধে তুলে নিয়ে নির্যাতনের' অভিযোগ কোটা সংস্কার আন্দোলনের নাহিদ ইসলামের". BBC (in Bengali). 22 July 2024. Archived from the original on 22 July 2024. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  233. ^ "Bangladesh Quota Row: Students Pause Protest For 48-Hour, Demand Govt To Lift Curfew". The Times of India. 22 July 2024. Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  234. ^ "Bangladesh Student Leader Extends Protest Suspension For 48 More Hours". Barron's. 23 July 2024. Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  235. ^ "Bangladesh authorities detain student protest leaders in hospital". Al Jazeera. 27 July 2024. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  236. ^ "Now quota protest coordinators Sarjis, Hasnat taken into DB custody 'for security reasons'". The Business Standard. 27 July 2024. Archived from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
  237. ^ "Bangladesh student group vows to resume protests if demands not met". Agence France-Presse. The Hindu. 28 July 2024. Archived from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
  238. ^ "Bangladesh relaxes curfew as unrest recedes". Hindustan Times. Agence France-Presse. 25 July 2024. Archived from the original on 31 July 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  239. ^ "Broadband internet is back in Bangladesh after quota protest disruption for 5 days". Bdnews24.com. 23 July 2024. Archived from the original on 23 July 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  240. ^ Paul, Ruma (24 July 2024). "Bangladesh factories, banks reopen as curfew is eased after protests taper off". Reuters. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  241. ^ Alam, Julhas (24 July 2024). "Bangladesh crawls back to normalcy after violent clashes that killed nearly 200 people". The Associated Press. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  242. ^ "Mobile internet restored, decision on social media July 31". The Daily Observer. 28 July 2024. Archived from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
  243. ^ "DB custody: 6 coordinators announce withdrawal of programme". Prothom Alo. 29 July 2024. Archived from the original on 29 July 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  244. ^ a b "Detention of 6 protest organisers: RU students demonstrate on Dhaka-Rajshahi highway". The Daily Star. 29 July 2024. Archived from the original on 29 July 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  245. ^ a b "Bangladesh students vow to resume protests unless leaders freed". Voice of America. 28 July 2024. Archived from the original on 29 July 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  246. ^ "Protesters attempt to gather at 6 locations in Dhaka". Bdnews24.com. 29 July 2024. Archived from the original on 29 July 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  247. ^ "Bangladesh protests resume after ultimatum ignored". CNA. 29 July 2024. Archived from the original on 29 July 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  248. ^ "2,822 arrested in Dhaka over violence centring quota protests". Jamuna Television. 29 July 2024. Archived from the original on 29 July 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  249. ^ University Teachers Network call for end to 'student harassment,' release of detained students [Online]. UNB. July 29, 2024. Retrieved August 2, 2024, from https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/university-teachers-network-call-for-end-to-student-harassment-release-of-detained-students/139931 Archived 2 August 2024 at the Wayback Machine
  250. ^ "Mourning Day today". The Financial Express. 30 July 2024. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  251. ^ "'Red' profiles flood Facebook". Jago News 24. 30 July 2024. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  252. ^ "Why red profile pictures on Facebook on mourning day?". Somoy TV. 30 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  253. ^ "Protest deaths: Facebook covered in Red". RTV. 30 July 2024. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  254. ^ রিপোর্ট, স্টার অনলাইন (30 July 2024). "৬ সমন্বয়কের নিঃশর্ত মুক্তির দাবিতে ২৪ ঘণ্টার আল্টিমেটাম". The Daily Star Bangla. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  255. ^ রিপোর্ট, স্টার অনলাইন (30 July 2024). "হত্যা-গণপ্রেপ্তারের প্রতিবাদে বুধবার 'মার্চ ফর জাস্টিস'". The Daily Star Bangla. Archived from the original on 31 July 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  256. ^ প্রতিবেদক, নিজস্ব (31 July 2024). "বৈষম্যবিরোধী ছাত্র আন্দোলনের 'মার্চ ফর জাস্টিস' কর্মসূচি বুধবার". Prothomalo (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 31 July 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  257. ^ সংবাদদাতা, নিজস্ব; সিলেট (31 July 2024). "শাবিপ্রবির প্রধান ফটকে বিক্ষোভকারীরা". The Daily Star Bangla. Archived from the original on 31 July 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  258. ^ প্রতিবেদক, নিজস্ব; চট্টগ্রাম (31 July 2024). "চট্টগ্রামে পুলিশের বাধা উপেক্ষা করে আদালত চত্বরে বিক্ষোভকারীরা". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 31 July 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  259. ^ "চট্টগ্রামে 'মার্চ ফর জাস্টিস' কর্মসূচিতে যোগ দিলেন আইনজীবীরাও". Banglanews24.com (in Bengali). 31 July 2024. Archived from the original on 31 July 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  260. ^ প্রতিবেদক, নিজস্ব (31 July 2024). "চট্টগ্রামে সাড়ে চার ঘণ্টা পর আদালত প্রাঙ্গণ ছাড়লেন শিক্ষার্থীরা". Prothom Alo (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  261. ^ রিপোর্ট, স্টার অনলাইন (31 July 2024). "হাইকোর্টে যেতে পুলিশি বাধা, দোয়েল চত্বরের সামনে শিক্ষার্থী ও ঢাবি শিক্ষকদের অবস্থান". The Daily Star Bangla. Archived from the original on 31 July 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  262. ^ প্রতিবেদক, নিজস্ব (31 July 2024). "দোয়েল চত্বর ও হাইকোর্টের সামনে শিক্ষার্থীদের প্রায় ৩ ঘণ্টা অবস্থান". Prothomalo (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 31 July 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  263. ^ সংবাদদাতা, নিজস্ব; রাবি (29 July 2024). "ঢাকা-রাজশাহী মহাসড়ক অবরোধ করে রাবি শিক্ষার্থীদের বিক্ষোভ". The Daily Star Bangla. Archived from the original on 31 July 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  264. ^ প্রতিনিধি (1 August 2024). "রাজশাহী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের ৫ শিক্ষার্থী আটক, ছাড়িয়ে নিতে থানায় শিক্ষকেরা". Prothomalo (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 31 July 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  265. ^ প্রতিবেদক, নিজস্ব (31 July 2024). "ফেসবুক–হোয়াটসঅ্যাপ চালু". Prothom Alo (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  266. ^ "আজ 'রিমেম্বারিং দ্য হিরোস' কর্মসূচি পালন করবে আন্দোলনকারীরা". Bangla Tribune (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  267. ^ সংবাদদাতা, নিজস্ব; ঢাবি (31 July 2024). "আগামীকালের কর্মসূচি 'রিমেম্বারিং আওয়ার হিরোজ'". The Daily Star Bangla. Archived from the original on 6 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  268. ^ সংবাদদাতা, নিজস্ব; সাভার (1 August 2024). "'ছাত্রকে বাঁচাতে গিয়ে শিক্ষকদের ধাক্কা দিয়ে ফেলে দেওয়া হয়েছে, আমরা তীব্র নিন্দা জানাই'". The Daily Star Bangla. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  269. ^ রিপোর্ট, স্টার অনলাইন (1 August 2024). "৬ সমন্বয়কের মুক্তি: আলটিমেটাম শেষে ডিবি কার্যালয়ে যাচ্ছেন বিশিষ্ট নাগরিকরা". The Daily Star Bangla. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  270. ^ "Bangladesh bans Jamaat-e-Islami party following violent protests that left more than 200 dead". Associated Press. 1 August 2024. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  271. ^ "Bangladesh bans Jamaat-e-Islami and its student wing Islami Chhatra Shibir under anti-terrorism law". The Hindu. 1 August 2024. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  272. ^ "ঢাকায় গ্রেফতার তিন হাজার ছাড়ালো". Jamuna TV (in Bengali). 1 August 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  273. ^ "Bangladesh police release student leaders after unrest". The Hindu. 1 August 2024. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  274. ^ "ডিবি থেকে ফিরে আন্দোলন চালিয়ে যাওয়ার ঘোষণা". Bangla Tribune (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  275. ^ "ডিবি থেকে ছাড়া পেয়েই আন্দোলন চালিয়ে যাওয়ার ঘোষণা সমন্বয়কদের". দৈনিক ইনকিলাব (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  276. ^ সংবাদদাতা, নিজস্ব; নারায়ণগঞ্জ (1 August 2024). "নিহতদের স্মরণে শিক্ষার্থীদের মোমশিখা প্রজ্বালন কর্মসূচিতে পুলিশের বাধা, লাঠিপেটা". The Daily Star Bangla. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  277. ^ "Student leader release fails to quell Bangladesh protests". CNA. 2 August 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  278. ^ "Tens of thousands demand resignation of Bangladeshi Premier Hasina". Anadolu Agency. 2 August 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  279. ^ "Thousands join protest march in Dhaka, demand govt's resignation". Prothom Alo. 2 August 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  280. ^ "উত্তরায় শিক্ষার্থীদের মিছিলে বাধা, সংঘর্ষ, রাবার বুলেট". Prothom Alo. 2 August 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  281. ^ a b "খুলনায় ব্যাপক সংঘর্ষ, পুলিশ সদস্য নিহত". Prothom Alo. 2 August 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  282. ^ "সিলেটে 'গণমিছিলে' পুলিশের সাউন্ড গ্রেনেড ও শটগানের গুলি, সংঘর্ষে আহত অন্তত ২০". Prothom Alo. 2 August 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  283. ^ a b "হবিগঞ্জে পুলিশ-বিক্ষোভকারীদের সংঘর্ষের মধ্যে পড়ে একজন নিহত". Prothom Alo. 2 August 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  284. ^ "Facebook shut down again on mobile network, Telegram too". Prothom Alo. 2 August 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  285. ^ "মোবাইল ইন্টারনেটে ৫ ঘণ্টা পর ফেসবুক-মেসেঞ্জার আবার চালু". Prothom Alo. 2 August 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  286. ^ "ছয় সমন্বয়কের বিবৃতি: জোর করে বসিয়ে ভিডিও করা হয়, মিথ্যা স্টেটমেন্ট দেওয়ানো হয়". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). 2 August 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  287. ^ "সারা দেশে ৭৮ এইচএসসি পরীক্ষার্থীর জামিন". Bangla Tribune (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  288. ^ "কোটা আন্দোলন: ৭৮ এইচএসসি পরীক্ষার্থীর জামিন". banglanews24.com (in Bengali). 2 August 2024. Archived from the original on 6 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  289. ^ a b c "At least 32 children killed in Bangladesh violence". UNICEF. 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  290. ^ "কোটা আন্দোলন: আহত আরও একজনের মৃত্যু". Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 3 August 2024. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  291. ^ "সরকারের সাথেই কোন প্রকার সংলাপে বসতে আমরা রাজি নই: আসিফ মাহমুদ". BBC Bangla (in Bengali). 3 August 2024. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  292. ^ "প্রধানমন্ত্রীর পদত্যাগ চেয়ে রাজশাহীতে মিছিল". BBC Bangla (in Bengali). 3 August 2024. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  293. ^ "স্লোগানে উত্তাল কেন্দ্রীয় শহীদ মিনার এলাকা". Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 3 August 2024. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  294. ^ "শহীদ মিনার থেকে এক দফা দাবি". The Daily Star (in Bengali). 3 August 2024. Archived from the original on 7 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  295. ^ "শহীদ মিনার থেকে এক দফা ঘোষণা শিক্ষার্থীদের". banglanews24.com (in Bengali). 3 August 2024. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  296. ^ "সমন্বয়ক আরিফ সোহেলের জামিন". BBC Bangla (in Bengali). 3 August 2024. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  297. ^ প্রতিবেদক, নিজস্ব (4 August 2024). "চট্টগ্রামে শিক্ষামন্ত্রীর বাসায় হামলা, সংসদ সদস্যের কার্যালয়ে আগুন". Prothomalo (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  298. ^ সংবাদদাতা, নিজস্ব; গাজীপুর (3 August 2024). "শ্রীপুরে পুলিশ-বিক্ষোভকারী সংঘর্ষে নিহত ১". The Daily Star Bangla. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  299. ^ প্রতিবেদক, নিজস্ব (3 August 2024). "রংপুরে আবু সাঈদের মৃত্যুর ঘটনায় এএসআইসহ ২ পুলিশ সাময়িক বরখাস্ত". Prothomalo (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  300. ^ প্রতিবেদক, নিজস্ব (3 August 2024). "সিলেটে থেমে থেমে সংঘর্ষ চলছে, আহত শতাধিক". Prothomalo (in Bengali). Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  301. ^ "কোটা আন্দোলন: লোকারণ্য শহীদ মিনার থেকে সরকারের পদত্যাগের এক দফা ঘোষণা". BBC News বাংলা (in Bengali). 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  302. ^ "কুমিল্লায় ১০ শিক্ষার্থী গুলিবিদ্ধ, একজনের অবস্থা গুরুতর". Bangla Tribune (in Bengali). Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  303. ^ প্রতিবেদক, নিজস্ব (3 August 2024). "বগুড়ায় বিক্ষোভকারীদের সঙ্গে পুলিশের দফায় দফায় সংঘর্ষ, গুলিবিদ্ধ ৬, আহত অর্ধশত". Prothomalo (in Bengali). Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  304. ^ "বগুড়ায় আন্দোলনকারী-পুলিশ সংঘর্ষ, ধাওয়া পাল্টা ধাওয়া". Bangla Tribune (in Bengali). Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  305. ^ "Bangladesh imposes 'shoot-on-sight' order amid deadly protests — Understanding the quota system at the root of conflict". Livemint. 20 July 2024.
  306. ^ Das, Anupreeta; Hasnat, Saif (21 July 2024). "Bangladesh Scales Back Policy on Public-Sector Hiring That Sparked Unrest". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  307. ^ "Bangladesh's top court scales back government jobs quota after deadly unrest that has killed scores". Washington Post. 21 July 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  308. ^ "Bangladesh's top court rolls back some job quotas after deadly protests". 21 July 2024.
  309. ^ "Bangladesh's top court scales back 'discriminatory' job quota system after deadly protests". 21 July 2024.
  310. ^ "Govt issues circular cutting all job quotas to 7 per cent".
  311. ^ "Govt issues notification on reformed quota system in public service". BSS. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  312. ^ "Quota in govt jobs: New system applicable for all grades". The Daily Star. 24 July 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  313. ^ "Govt issues notification on reformed quota system in public service". July 2024.
  314. ^ "Law Minister: Notification on reformed quota system issued following apex court verdict". Dhaka Tribune. 24 July 2024.
  315. ^ "Gazette notification issued prioritizing merit in govt jobs". United News of Bangladesh. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  316. ^ "Bangladesh top court scraps most quotas that caused deadly unrest". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  317. ^ "Bangladesh protests: Top court scraps most job quotas after violent unrest".
  318. ^ "সরকারের সঙ্গে আলোচনায় বসার পরিকল্পনা নেই: আন্দোলনের অন্যতম সমন্বয়ক নাহিদ". The Daily Star (in Bengali). 3 August 2024. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  319. ^ "সরকারের সাথেই কোন প্রকার সংলাপে বসতে আমরা রাজি নই: আসিফ মাহমুদ". BBC Bangla (in Bengali). 3 August 2024. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  320. ^ "স্লোগানে উত্তাল কেন্দ্রীয় শহীদ মিনার এলাকা". Prothom Alo (in Bengali).
  321. ^ "শহীদ মিনার থেকে এক দফা দাবি". The Daily Star (in Bengali). 3 August 2024.
  322. ^ "শহীদ মিনার থেকে এক দফা ঘোষণা শিক্ষার্থীদের". banglanews24.com (in Bengali). 3 August 2024.
  323. ^ Preliminary Analysis of Recent Protests and Unrest in Bangladesh (Report). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 16 August 2024. pp. 6–7. According to available public reports by media and the protest movement itself, between 16 July and 11 August, more than 600 people were killed. Of these, nearly 400 deaths were reported from 16 July to 4 August, while around 250 people were reportedly killed following the new wave of protests between 5 and 6 August. [...] The reported death toll is likely an underestimate, as information collection has been hindered by restrictions on movement due to the curfew and the internet shutdown. Furthermore, hospitals were reportedly prevented by State authorities from providing details of those killed and injured. The majority of deaths and injuries have been attributed to the security forces and the student wing affiliated with the Awami League.
  324. ^ "UN report: Over 600 killed in Bangladesh between July 16 and Aug 11". Dhaka Tribune. UNB. 16 August 2024.
  325. ^ Akhter, Naznin (17 August 2024). "66 children, teenagers among killed". Prothom Alo. Translated by Basu, Ashish. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
  326. ^ HOSSAIN, MD.TANVIR (2024) [2024-05-08]. "'The 2024 Student Protests in Bangladesh: A Political Analysis of the Crisis in Autocracy Vs Democracy'". International Journal of Politics & Social Sciences Review (IJPSSR) (Community Cautor of 'International Journal of Politics & Social Sciences Review ' (IJPSSR)). 6 (2): 1–8. doi:10.5281/zenodo.13224190.
  327. ^ "রাজধানীতে নিহত একজনের পরিচয় মিলেছে, বের হয়েছিলেন কাজে" [The identity of a person killed in the capital has been found, he went out to work]. Bangla Tribune (in Bengali). 16 July 2024.
  328. ^ "3 killed amid quota protests in Ctg". The Business Standard. 16 July 2024.
  329. ^ "Quota reform protest violence: 6 killed across the country". The Daily Star. 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  330. ^ "AL holds funeral of BCL's Dhaka College activist". Daily Sun. 17 July 2024.
  331. ^ "Man killed near Dhaka College identified as student". bdnews24.com. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  332. ^ "Student killed in Dhaka amid quota reform protests". The Business Standard. 16 July 2024.
  333. ^ "Six people killed in violent student protests in Bangladesh". ABC News. 16 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  334. ^ "সারাদেশে সহিংসতায় নিহত ১১" [11 killed in violence across the country]. RTV (in Bengali). Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  335. ^ "Quota protestor dies after being chased and drowned in Madaripur lake". News Age. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  336. ^ "পুলিশের সঙ্গে সংঘর্ষে নিহত রেসিডেনসিয়াল কলেজের শিক্ষার্থী ফারহান". RTV (in Bengali). Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  337. ^ "উত্তরা, বাড্ডা ও সাভারে সংঘর্ষে নিহত ৪" [4 killed in clashes in Uttara, Badda and Savar]. RTV (in Bengali). Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  338. ^ a b "সারা দেশে সংঘর্ষে অন্তত দশ জনের মৃত্যু" [At least ten people died in clashes across the country]. BBC Bangla (in Bengali). Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  339. ^ a b c "30 major establishments burned down during 2-day anti-quota protest". Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha. 24 July 2024.
  340. ^ "Hasina teary-eyed during visit to BTV building damaged in attack". Hasina teary-eyed during visit to damaged BTV building.
  341. ^ "Data center fire in Dhaka, Bangladesh, kills three, takes millions offline - DCD". Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  342. ^ "Scorn as Bangladesh PM weeps at train station damage". BBC. 26 July 2024. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  343. ^ "Quota protest: Police property severely damaged". Dhaka Tribune. 24 July 2024.
  344. ^ "How the prison break in Narsingdi unfolded". Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  345. ^ "Bangladesh curfews, internet blackout batter economy amid quota protests". Al Jazeera. 23 July 2024.
  346. ^ "সহিংসতার ঘটনায় দেশে ১২ দিনে গ্রেফতার ৯ হাজার ৬৫৩ জন". Jamuna TV (in Bengali). 30 July 2024.
  347. ^ "ঢাকায় গ্রেপ্তার ৮৭ শতাংশের রাজনৈতিক পরিচয় নেই". Prothom Alo. 31 July 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  348. ^ a b "Block raids unnerve city residents". The Daily Star. 27 July 2024. Archived from the original on 31 July 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  349. ^ "সারাদেশে পুলিশের গ্রেফতার অভিযান, ফেসবুকে পোস্ট দেয়ার জের ধরেও আটকের অভিযোগ". BBC News Bangla (in Bengali). 28 July 2024. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  350. ^ "হেলিকপ্টার দেখে হাত নাড়ানোয় গ্রে-প্তা-র প্রশান্ত". Desh Rupantor (YouTube) (in Bengali). 30 July 2024. Archived from the original on 31 July 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  351. ^ "ছেলের ইনকামে সংসার চলে, ছেলেটারে তুইলা নিয়া গেছে". Daily Jaijaidin (YouTube) (in Bengali). 28 July 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  352. ^ "Failing to find elder brother, police pick up HSC examinee". The Daily Star. 27 July 2024. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
  353. ^ "Bangladesh police detain protest leaders at hospital". BBC. 26 July 2024. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  354. ^ "DB picks up 2 more organisers 'to give them security'". The Daily Star. 27 July 2024. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
  355. ^ "কোটা সংস্কার আন্দোলনের আরো দুইজন সমন্বয়ককে 'তুলে নেয়ার' অভিযোগ". BBC NEWS বাংলা (in Bengali). 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
  356. ^ "Court grants six-day remand for Former BRACU Teacher and JU student in Setu Bhaban attack case". United News of Bangladaesh. 26 July 2024. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  357. ^ "Police detain 34 protesters from Science Lab, Mirpur". The Business standard. 29 July 2024. Archived from the original on 29 July 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  358. ^ "Arson on Setu Bhaban: Ex-DUCSU VP Nur sent to jail after remand". The Daily Star. 26 July 2024. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  359. ^ "সেতু ভবনে হামলা: রিমান্ড শেষে নুরুল হক নুর কারাগারে". Bangla Tribune (in Bengali). Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  360. ^ a b Desh Rupantor (26 July 2024). রি-মা-ন্ড শেষে পুলিশের কাঁধে চড়ে খালি পায়ে আদালতে নুর, বাবা ও স্ত্রীর কা'ন্না | Nurul Haq Nur. Retrieved 26 July 2024 – via YouTube.
  361. ^ a b "সেতু ভবনে নাশকতা: নুর কারাগারে, রিমান্ডে নির্যাতনের অভিযোগ". সেতু ভবনে নাশকতা: নুর কারাগারে, রিমান্ডে নির্যাতনের অভিযোগ (in Bengali). Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  362. ^ "Kazipara metro station attack: Rizvi, Nur among 8 placed on remand". 28 July 2024.
  363. ^ "Law enforcers torture Nur in remand: wife". New Age. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
  364. ^ "রিমান্ড শেষে কারাগারে ডাকসুর সাবেক ভিপি নুর". The Daily Star (in Bengali). 26 July 2024.
  365. ^ "Dhaka College student Faiyaz's remand cancelled". The Daily Star. 28 July 2024.
  366. ^ "17-year-old student Faiyaz put on 7-day remand". New Age. 28 July 2024.
  367. ^ "Teen's remand in police killing case cancelled". Dhaka Tribune. 28 July 2024.
  368. ^ "Remand of Dhaka College student Faiyaz cancelled". The Daily Observer. 28 July 2024.
  369. ^ "Remand suspended for 17-year-old in police killing case". The Business Standard. 28 July 2024.
  370. ^ "Who were the Razakars and why are they central to Bangladesh protests?". Aljazeera. 22 July 2024.
  371. ^ "'We are Razakars': What is this loaded term used by student protesters that has irked Bangladesh govt?". Firstpost. 19 July 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  372. ^ "মধ্যরাতে 'তুমি কে, আমি কে, রাজাকার রাজাকার' স্লোগানে উত্তাল ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়". Jaijaidin (in Bengali). 15 July 2024.
  373. ^ "Protest erupts at Dhaka University over PM's quota remarks". Dhaka Tribune. 15 July 2024.
  374. ^ a b "Quota protesters call for procession at DU". Daily Sun. 15 July 2024.
  375. ^ "মধ্যরাতে স্লোগানে স্লোগানে উত্তাল ঢাবিসহ বিভিন্ন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় 'চেয়েছিলাম অধিকার হয়ে গেলাম রাজাকার'". The Bonik Barta (in Bengali). 15 July 2024.
  376. ^ "PM's Quota Remark: Late-night protests rock DU, other universities". The Daily Star. 15 July 2024.
  377. ^ "PM's comment: DU students return to halls after protest". The Daily Star. 15 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  378. ^ "After violent protests, student leaders in 'police custody' end protest movement in Bangladesh". Anadolu Agency. 28 July 2024.
  379. ^ "Students demand PM withdraw comment on quota reform protesters". Dhaka Tribune. 15 July 2024.
  380. ^ "Quota protesters call demo at 12pm, BCL calls sit-in at 3pm". Prothom Alo. 15 July 2024.
  381. ^ "Why are hundreds of students protesting in Bangladesh?". The Times of India.
  382. ^ "Quota protest: Razakar slogan sparks controversy". Somoy TV. 15 July 2024.
  383. ^ "They don't feel ashamed to call themselves Rajakars: PM". The Business Standard. 15 July 2024.
  384. ^ "Bangladesh says it forgot to remove UN logos from vehicles as it contained unrest". CNA. 25 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  385. ^ "Bangladesh says it forgot to remove UN logos from vehicles as it contained unrest". Reuters. 25 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  386. ^ a b "Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General". United Nations. 22 July 2024.
  387. ^ a b "Bangladesh Army General Waker-uz-Zaman Could Face Western Sanctions And International Criminal Court For Deploying UN-marked Vehicles To Shoot Protesters". Global Defense Corp. 24 July 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  388. ^ "Troop and police contributors". United Nations Peacekeeping. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  389. ^ "Bangladesh says it forgot to remove UN logos from vehicles as it contained unrest". The Indian Express. 25 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  390. ^ "Troop and police contributors". Microsoft News. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  391. ^ "Bangladesh Army General Waker-uz-Zaman Could Face Western Sanctions And International Criminal Court For Deploying UN-marked Vehicles To Shoot Protesters". Global Defense Corp. 24 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  392. ^ "Bangladesh minister defends gov't response to protests amid calls for probe". Al Jazeera. 25 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  393. ^ গুহ, উত্তম (1 September 2024). "'র' ও হাসিনার পরবর্তী পরিকল্পনা কী?". The Mirror Asia (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 1 September 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  394. ^ নয়া দিগন্ত ডেক্স (2 September 2024). "বাংলাদেশকে নিয়ে 'র' একের পর এক পরিকল্পনা বাস্তবায়নের চেষ্টা করছে". Daily Naya Diganta (in Bengali). Retrieved 6 September 2024.
  395. ^ "দেশকে অস্থিতিশীল করতে দিল্লিতে বসে যেসব চাল চালছেন হাসিনা!". Daily Inqilab (in Bengali). 3 September 2024. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
  396. ^ a b "ছাত্র–জনতার আন্দোলনে চড়াও হওয়া পুলিশের পোশাকে কারা সেই ভিন্নভাষী?". YouTube (in Bengali). ATN Bangla News. 25 September 2024.
  397. ^ a b "Hindi speakers in police uniforms joined crackdown on protesters: Tajul". Somoy TV. Dhaka, Bangladesh. 24 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  398. ^ "BNP denounces BCL's attack on anti-quota protestors". The Business Standard. 16 July 2024.
  399. ^ "ক্ষমতাসীনদের উসকানিমূলক বক্তব্যের কারণেই এই সংকট: বাম গণতান্ত্রিক জোট". Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 16 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  400. ^ "Quota protest: 30 eminent citizens condemn loss of lives in clashes, demand probe". The Business Standard. 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  401. ^ "শিক্ষার্থীদের আন্দোলনে বলপ্রয়োগের নিন্দা টিআইবির". Banik Barta (in Bengali). Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  402. ^ Chopra, Ritika (14 August 2024). "Bangladesh unrest: Govt should have spoken out against quota earlier, met protesters, says Hasina son". The Indian Express.
  403. ^ "'I don't want to go to Dhaka University anymore': Author Zafar Iqbal comments amidst ongoing student protests". The Daily Star. 16 July 2024.
  404. ^ "Online bookshops ban Zafar Iqbal over 'controversial' statement". New Age. 17 July 2024.
  405. ^ "Dr Zafar Iqbal declared unwanted at SUST - - observerbd.com". Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  406. ^ a b Hasib, Nurul Islam (16 July 2024). "US condemns attack on quota reform protesters in Bangladesh". bdnews24.com.