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2025 Argentine legislative election

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2025 Argentine legislative election
Argentina
← 2023 26 October 2025 2027 →
Chamber of Deputies
127 of the 257 seats in the Chamber of Deputies
Turnout67.92%
Party Leader Vote % Seats +/–
LLA Javier Milei 40.59 64 +42
Fuerza Patria Cristina Fernández de Kirchner / Axel Kicillof 33.64 47 −3
PU Juan Schiaretti / Maximiliano Pullaro 6.94 8 0
FIT – Unidad Nicolás del Caño 3.90 3 −1
Innovación Federal [es] Pamela Calletti 3.89 3 +1
Defendamos Córdoba Natalia de la Sota 0.83 1 +1
For San Juan Fabián Martín [es] 0.57 1 +1
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Senate
24 of the 72 seats in the Senate
Turnout67.92%
Party Vote % Seats +/–
LLA

42.03 13 +10
Fuerza Patria

36.62 9 0
Innovación Federal [es]

7.98 2 0
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Chamber of Deputies results by province

Legislative elections were held in Argentina on 26 October 2025. Nearly half of the seats in the Chamber of Deputies (127 of 257) and a third of the seats in the Senate (24 of 72) were contested.

The elections resulted in a decisive victory for incumbent president Javier Milei's party, with La Libertad Avanza (under a single ballot line with Republican Proposal and other smaller parties) winning 64 seats, totalling 111 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. The opposition Homeland Force won 46 seats for a total of 99 seats. The United Provinces, a newly formed coalition of regional and centrist politicians, increased to a total of 20 seats, and the Workers' Left Front won 3 seats for a total of 8. Other smaller parties won the remaining 10. Turnout reached a record low in modern Argentine history, at 67.92%, despite compulsory voting.

Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, former president and leader of the primary opposition Justicialist Party, was serving a six-year house arrest sentence for a fraud conviction, and a lifetime ban from holding public office. The election saw allegations of foreign electoral intervention, as US president Donald Trump initially conditioned a US$20 billion currency swap with the country on the success of Milei's party.

Background

[edit]

These midterm elections were the first during the presidency of Javier Milei; his libertarian economic reform agenda was top of mind for many voters.[1][2]

Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, former president and leader of the primary opposition Justicialist Party, was serving a six-year house arrest sentence for a fraud conviction, and a lifetime ban from holding public office.[3][4]

Alleged US interference

[edit]

The election saw allegations of foreign electoral intervention by the United States. During a 14 October White House meeting with Milei, US president Donald Trump conditioned a US$20 billion currency swap (in which two governments agree to trade currencies at a fixed rate rather than on the open market) on the electoral success of Milei's party, La Libertad Avanza in the election. Trump stated "If [Milei] doesn't win, we're gone," and that "If [Milei] loses, we are not going to be generous with Argentina."[5][6] The next day, US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent told reporters that an additional US$20 billion in financial aid could be provided to Argentina through sovereign funds and investments from private banks.[7][8] The deal was widely reported as a bailout that prevented Argentina from going into default.[9][4][10] The Central Bank of Argentina announced the signature of the first US$20 billion currency swap agreement on 20 October.[11]

Cristina Fernández de Kirchner gave a statement that "the Argentine economy is being managed with a remote control by the Treasury of the United States."[4] Leading opposition candidate Jorge Taiana demanded that Trump "stop extorting the Argentine people".[4] Itai Hagman, a member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies seeking re-election, called Trump's announcement "clear interference in the internal affairs of another country".[10] Journalists of The Guardian made a comparison to Trump's alleged attempts to derail the trial for the 2022–2023 Brazilian coup plot against Jair Bolsonaro and allies.[10] The New York Times quoted election interference expert Dov Levin, whose research found an average election vote share boost of 3% to an interference-benefiting party, but that it was higher when the interference was overt via public statements. He compared Trump's approach to Trump and his administration's influence in the 2019 United Kingdom general election and the 2025 Polish presidential election.[9]

Electoral system

[edit]
Number of Deputies at stake in each district.
Provinces in which Senators are up for election.

The 2025 elections were the first in which the unified paper ballot (in Spanish: Boleta Única de Papel, BUP) system is used, following a 2024 reform of the electoral law.[12] It was also be the first national election since 2011 without Open, Mandatory and Simultaneous Primaries (PASO); the PASO primary system was suspended ahead of the 2025 contest, but is still legally in place.[13]

Chamber of Deputies

[edit]
See also: List of Argentine deputies, 2023–2025

The 257 members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected by proportional representation in 24 multi-member constituencies based on the provinces (plus the City of Buenos Aires). Seats are allocated using the d'Hondt method, with a 3% electoral threshold.[14] In the 2025 election, 127 of the 257 seats were up for renewal for a four-year term.[15]

Province Seats Seats
at stake
Buenos Aires 70 35
City of Buenos Aires 25 13
Catamarca 5 3
Chaco 7 4
Chubut 5 2
Córdoba 18 9
Corrientes 7 3
Entre Ríos 9 5
Formosa 5 2
Jujuy 6 3
La Pampa 5 3
La Rioja 5 2
Mendoza 10 5
Misiones 7 3
Neuquén 5 3
Río Negro 5 2
Salta 7 3
San Juan 6 3
San Luis 5 3
Santa Cruz 5 3
Santa Fe 19 9
Santiago del Estero 7 3
Tierra del Fuego 5 2
Tucumán 9 4
Total 257 127

Senate

[edit]
See also: List of Argentine senators, 2023–2025

The 72 members of the Senate are elected in the same 24 provinces, with three seats in each. The party receiving the most votes in each constituency wins two seats, with the third seat awarded to the second-placed party.[16] In this election, one-third of senate seats were up for election, namely those for the eight provinces of Chaco, Entre Ríos, Neuquén, Río Negro, Salta, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego and the City of Buenos Aires.[15]

Opinion polls

[edit]

Polling chart

[edit]

Opinion polling for the 2025 Argentine legislative election using Local regression (LOESS) of polls conducted. Kirchnerism and Federal Peronism entries were merged into UXP.

2025

[edit]
Polling firm Fieldwork date Sample size Fuerza Patria Federal Peronism Others Undecided Lead
Fixer 26–31 May 2025 2774 40 32 — 6 5 — 8 11 8
Giacobbe 26 May–2 June 2025 2500 40.9 26.3 4.5 5.9 1.8 3 — 10.4 14.6
UdeSA 21–29 May 2025 1005 29 24 7 3 4 — 17 5
Isasi/Burdman 20–27 May 2025 2500 42 23 8 4 3 20 19
Delfos 15–22 May 2025 2353 38.1 30.6 4.9 8.1 1.6 3.9 2.8 5.1 7.5
Pulso Research 5–11 May 2025 2000 30.5 18.5 7.6 7.1 2.2 3.9 6 24.2 12
Isasi/Burdman April 2025 — 35 21 10 5 4 25 14
Analogías 26–28 April 2025 2758 29.9 29.7 11.4 5.4 6.4 3.8 13.4 0.2
Management & Fit 14–28 April 2025 2600 36.9 25.9 10.1 9.1 4.1 2.7 4.5 5.1 11
Tendencias 18–23 April 2025 9490 36.1 33.7 2.1 9.2 2.4 5.7 — 10.8 2.4
Zuban Córdoba 16–19 April 2025 1600 34.8 34.4 4.5 6.1 1.7 3.1 — 16.6 0.4
Delfos 11–14 April 2025 2411 35.5 31.3 3.4 8.6 3.1 4.9 3.6 5.1 4.2
Pulso Research 2–9 April 2025 1800 29.8 22.1 6.3 7.2 2.6 5.4 6.1 20.6 7.7
Proyección Consultores 29 March–4 April 2025 2397 29.3 31.7 — 6.4 3.7 2.9 1.9 24.2 2.4
Tendencias 29 March–4 April 2025 8865 36.8 34.6 2.4 11.1 5.6 — 9.5 2.2
Analogías 28–31 March 2025 2864 30.8 30.2 — 10.8 5.3 4.3 — 18.6 0.6
Opina Argentina 1–4 March 2025 2085 38 32 4 7 4 4 3 7 6
Analogías 25–28 February 2025 2733 33.1 30.4 — 10.6 3.6 3 4.6 14.9 2.7
Tendencias 24–28 February 2025 11077 40.9 35.1 1.9 8.2 5.8 — 8.1 5.8
Poliarquía February 2025 — 36 16 9 9 3 9 2 17 20
Isasi/Burdman February 2025 — 37 10 11 12 4 3 23 25
Proyección Consultores 17–22 February 2025 2029 28.8 17.9 15.4 5.8 3.3 2.2 2.7 23.9 10.9
Management & Fit 10–21 February 2025 2200 41.6 26.7 9.4 6.4 2.6 3.5 3.1 6.6 14.9
Pulso Research 1–7 February 2025 1777 31.4 18.4 5.4 6.3 3.3 4.5 9.4 21.2 13
Aresco January 2025 — 47.2 36.1 — 7.9 6 — 2.8 — 11.1
Isasi/Burdman January 2025 — 36 9 12 10 4 3 4 21 24
Management & Fit 10–21 January 2025 — 42.1 26.5 9.8 7 1.8 2.8 3 7 15.6
Analogías 19–23 January 2025 2645 33.6 31.1 — 8.7 4.4 4.4 — 17.8 2.5
Pulso Research 6–12 January 2025 1900 30.2 15.9 7 5 3.6 4 8.2 26.1 14.3

2024

[edit]
Polling firm Fieldwork date Sample size Fuerza Patria Provincias Unidas Others Undecided Lead
D'Alessio Irol – Berensztein[17] December 2024 1035 35 24 — 17 8 4 9 2 11
Isasi/Burdman[18] December 2024 2065 37 10 11 9 3 5 21 26
Fixer[19] 11–20 December 2024 1100 37 35 2 6 3 5 — 8 2
Synopsis[20] 5–13 December 2024 — 39.8 26.8 11 5.7 2.9 2.9 4 6.9 13
Pulso Research[21] 4–11 December 2024 1700 32.6 20.8 6 3.8 2.8 3.9 7.7 22.3 11.8
Aresco[22] December 2024 — 45.4 34.3 — 7 4.1 — 9.1 — 11.1
CB Consultora[23] 2–6 December 2024 1562 39.4 18.5 9 6.6 1.8 5.4 3.8 15 20.9
Sentimetro[24] 3 December 2024 1100 46 14 6 7 2 6 3 16 32
Isasi/Burdman[25] 20 November 2024 2091 34 7 15 14 2 4 21 19
Opinión Lab[26] 12 November 2024 1800 34 24 11 7 3 3 7 10 10
Pulso Research[27] 4–11 November 2024 2091 32.3 15.7 6.3 5.7 1.8 2.9 10.2 25 16.6
Fixer 5 November 2024 1790 34 33 3 7 2 5 — 14 1
Poliarquía[28] October 2024 — 34 18 8 9 6 6 2 17 16
Opina Argentina[29] 25 October 2024 1764 33 33 5 10 5 3 3 8 Tie
DC Consultores[30] 22 October 2024 — 54.2 8.4 25.3 5.6 3.7 2.8 — — 28.9
Proyección Consultores[31] 16 October 2024 1822 27.2 20.5 14 8 5.7 3 — 21.6 6.7
Isasi/Burdman[32] 12–17 October 2024 2057 28 9 16 13 4 4 3 23 12
Pulso Research[33] 2–9 October 2024 2000 30 20.7 6.3 6.3 2.9 4.8 9.2 19.7 9.3
Poliarquía[28] September 2024 — 35 16 12 10 4 4 1 19 19
Pulso Research[34] 2–9 September 2024 2112 29.5 20.4 8.2 7.4 4.7 5.1 7.7 17 9.1
Poliarquía[28] August 2024 — 39 13 5 13 2 5 1 21 26
Synopsis[35] 8–14 August 2024 1186 30.9 15.8 22.2 9.4 3.6 4.7 2.2 11.2 8.7
Pulso Research[36] 2–8 August 2024 2800 29.3 18.9 9.2 8.1 4.1 5.1 6.6 18.7 10.4
Poliarquía[28] July 2024 — 36 15 8 14 3 5 2 18 21
Pulso Research[37] 1–10 July 2024 2350 31.7 16.5 11.2 6.1 3.8 6.3 8.2 16.3 15.2
Pulso Research[38] 1–10 June 2024 2661 33.5 18.6 8 5 4.7 5.3 5.4 19.5 14.9
Opinión Lab[39] 3 June 2024 1538 37 17 13 7 3 4 8 12 20
Pulso Research[40] 1–10 May 2024 2113 34.8 17 8.5 6.8 4.4 5.7 — 22.8 17.8
Pulso Research[41] 4–15 April 2024 2014 31.7 15.1 12.1 5 5.3 6 — 24.8 16.6
Pulso Research[42] 4–14 March 2024 1914 34.2 19.7 8.7 5.5 4.2 3.9 — 23.7 14.5

Results

[edit]

Chamber of Deputies

[edit]
Party or allianceVotes%Seats
Won+/-Total+/-
La Libertad Avanza9,341,79840.8064Increase6093Increase51
Homeland ForceFuerza Patria5,554,23024.2630Decrease163Decrease1
Tucumán Primero526,2492.302Steady5Steady
Civic Front for Santiago290,9861.272Decrease16Decrease1
Fuerza Justicialista Mendoza254,4471.111Decrease12Decrease1
Fuerza Entre Ríos245,6911.072Steady4Increase2
Frente de la Victoria190,7830.831Steady3Steady
Fuerza San Juan148,0460.651Decrease12Decrease1
Fuerza Patria Peronista117,7480.511Increase11Increase1
Frente Defendemos La Pampa90,5000.402Increase13Increase1
Federales Defendamos La Rioja90,8920.401Decrease13Decrease1
Frente Unidos Podemos88,9040.391Steady2Steady
Frente Justicialista86,9420.381Steady2Steady
Fuerza Santacruceña53,4210.232Increase13Increase1
Victory Party41,9500.180Steady0Steady
Ahora 50325,4730.110Steady0Decrease2
Frente Pueblo17,6990.080Steady0Steady
Total7,741,77533.8147Decrease399Increase1
United ProvincesUnited Provinces1,099,4124.805Decrease813Decrease8
Vamos Corrientes185,9900.811Decrease11Decrease1
Ciudadanos Unidos99,0340.431Decrease12Decrease1
Unidos por Tucumán84,0850.370Decrease10Decrease1
Frente Jujuy Crece81,8250.361Steady2Steady
Despierta Chubut64,0080.280Decrease11Decrease1
Defendamos Mendoza – Provincias Unidas29,1200.130Steady0Steady
Socialist Party26,1480.110Steady0Steady
SER Santa Cruz25,8100.110Decrease11Decrease1
Vamos Chaco17,8000.080Steady0Steady
Cambia La Pampa17,4280.080Decrease10Decrease1
Radical Civic Union14,6690.060Steady0Steady
Somos Provincias Unidas – Catamarca14,1110.060Decrease10Steady
Juntos por la Libertad y la República11,9710.050Decrease10Decrease1
Hacemos8,1290.040Steady0Steady
Hacemos Renacer Catamarca6,8010.030Steady0Steady
Hacemos por Santiago6,2610.030Steady0Steady
Total1,596,9936.978Decrease1620Decrease15
Workers' Left FrontWorkers' Left Front860,7933.763Decrease14Decrease1
Workers' Party20,1680.090Steady0Steady
Workers' Socialist Movement23,5070.100Steady0Steady
Total897,0633.923Decrease14Decrease1
Innovación FederalPrimero los Salteños214,8540.941Steady3Steady
Front for the Renewal of Concord182,1070.801Steady4Steady
La Neuquinidad121,5040.531Steady1Increase1
Together We Are Río Negro100,6940.440Decrease10Decrease1
Total619,1592.703Decrease18Steady
Others2,416,99210.562Decrease933Decrease12
Total22,898,980100.00127–257–
Valid votes22,977,87194.79
Invalid votes597,9382.47
Blank votes664,9942.74
Total votes24,240,803100.00
Registered voters/turnout35,981,35867.37
Source: [citation needed]

Senate

[edit]
Party or allianceVotes%Seats
WonTotal
La Libertad Avanza2,193,75242.031319
Homeland ForceFuerza Patria1,211,63023.22524
Civic Front for Santiago322,6036.1822
Fuerza Patria Peronista111,6462.1411
Fuerza Entre Ríos271,8185.2111
Ahora 50327,8240.5300
Defendamos Tierra del Fuego20,7550.4000
Victory Party56,3721.0800
Total1,911,00236.62928
United ProvincesUnited Provinces3,6130.0700
Ciudadanos Unidos85,1611.6300
Vamos Chaco15,9210.3100
Radical Civic Union15,8160.3000
Hacemos por Santiago5,1640.1000
Socialist Party24,3140.4700
Total149,9892.8700
Innovación FederalLa Neuquinidad119,9252.3011
Together We Are Río Negro108,5202.0800
Primero los Salteños188,0733.6011
Total416,5187.9822
Others436,0478.3600
Total5,218,954100.002449
Valid votes5,218,95495.12
Invalid votes126,2732.30
Blank votes141,6802.58
Total votes5,486,907100.00
Source: [citation needed]

Analysis

[edit]

This was the first election in which the new single paper ballot system was introduced for national elections. The new system replaces individual party ballots with a unified paper listing all candidates. Parties had to print their own ballots in the previous system, leading towards bias towards wealthier parties as well as the ability to bury opponent parties in a sea of ballots. Nicolás Mayoraz, president of the Constitutional Affairs Committee, hailed the law as a victory for democracy. He claimed it would end corrupt practices like ballot theft. LLA and PRO and some Peronist parties were in favour of this reform, while the opposition coalition "Unión por la Patria" were against it.[43][44]

Data released at 1pm on election day showed that 23% of the electorate had cast their ballots by 12pm, a substantial drop from the 2023 election in which voter turnout was 30.3% by the same time, though midterm elections (in which the office of President is not up for election) typically have lower turnout.[45] At 9:25 pm, results were published. Despite disapproval ratings reaching 53% in a September poll, Milei's LLA finished in first place with 40.84% of the vote, and the largest opposition party, the Peronist coalition Homeland Force, finished in second place with 31.63% of the vote.[46][47][48] Turnout remained lower than usual, at 67.85% of the 36 million eligible voters, the lowest tally for a national election since the return of democracy in 1983. Prior polling forecasted LLA attaining 30 to 35% of the vote and the Homeland Force on about the same support.[49]

The elections were a decisive victory for Milei, whose party rebounded despite several political setbacks and unfavourable polls in the previous months. The surprise victory was highlighted by LLA's lead in Buenos Aires Province, a Peronist stronghold which previously had voted for the Peronists by a substantial margin in the provincial election held the previous month.[50][51] According to political scientist Carlos Fara, the rejection of Peronism “carried more weight” than the recent political and corruption scandals surrounding Milei’s government, the run on the peso and “the fatigue with the President’s leadership style." This was reflected in the low voter turnout.[52]

The result thus allowed Milei to proceed with his libertarian program. Notably, LLA won just over half of the Chamber of Deputies seats up for election, almost tripling their number of seats and bringing their total to over one-third of the seats in the chamber. This means that opposition parties can no longer obstruct his agenda by overriding his presidential vetoes through a two third majority, though LLA will still need support from other parties to pass its legislation.[53][54][55][56]

Reactions

[edit]

Former President Mauricio Macri congratulated Milei and said that Argentines chose to "renew hopes" for the country.[57]

US President Donald Trump congratulated Milei for his "crushing victory", adding that the Argentine people had justified the US' trust and support in Milei.[58] The Secretary of the Treasury Scott Bessent also congratulated Milei and highlighted Argentina as a "vital ally" in Latin America.[58]

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu expressed his "warmest congratulations" to Argentines and President Milei for his "extraordinary victory".[57] Paraguayan President Santiago Peña expressed his satisfaction with Milei's victory and congratulated the Argentine people.[59] President-elect of Bolivia Rodrigo Paz Pereira congratulated Milei, saying that his victory confirmed "Argentine citizens' support for his leadership" and that he looked forward to strengthening relations between both countries.[60]

Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán congratulated Milei and said that they "share a deep respect for freedom and sovereignty" and called Milei a "true patriot".[61] Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni sent her congratulations to the Argentine people and Milei, to whom she referred as a "great friend".[62]

Colombian President Gustavo Petro, a critic of president Milei, posted on X that "progressivism had won in Argentina", which unleashed a wave of criticism from media and opposition politicians labelling his posts a fabrication.[63]

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy called Milei to congratulate him for his victory. Zelenskyy also invited Milei to visit Ukraine and said that both countries have shared projects and interests.[64]

References

[edit]
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  42. ^ "Brújula Social – Pulso Research Marzo 2024". pulsoresearch.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  43. ^ "Argentina Embraces Electoral Reform with Single Ballot Law" from The Rio Times
  44. ^ "Lower house deputies in Argentina approve single paper ballot in time for 2025 midterms" from Buenos Aires Times
  45. ^ "Argentina 2025 midterms: 23% of the electorate had voted by noon" from Buenos Aires Herald
  46. ^ "Approval Tracker: Argentina's President Javier Milei" from Approval Tracker
  47. ^ "Mapa de resultados de las elecciones en la Argentina: El nuevo escenario político tras las legislativas 2025".
  48. ^ "Argentina Votes in Crucial Midterm for Milei" from Bloomberg
  49. ^ "Argentina election results: President Javier Milei emerges strengthened from midterms" from Buenos Aires Times
  50. ^ Argentina's legislative elections: Milei wins surprise victory in midterm vote, Le Monde
  51. ^ Milei wins high-stakes Argentina elections, Al Jazeera
  52. ^ "Election 2025 analysis: Why Argentines backed Milei in the midterm elections" from Buenos Aires Times
  53. ^ Argentina's midterm election hands decisive win to Milei's libertarian overhaul, Reuters
  54. ^ Argentina's Milei wins big in midterms with 'chainsaw' austerity, BBC
  55. ^ Milei wins decisive victory in midterms, vows to 'make Argentina great again', Le Monde
  56. ^ TLDR News Global (27 October 2025). Milei Triumphs at Argentina's Midterms: What Next?. Retrieved 28 October 2025 – via YouTube.
  57. ^ a b "Netanyahu, Abascal y Trump felicitan a Milei por su contundente victoria" [Netanyahu, Abascal, and Trump congratulate Milei on his resounding victory.]. La Razón (in Spanish). 27 October 2025. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  58. ^ a b "Donald Trump felicitó a Milei por su "victoria aplastante" y compartió un mensaje irónico que menciona a Grabois" [Donald Trump congratulated Milei on his "crushing victory" and shared a tongue-in-cheek message mentioning Grabois.]. La Nación (in Spanish). 27 October 2025. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  59. ^ "Peña felicita al pueblo argentino tras victoria del partido de Milei en elecciones legislativas" [Peña congratulates the Argentine people after Milei's party's victory in the legislative elections]. Última Hora (in Spanish). 27 October 2025. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  60. ^ "Paz felicita a Milei por triunfo electoral y espera reforzar relaciones con Argentina" [Paz congratulates Milei on his electoral victory and hopes to strengthen relations with Argentina.]. Erbol (in Spanish). 27 October 2025. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  61. ^ "Orbán se suma a las felicitaciones a Milei con un mensaje en español: «Viva la libertad»" [Orbán joins the congratulations to Milei with a message in Spanish: "Long live freedom!"]. La Gaceta (in Spanish). 27 October 2025. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  62. ^ "Trump, Netanyahu, Orban y Meloni felicitan a Milei por su victoria electoral en Argentina" [Trump, Netanyahu, Orban, and Meloni congratulate Milei on his election victory in Argentina.]. La Región (España) (in Spanish). 27 October 2025. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  63. ^ Luque, Clara (27 October 2025). "Los incomprensibles tuits de Petro que dan la victoria al progresismo frente al triunfo de Milei" [Petro's incomprehensible tweets that gave progressivism victory over Milei's triumph]. ABC España (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  64. ^ "Zelenski felicita a Milei por el triunfo de su partido en las elecciones legislativas" [Zelenskyy congratulates Milei on his party's victory in the parliamentary elections]. SWI swissinfo (in Spanish). EFE. 29 October 2025. Retrieved 30 October 2025.
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