Muinane language
| Muinane | |
|---|---|
| Muìnánɨ | |
| Native to | Colombia |
| Region | Puerto Santander, Amazonas; between Caquetá River and Yari River in Caquetá Department |
| Ethnicity | 2,100 (2018)[1] |
Native speakers | 150 (2007)[1] |
?Bora–Witoto
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bmr |
| Glottolog | muin1242 |
| ELP | Muinane |
 | |
Muinane is an indigenous American language spoken in Colombia.
Classification[edit]
Muinane belongs to the Boran language family, along with Bora.
Geographic distribution[edit]
Muinane is spoken by 150 people in Colombia along the Upper Cahuinarí river in the Department of Amazonas. There may be some speakers in Peru.
Phonology[edit]
Consonants[edit]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar/ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||
| Plosive | p b | t d | tʲ dʲ | k ɡ | ʔ |
| Affricate | tʃ dʒ | ||||
| Fricative | ɸ β | s | ʃ j | x | |
| Trill | r | rʲ |
- Voiceless stops and affricates contrast with their geminate counterparts: tː tʃː tʲː kː.
Vowels[edit]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | ɨ | u |
| Low | ɛ | a | o |
Tone[edit]
There are two tones in Muinane: high and low.
Grammar[edit]
Word order in Muinane is generally SOV. Case marking is nominative–accusative.
Writing System[edit]
Muinane is written using a Latin alphabet. A chart of symbols with the sounds they represent is as follows:
| Latin | IPA | Latin | IPA | Latin | IPA | Latin | IPA | Latin | IPA | Latin | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | /a/ | b | /b/ | c | /k/-/s/ | ch | /tʃ/ | d | /d/ | e | /e/ |
| f | /ɸ/ | g(u) | /ɡ/-/x/ | h | /ʔ/ | i | /i/ | ɨ | /ɨ/ | j | /x/ |
| ll | /dʒ/ | m | /m/ | n | /n/ | ñ | /ɲ/ | o | /o/ | p | /p/ |
| qu | /k/ | r | /r/ | z | /s/ | s | /ʃ/ | t | /t/ | u | /u/ |
| v | /β/ | y | /j/ |
- Palatalized consonants are written using the unpalatalized forms plus y: ty /tʲ/, dy /dʲ/, ry /rʲ/. For the purposes of alphabetization, these are considered sequences of letters.
- Tone is not generally indicated in writing. When it is shown, it is indicated by an acute accent over the vowel: á, é, í, ɨ́, ó, ú.
- The Muinane writing system is based on Spanish orthography. For that reason, the sound /k/ is written as c before a, ɨ, o, and u and as qu before e and i. Likewise, the sound /ɡ/ is written as gu before e and i, and g elsewhere.
References[edit]
- ^ a b Muinane at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Sources[edit]
- Aschmann, Richard P. (1993), Proto-Witotoan, Arlington, TX: SIL International, ISBN 0-88312-189-1
- Walton, James P.; Walton, Janice W.; Pakky de Buenaventure, Clementina (1997), Diccionario Bilingüe Muinane-Español/Español-Muinane, Santafé de Bogotá: Editorial Buena Semilla, OCLC 468683910