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Baja California

Coordinates: 30°00′N 115°10′W / 30.000°N 115.167°W / 30.000; -115.167
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This article is about the Mexican state. For the peninsula, see Baja California Peninsula. For other uses, see Baja California (disambiguation).
Baja California
State
Free and Sovereign State of Baja California
Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California (Spanish)
Flag of Baja California
Flag
Coat of arms of Baja California
Coat of arms
Anthem: "Canto a Baja California"
State of Baja California within Mexico
State of Baja California within Mexico
Coordinates: 30°00′N 115°10′W / 30.000°N 115.167°W / 30.000; -115.167
CountryMexico
Before statehoodNorth Territory of Baja California
Admission16 January 1952[2] (29th)
CapitalMexicali
Largest cityTijuana
Largest metroTijuana
Government
 • GovernorJaime Bonilla (MRN)
 • LegislatureCongress of Baja California
 • Senators
Area
[3]
 • Total
71,450 km2 (27,590 sq mi)
 • Rank12th
Population
 (2020)[4]
 • Total
3,769,020 [1]
 • Rank14th
  • Rank19th
DemonymBajacaliforniano(a)
Time zoneUTC-8 (PST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT[a])
Postal code
21, 22
Area code
ISO 3166 codeMX-BCN
HDIIncrease 0.803 Very high Ranked 2nd
GDPUS$29 billion[b]
WebsiteOfficial website
^ a. 2010 and later. Baja California is the only state to use the U.S. DST schedule state-wide, while the rest of Mexico (except for small portions of other northern states) starts DST 3–4 weeks later and ends DST one week earlier.[5] ^ b. The state's GDP was 294.8 billion pesos in 2008,[6] an amount corresponding to 23.03 billion United States dollars, with US$1 valued at 12.80 pesos (value of 3 June 2010).[7]

Baja California[note 1] (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbaxa kaliˈfoɾnja] ⓘ; ('Lower California'), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Baja California (Template:Lang-es), is a state in Mexico. It is the northernmost and westernmost of the 32 federal entities of Mexico. Before becoming a state in 1952, the area was known as the North Territory of Baja California (El Territorio Norte de Baja California). It has an area of 70,113 km2 (27,071 sq mi) (3.57% of the land mass of Mexico) and comprises the northern half of the Baja California Peninsula, north of the 28th parallel, plus oceanic Guadalupe Island. The mainland portion of the state is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean; on the east by Sonora, the U.S. state of Arizona, and the Gulf of California (also known as the "Sea of Cortez" and "Vermilion Sea"); and on the south by Baja California Sur. Its northern limit is the U.S. state of California.

The state has an estimated population of 3,769,020 (2020),[9] significantly higher than the sparsely populated Baja California Sur to the south, and similar to San Diego County, California, to its north. Over 75% of the population lives in the capital city, Mexicali; in Ensenada; or in Tijuana. Other important cities include San Felipe, Rosarito and Tecate. The population of the state is composed of Mestizos, mostly migrants from other parts of Mexico, and, as with most northern Mexican states, a large population of Mexicans of Spanish ancestry, and also a large minority group of East Asian, Middle Eastern and indigenous descent. Additionally, there is a large immigrant population from the United States due to its proximity to San Diego and the lower cost of living compared to San Diego. There is also a significant population from Central America. Many immigrants moved to Baja California for a better quality of life and the number of higher-paying jobs in comparison to the rest of Mexico and Latin America.

Baja California is the twelfth largest state by area in Mexico. Its geography ranges from beaches to forests and deserts. The backbone of the state is the Sierra de Baja California, where Picacho del Diablo, the highest point of the peninsula, is located. This mountain range effectively divides the weather patterns in the state. In the northwest, the weather is semi-dry and Mediterranean. In the narrow center, the weather changes to be more humid due to altitude. It is in this area where a few valleys can be found, such as the Valle de Guadalupe, the major wine-producing area in Mexico. To the east of the mountain range, the Sonoran Desert dominates the landscape. In the south, the weather becomes drier and gives way to the Vizcaíno Desert. The state is also home to numerous islands off both of its shores. In fact, the westernmost point in Mexico, Guadalupe Island, is part of Baja California. The Coronado Islands, Todos Santos islands and Cedros Island are also on the Pacific shore. On the Gulf of California, the biggest island is Angel de la Guarda Island, separated from the peninsula by the deep and narrow Canal de Ballenas.

History

Prehistory and Spanish colonial era

The first people came to the peninsula at least 11,000 years ago. At that time, two main native groups are thought to have been present on the peninsula – the Cochimí in the south, and several groups belonging to the Yuman language family in the north, including the Kiliwa, Paipai, Kumeyaay, Cocopa, and Quechan. These peoples were diverse in their adaptations to the region. The Cochimí of the peninsula's Central Desert were generalized hunter-gatherers who moved frequently; however, the Cochimí on Cedros Island off the west coast developed a strongly maritime economy. The Kiliwa, Paipai, and Kumeyaay in the better-watered northwest were also hunter-gatherers, but that region supported denser populations and a more sedentary lifestyle. The Cocopa and Quechan of northeastern Baja California practiced agriculture in the floodplain of the lower Colorado River.

Another group of people were the Guachimis, who came from the north and created much of the UNESCO World Heritage-recognized Sierra de Guadalupe cave paintings. Not much is known about them except that they lived in the area between 100 BC and the coming of the Europeans in 1300 AD.[10]

Europeans reached the present state of Baja California in 1539, when Francisco de Ulloa reconnoitered its east coast on the Gulf of California and explored the peninsula's west coast at least as far north as Cedros Island. Hernando de Alarcón returned to the east coast and ascended the lower Colorado River in 1540, and Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo (or João Rodrigues Cabrilho (in Portuguese)) completed the reconnaissance of the west coast in 1542. Sebastián Vizcaíno again surveyed the west coast in 1602, but outside visitors during the following century were few.

The Jesuits founded a permanent mission colony on the peninsula at Loreto in 1697. During the following decades, they gradually extended their sway throughout the present state of Baja California Sur. In 1751–1753, the Croatian Jesuit mission-explorer Ferdinand Konščak made overland explorations northward into the state of Baja California. Jesuit missions were subsequently established among the Cochimí at Santa Gertrudis (1752), San Borja (1762), and Santa María (1767).

After the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1768, the short-lived Franciscan administration (1768–1773) resulted in one new mission at San Fernando Velicatá. More importantly, the 1769 expedition to settle Alta California under Gaspar de Portolà and Junípero Serra resulted in the first overland exploration of the northwestern portion of the state.[11]

The Dominicans took over management of the Baja California missions from the Franciscans in 1773. They established a chain of new missions among the northern Cochimí and western Yumans, first on the coast and subsequently inland, extending from El Rosario (1774) to Descanso (1817), just south of Tijuana.

In 1804, the Spanish crown divided California into Alta ('Upper') and Baja ('Lower') California at the line separating the Franciscan missions in the north from the Dominican missions in the south. The colonial governors were José Joaquín de Arillaga (1804–1805), Felipe de Goicoechea (1806–1814), and José Darío Argüello (1814 – April 11, 1822).

Post-independence, 1821–present

Early republic

Mexican liberals were concerned that the Roman Catholic Church retained too much power in the post-independence period and sought to undermine it by mandating the secularization of missions in 1833. In the aftermath of the Mexican American War (1846–1848) and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the United States gained sovereignty over territory previously held first by New Spain and then Mexico, most of which was sparsely settled. Alta California was incorporated into the U.S., and during the California Gold Rush, quickly gained enough population to be admitted to the union as a state. Baja California remained under Mexican control. In 1853, soldier of fortune (mercenary) William Walker captured La Paz, declaring himself president of the Republic of Baja California. The Mexican government forced his retreat after several months.

Era of Porfirio Díaz

When liberal army general Porfirio Díaz came to power in 1876, he embarked on a major program to develop and modernize Mexico.

Postrevolutionary Mexico

  • 1917: On 11 December, "[a] prominent Mexican, close friend of President Carranza" offered to U.S. Senator Henry Ashurst to sell Baja California to the U.S. for "fifty million dollars gold".[13]
  • 1930: Baja California is further divided into Northern and Southern territories.
  • 1952: The North Territory of Baja California becomes the 29th state of Mexico, Baja California. The southern portion (below 28°N) remains a federally administered territory.
  • 1974: The South Territory of Baja California becomes the 31st state, Baja California Sur.
  • 1989: Ernesto Ruffo Appel of the National Action Party (PAN) becomes the first non-Institutional Revolutionary Party governor of Baja California and the first opposition governor of any state since the Revolution.

Geography

Sierra de San Pedro Mártir, with Picacho del Diablo in the center

Baja California encompasses a territory within the Californias region of North America, which exhibits diverse geography for a relatively small area. The Peninsular ranges of the California cordillera run down the geographic center of the state. The most notable ranges of these mountains are the Sierra de Juárez and the Sierra de San Pedro Mártir. These ranges are the location of forests reminiscent of Southern California's San Gabriel Mountains. Picacho del Diablo is the highest peak on the peninsula. Valleys between the mountain ranges are located within a climate zone that is suitable for agriculture. Such valleys include the Valle de Guadalupe and the Valle de Ojos Negros, areas that produce citrus fruits and grapes. The mineral-rich mountain range extends southwards to the Gulf of California, where the western slope becomes wider, forming the Llanos del Berrendo on the border with Baja California Sur. The mountain ranges located in the center and southern part of the state include the Sierra de La Asamblea, Sierra de Calamajué, Sierra de San Luis and the Sierra de San Borja.

Encelia californica growing on the Ensenada Municipality coast, typical of the California coastal sage and chaparral ecoregion

Temperate winds from the Pacific Ocean and the cold California Current make the climate along the northwestern coast pleasant year-round.[14] As a result of the state's location on the California Current, rains from the north barely reach the peninsula, thus leaving southern areas drier. South of the El Rosario River,[check spelling] the state changes from a Mediterranean landscape to a desert one. This desert exhibits diverse succulent species that flourish in part due to the coastal fog.

To the east, the Sonoran Desert enters the state from both California and Sonora. Some of the highest temperatures in Mexico are recorded in or nearby the Mexicali Valley.[note 2] However, with irrigation from the Colorado River, this area has become a true agricultural center. The Cerro Prieto geothermal province is near Mexicali as well (this area is geologically part of a large pull apart basin); it produces about 80% of the electricity consumed in the state and enough additional power to export to California. Laguna Salada, a saline lake below sea level lying between the rugged Sierra de Juárez and the Sierra de los Cucapah, is also in the vicinity of Mexicali. The state government has recently been considering plans to revive Laguna Salada.[note 3] The highest mountain in the Sierra de los Cucapah is Cerro del Centinela or Mount Signal. The Cucapah are the primary indigenous people from the mountains north to Yuma, Arizona.

Isla Partida, part of the San Lorenzo Marine Archipelago National Park

There are numerous islands on the Pacific shore. Guadalupe Island is located in the extreme west of the state's boundaries and is the site of large colonies of sea lions. Cedros Island exists in the southwest of the state's maritime region. The Todos Santos islands and Coronado Islands are located off the coasts of Ensenada and Tijuana, respectively. All of the islands in the Gulf of California on the Baja California side belong to the municipality of Mexicali.

Baja California obtains much of its water from the Colorado River. Historically, the river drained into the Colorado River Delta and then flowed into the Gulf of California, but due to large demands for water in the American Southwest, less water now reaches the Gulf. The Tijuana metropolitan area also relies on the Tijuana River as a source of water. Much of rural Baja California depends predominantly on wells, a few dams and even oases. Tijuana also purchases water from San Diego County's Otay Water District. Potable water is the largest natural resource issue of the state.

Climate

Vineyard in the Valle de Guadalupe

Baja California's climate varies from Mediterranean to arid. The Mediterranean climate is found in the northwestern corner of the state, where the summers are dry and mild and the winters cool and rainy. This climate is observed in areas from Tijuana to San Quintín and nearby interior valleys. The cold oceanic California Current often creates a low-level marine fog near the coast. The fog occurs along any part of the Pacific coast of the state.

Snowfall at Constitution 1857 National Park

The change of altitude towards the Sierra de Baja California creates an alpine climate in this region. Summers are cool, while winters can be cold with below freezing temperatures at night. It is common to see snow in the Sierra de Juárez, Sierra de San Pedro Mártir and in the valleys in between the two ranges from December to April. Due to orographic effects, precipitation is much higher in the mountains of northern Baja California than on the western coastal plain or eastern desert plain. Pine, cedar and fir forests are found in the mountains.

The east side of the mountains produces a rain shadow, creating an extremely arid environment. The Sonoran Desert region of Baja California experiences hot summers and nearly frostless mild winters. The Mexicali Valley (which is below sea level) experiences the highest temperatures in Mexico, frequently surpassing 47 °C (116.6 °F) in mid-summer, and exceeding 50 °C (122 °F) on some occasions.

Further south along the Pacific coast, the Mediterranean climate transitions into a desert climate but it is milder and not as hot as along the gulf coast. Transition climates, from Mediterranean to desert, can be found from San Quintín to El Rosario. Further inland and along the Gulf of California, the vegetation is scarce and temperatures are very high during the summer months. The islands in the Gulf of California also have a desert climate. Some oases can be found in the desert where few towns are located – for instance, Catavina, San Borja and Santa Gertrudis.[which?][15]

Flora and fauna

Common trees are the Jeffrey pine, sugar pine and pinon pine.[16][full citation needed] Understory species include manzanita. There is a variety of reptiles, including the Western fence lizard, which is at the southern extent of its range.[17] The name of the fish genus Bajacalifornia is derived from the Baja California peninsula.[18]

In the main wildlife refuges on the peninsula of Baja California, Constitution 1857 National Park and Sierra de San Pedro Mártir National Park, several coniferous species can be found. The most abundant are Jeffrey pine, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus cembroides, Pinus quadrifolia, Pinus monophylla, Juniperus, Arctostaphylos pringlei subsp. drupacea, Artemisia ludoviciana and Adenostoma sparsifolium. Baja California shares many plant species with the Laguna Mountains and San Jacinto Mountains in southwest California. The lower elevations of the Sierra de Juárez are characterized by chaparral and desert shrub.

The fauna in the parks include a large number of mammals, primarily mule deer, bighorn sheep, cougars, bobcats, ringtail cats, coyotes, rabbits, squirrels and more than 30 species of bats. The park is also home to many avian species like bald eagles, golden eagles, falcons, woodpeckers, black vultures, crows, and several species of Sittidae and duck.

2010 earthquakes

Main article: 2010 Baja California earthquake

At 3:40:41 pm PDT on Easter Sunday, 4 April 2010, a 7.2 Mw  (on the moment magnitude scale) magnitude northwest-trending strike-slip earthquake hit the Mexicali Valley, with its epicenter 26 km (16 mi) southwest of the city of Guadalupe Victoria, Baja California.[19] The main shock was felt as far as the Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas, and in Yuma.[which?] At least a half-dozen aftershocks with magnitudes between 5.0 and 5.4 were reported, including a 5.1-magnitude shaker at 4:14 am that was centered near El Centro.[20] As of 6:31 am PDT on 5 April 2010, two people were confirmed dead.[21]

Government and politics

Presidential election results[22]
(winning numbers shown in bold)
Year Winner PRI% Votes PAN% Votes PRD% Votes
2012 PRI 36.99% 446,192 27.2% 328,116 31.15% 375,803
2006 PAN 21.38% 203,233 47.35% 450,186 23.59% 224,275
2000 PAN 37.04% 319,477 49.76% 429,194 8.97% 77,340
1994 PRI 48.92% 402,332 36.18% 297,565 8.35% 68,669

Government

Municipalities of Baja California

Municipalities of Baja California

Main article: Municipalities of Baja California

Baja California is subdivided into six municipios ('municipalities'): Ensenada, Mexicali, Tecate, Tijuana, Rosarito and San Quintín.

Politics

For a list of the state's past governors, see Governor of Baja California.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1895 42,875—    
1900 7,583−82.3%
1910 9,760+28.7%
1921 23,537+141.2%
1930 48,327+105.3%
1940 78,907+63.3%
1950 226,965+187.6%
1960 520,165+129.2%
1970 870,421+67.3%
1980 1,177,886+35.3%
1990 1,660,855+41.0%
1995 2,112,140+27.2%
2000 2,487,367+17.8%
2005 2,844,469+14.4%
2010 3,155,070+10.9%
2015 3,315,766+5.1%
2020 3,769,020+13.7%
2015 data from Encuesta Intercensal 2015.[4]
Religion in Baja California (2010 census)[23]
Roman Catholicism
 
 72.1%
Other Christian
 
 15.1%
Other religion
 
 0.1%
No religion
 
 10.0%
Unspecified
 
 2.7%
Los Pioneros monument in Mexicali, dedicated to the pioneers that settled the region

The majority of the population of Baja California is Mestizo, however the state has one of the larger percentages of White Mexicans (European Mexicans), making up about 40% of the population. There are small indigenous communities as well.

Historically, the state has had sizable East Asian immigration. Mexicali has a large Chinese community, as well as many Filipinos who arrived to the state during the eras of Spanish and American rule (1898–1946) in much of the 19th and 20th centuries. Tijuana and Ensenada were major ports of entry for East Asians entering the U.S. ever since the first Asian-Americans were present in California.

A significant number of Middle Eastern immigrants, such as Lebanese, Syrians and Armenians, settled near the U.S. border. Small waves of settlers in the early 20th century, usually members of the Molokan sect of the Russian Orthodox church fleeing the Russian Revolution of 1917 when the Soviet Union took power, established a few villages along the Pacific coast south of Ensenada.[citation needed]

Since 1960, large numbers of migrants from southern Mexican states have arrived to work in agriculture (especially the Mexicali Valley and nearby Imperial Valley, California, U.S.) and manufacturing. The cities of Ensenada, Tijuana and Mexicali grew as a result of migrants, primarily those who sought U.S. citizenship. Those temporary residents awaiting their entry into the United States are called flotillas, which is derived from the Spanish word flota, meaning 'fleet'.

There is also a sizable immigrant community from Central and South America, and from the United States and Canada. An estimated 200,000+ American expatriates live in the state, especially in coastal resort towns such as Ensenada, known for affordable homes purchased by retirees who continue to hold U.S. citizenship. San Felipe, Rosarito and Tijuana also have a large American population (second largest in Mexico after Mexico City), particularly for their cheaper housing and proximity to San Diego.

Some 60,000 Oaxacans live in Baja California, the vast majority being indigenous. Some 40% of them lack proper birth certificates.[24]

According to a Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Conacyt) investigator, a little under a million people were classified as "poor" in the state, up from 2008 when there were roughly 810,000. Exactly who these people are, whether locals, interstate or international migrants, was not explained.[25]

Education

Further information: Category:Universities and colleges in Baja California

Baja California offers one of the best educational programs in the country, with high rankings in schooling and achievement.

The state government provides education and qualification courses to increase the workforce standards, such as school–enterprise linkage programs which help the development of a labor force according to the needs of the industry.

91.60% of the population from six to fourteen years of age attend elementary school. 61.95% of the population over fifteen years of age attends or has already graduated from high school. Public school is available in all levels from kindergarten to university.

The state has 32 universities offering 103 professional degrees. These universities have 19 research and development centers for basic and applied investigation in advanced projects related to biotechnology, physics, oceanography, computer science, digital geothermal technology, astronomy, aerospace, electrical engineering and clean energy, among others. At this educational level, supply is steadily growing. Baja California has developed a need to be self-sufficient in matters of technological and scientific innovation and to be less dependent on foreign countries. Current businesses demand new production processes as well as technology for the incubation of companies. The number of graduate degrees offered, including PhD programs, is 121. The state has 53 graduate schools.[26]

Economy

Filming of Master and Commander at Baja Film Studios. Located in Rosarito, Baja Film Studios has become one of the premier production facilities with horizon tanks.[27]

As of 2005, Baja California's economy represents 3.3% of Mexico's gross domestic product, or US$21.996 billion.[28][full citation needed] Baja California's economy has a strong focus on tariff-free export oriented manufacturing (maquiladora). As of 2005, 284,255 people are employed in the manufacturing sector.[28] There are more than 900 companies operating under the federal Prosec program in Baja California.

Real estate

The Foreign Investment Law of 1973[29][30] allows foreigners to purchase land within the borders and coasts of Mexico by way of a trust handled through a Mexican bank (Fideicomiso). This trust assures to the buyer all the rights and privileges of ownership, and it can be sold, inherited, leased, or transferred at any time. Since 1994, the Foreign Investment Law stipulates that the Fideicomiso must be to a 50-year term[clarify], with the option to petition for a 50-year renewal at any time.[31]

Any Mexican citizen buying a bank trust property has the option to either remain within the trust or opt out of it and request the title in escritura.[further explanation needed]

Mexico's early history involved foreign invasions and the loss of vast amounts of land; in fear of history being repeated, the Mexican constitution established the concept of the "Restricted Zone".[32] In 1973, in order to bring in more foreign tourist investment, the Bank Trust of Fideicomiso was created, thus allowing non-Mexicans to own land without any constitutional amendment necessary.[33] Since the law went into effect, it has undergone many modifications in order to make purchasing land in Mexico a safer investment.

Highways

Media

Newspapers of Baja California include[34] El Centinela, El informador de Baja California, El Mexicano (edición Tijuana), El Mexicano Segunda Edición, El Sol de Tijuana, El Vigía, Esto de las Californias, Frontera, La Crónica de Baja California, La Voz de la Frontera, and Semanario Zeta.[35][36]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Sometimes informally referred to as Baja California Norte ('North Lower California') to distinguish it from both the Baja California Peninsula, of which it forms the northern half, and Baja California Sur, the adjacent state that covers the southern half of the peninsula. While it is a well-established term for the northern half of the Baja California Peninsula, it has never existed as a political designation for a state or region.
  2. ^ Delta in the northeast recorded 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) on 3 August 1998.
  3. ^ The state is currently (2008) looking at a plan by SDSU Adj. Professor Newcomb (ICATS)[further explanation needed] to do this using his geothermal desalination system to supply water locally. SEMARNAT believes this to be the first viable plan presented.[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/areasgeograficas/#tabMCcollapse-Indicadores
  2. ^ "Transformación Política de Territorio Norte de la Baja California a Estado 29" [Political Transformation of the North Territory of Baja California to the 29th State] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 14 September 2019.
  3. ^ "Medio Físico del Estado de Baja California" [Landscape of the State of Baja California]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  4. ^ a b "Encuesta Intercensal 2015" [Inter-census Survey 2015] (PDF) (in Spanish). INEGI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  5. ^ "Daylight Saving Time Around the World 2010". timeanddate.com. Archived from the original on 14 September 2020.
  6. ^ "Sistema de Cuantas Nacionales de México" (PDF) (in Spanish). INEGI. 2010. p. 40. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  7. ^ "Reporte: Jueves 3 de Junio del 2010. Cierre del peso mexicano" [Report: Thursday, 3 June 2010. Close of the Mexican peso] (in Spanish). PesoMexicano. 3 June 2010. Archived from the original on 8 June 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  8. ^ Saldierna, J. F. Promexico. Editorial Emán. p. 68.
  9. ^ https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/areasgeograficas/#tabMCcollapse-Indicadores
  10. ^ "Rock Paintings of the Sierra de San Francisco". World Heritage List. UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Archived from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  11. ^ "History of Riverside County, California". Mocavo. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016.
  12. ^ de Novelo, Maria Eugenia Bonifaz (1984). "Ensenada: Its background, founding and early development". The Journal of San Diego History. 30 (Winter). San Diego Historical Society. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
  13. ^ Ashurst, Henry Fountain (1962). Sparks, George F. (ed.). A Many-Colored Toga: The Diary of Henry Fountain Ashurst. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press. p. 74.
  14. ^ "Normales Climatológicas 1971–2000". Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. 25 June 2007. Archived from the original (TXT) on 25 June 2007.
  15. ^ Martínez-Ballesté, Andrea; Ezcurra, Exequiel (2018). "Reconstruction of past climatic events using oxygen isotopes in Washingtonia robusta growing in three anthropic oases in Baja California Sur". Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana. 70 (1): 79–94. doi:10.18268/BSGM2018v70n1a5.
  16. ^ Brandegee, Katharine Layne; Brandegee, Townshend Stith (1894). "Flora of the Cape Region". Zoe: A Biological Journal. 4 (4). Zoe Publishing Company – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  17. ^ Hogan, C. Michael (30 August 2008). Stromberg, Nicklas (ed.). "Western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis)". Globaltwitcher. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  18. ^ Townsend, Charles H.; Nichols, John T. (1925). "Deep Sea Fishes of the 'Albatross' Lower California Expedition". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 52. hdl:2246/1170.
  19. ^ "Magnitude 7.2 – Baja California, Mexico". Earthquake Hazards Program. United States Geological Survey. 6 April 2010. Archived from the original on 6 April 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  20. ^ Associated Press (4 April 2010). "At Least Two Die In 7.3-Magnitude Baja Quake". KTVU. KTVU. Archived from the original on 9 April 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  21. ^ Rowlands, Ted; Valencia, Nick; Vercammen, Paul; Gilgoff, Dan (6 April 2010). "Baja governor seeks emergency declaration after quake". CNN Wire. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  22. ^ "Resultados de las Elecciones Federales – México 2012" [Federal Election Results – Mexico 2012] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 March 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  23. ^ "Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010" [Census of Population and Housing 2010] (in Spanish). INEGI. 2011. Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  24. ^ López, Citlalli (28 November 2012). "Con problemas en acta de nacimiento 40% de oaxaqueños en Baja California" [40% of Oaxacans in Baja California have problems with birth certificates]. Noticiasnet (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  25. ^ Galván, Rocío (15 October 2016). "Aumentó pobreza en BC, de 2008 al 2014" [Poverty increased in BC, from 2008 to 2014]. El Sol de Tijuana (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on 16 October 2016. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 18 October 2016 suggested (help)
  26. ^ "Education System". Invest in Baja. Mexicali, Baja California: Secretariat of Economic Development. 2014. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014.
  27. ^ Muttalib, Bashirah (21 May 2007). "Twentieth Century Fox sells Baja". Variety. Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. The studio ultimately became one of the industry's premier water-tank facilities.
  28. ^ a b Industrial Costs in Mexico – A Guide for Foreign Investors 2007 (Report). Mexico City: Bancomext. 2007. p. 86.
  29. ^ "Foreign Investment Law" (PDF). gob.mx. Government of Mexico. 9 March 1973. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  30. ^ Vargas, Jorge A. (January 1994). "Mexico: Foreign Investment Act of 1993". International Legal Materials. 33 (1): 207–224. doi:10.1017/S0020782900027157.
  31. ^ "Mexico and Direct Foreign Ownership of Coastal Property". MexiData.info. 12 April 2010. Archived from the original on 16 April 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  32. ^ "The Restricted Zone in Mexico". Penner & Associates. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  33. ^ Restrepo, Mario. "Buying Real Estate in Baja? You Need a Fideicomiso!". Baja Open House. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  34. ^ Manuel Ortiz Marín, ed. (2006). Los medios de comunicación en Baja California (in Spanish). Universidad Autónoma de Baja California. ISBN 978-970-701-735-1.
  35. ^ "Publicaciones periódicas en Baja California". Sistema de Información Cultural (in Spanish). Gobierno de Mexico. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  36. ^ "Latin American & Mexican Online News". Research Guides. San Antonio, TX: University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020.

Further reading

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