Leaf size
Leaf size of plants can be described using the terms megaphyll, macrophyll, mesophyll, microphyll, nanophyll and leptophyll (in descending order) in a classification devised in 1934 by Christen C. Raunkiær and since modified by others.[1] Definitions vary, some referring to length and others to area. Raunkiaer's original definitions were by leaf area, and differed by a factor of nine at each stage.[2] Some authors simplified the system to make it specific to particular climates,[3] and have introduced extra terms including notophyll,[3] picophyll,[4] platyphyll[4] and subleptophyll.[5]
In ecology, microphyll and similar terms based on blade size of the leaf are used to describe a flora, for example, a "microphyll rainforest" is often defined as a forest where the dominant trees have leaves less than 7.5 cm in length.[6]
Raunkiaer's work
Christen C. Raunkiaer proposed using leaf size as a relatively easy measurement that could be used to compare the adaptation of a plant community to dryness.
We have for a long time been aware of a series of different adaptations in the structure of plants enabling them to endure excessive evaporation, and thus allowing them to live in place where the environment determines intense evaporation, or where the conditions of water absorption of the ground are unfavourable either physically or physiologically. Examples of such structures are: (1) covering of wax, (2) thick cuticle, (3) sub-epidermal protective tissue, (4) water tissue, (5) covering of hairs (6) covering of the stomata, (7) sinking of the stomata, (8) inclusion of the stomata in a space protected from air currents, (9) diminution of the evaporating surface, &c. The matter however is so complicated that it is very difficult to reach an exact appraisal of these adaptations in characterizing the individual plant communities biologically. ... In general we must content ourselves with showing the most frequently occurring adaptations, without going farther into the statistical investigation. ... A preliminary direct consideration of a series of evergreen phanerophytic communities, ... show that amongst the adaptations named, diminution of the transpiring surface, diminution in leaf size, is one of the adaptations generally in evidence; and since this adaptation is easy to observe and comparatively easy to measure, it is convenient to begin with it if we wish to use the statistical method on this domain.[7]
Raunkiaer used the following size classes:
- Leptophyll: less than 25 square millimetres
- Nanophyll: 25–225 square millimetres
- Microphyll: 225-2,025 square millimetres
- Mesophyll: 2,025-18,225 square millimetres
- Macrophyll: 18,225-164,025 square millimetres
- Megaphyll: greater than 164,025 square millimetres
Later authors have modified the classes and have sometimes used leaf length as a simpler measure than leaf area if the leaf shape is approximately an ellipse. For example, L.J.Webb[3] used size classes:
- Microphyll: less than 2,025 square millimetres
- Notophyll: 2,025–4,500 square millimetres
- Mesophyll: greater than 4,500 square millimetres
Examples of definitions
| Classification | Raunkiaer quoted by Dash[8] | Webb [3] | Whitten et al[1] | Ingrouille[5] Converted to mm2 for ease of comparison | van der Maarel[4] | Boland et al[9] | Wet Tropics Mgmt Authority[10] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Megaphyll | > 164,025 mm2 | > 164,000 mm2 | > 180,000 mm2 | ||||
| Macrophyll | 18,225-164,025 mm2 | 18,000-164,000 mm2 | 36,400-180,000 mm2 | ||||
| Platyphyll | 18,200-36,400 mm2 | ||||||
| Mesophyll | 2,025-18,225 mm2 | > 4,500 mm2 | 4,500-18,225 mm2 | 5,600-18,000 mm2 | 4,500-18,200 mm2 | > 12.7 cm | > 12.5 cm |
| Notophyll | 2,025–4,500 mm2 | 2,025–4500 mm2 | 2,025-4,500 mm2 | 7.6-12.7 cm | 7.5-12.5 cm | ||
| Micro-mesophyll | 2,000-5,600 mm2 | ||||||
| Microphyll | 225-2,025 mm2 | < 2,025 mm2 | 225-2,025 mm2 | 1,200-2,000 mm2 | 225-2,025 mm2 | 2.5-7.6 cm | < 7.5 cm |
| Nano-microphyll | 200-1,200 mm2 | ||||||
| Nanophyll | 25–225 mm2 | < 225 mm2 | 25–200 mm2 | 25–225 mm2 | < 2.5 cm | ||
| Leptophyll | < 25 mm2 | 10–25 mm2 | 2–25 mm2 | ||||
| Subleptophyll | < 10 mm2 | ||||||
| Picophyll | < 2 mm2 |
Single vegetable organisms with large leaves
- Gunnera manicata, giant ornamental rhubarb; leaves 2 m × 3.4 m (6 ft 7 in × 11 ft 2 in);[11]
- Raphia regalis, composed leaves 25.11 m × 3 m (82.4 ft × 9.8 ft);[11]
- Manicaria saccifera, Amazonian palm; partially composed leaves 8 m (26 ft);[11]
- Marojejya darianii, big-leaf palm; leaves 5 m (16 ft);[11]
- Johannesteijsmannia altifrons, Joey palm; undivided leaves 4 m (13 ft) long;[11]
- Amorphophallus titanum, titan arum; leaves area 3.2 m2 (34 sq ft);[11]
- Victoria amazonica, giant Amazonian waterlily; aquatic plant with leaves 2.4 m (8 ft) long; leaves area 4.6 m2 (50 sq ft).[11]
See also
References
- ^ a b Whitten, Tony (1996). Ecology of Java and Bali. p. 505. ISBN 9789625930725. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
- ^ "Climate adaptation: Leaf size and shape". Agronomy 541: Applied agricultural meteorology. Iowa State University Department of Agronomy. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
- ^ a b c d Webb, L.J. (1959), "A Physiognomic Classification of Australian Rain Forests", Journal of Ecology, 47 (3): 551–570, doi:10.2307/2257290, JSTOR 2257290 Figure 2
- ^ a b c Van der Maarel, Eddy (2012). "12.3.4 Functional traits". Vegetation Ecology (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 9781118452486. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
- ^ a b Ingrouille, M (2012). Diversity and Evolution of Land Plants. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 260. ISBN 9789401123006. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
- ^ Microphyll rainforests and thickets of the wet tropics bioregion (PDF), Wet Tropics Management Authority (Australia), retrieved 18 January 2016
- ^ Raunkiaer, C. (1934), "The use of leaf size in bioloical plant geography", in A.G.T. H. Gilbert-Carter, and A. Fausbøll (ed.), The life forms of plants and statistical biogeography, Oxford: Clarendon, pp. 368–378
- ^ Dash (2009). Fundamentals of Ecology. Tata McGraw Hill Education. p. 225. ISBN 9780070083660. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
- ^ Boland, D J (2006). Forest Trees of Australia. Csiro Publishing. p. 692. ISBN 9780643098947. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
- ^ "Classifying rainforests". Wet Tropics Management Authority. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g "What is the World's Largest Leaf?". The Garden of Eden. Retrieved September 28, 2018.