Voiced postalveolar fricative
A voiced postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound.[citation needed] There are several types with significant perceptual differences:
- The voiced palato-alveolar fricative [ʒ]
- The voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative [ɹ̠˔]
- The voiced retroflex fricative [ʐ]
- The voiced alveolo-palatal fricative [ʑ]
This article discusses the first two.
International Phonetic Association uses term voiced postalveolar fricative only for sound [ʒ].[1]
Voiced palato-alveolar fricative
| Voiced postalveolar fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʒ | |||
| IPA number | 135 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʒ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0292 | ||
| X-SAMPA | Z | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
.svg)
The voiced palato-alveolar fricative or voiced domed postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
Transcription
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is the lower case form of the letter Ezh ⟨Ʒ ʒ⟩ (/ɛʒ/), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is Z. An alternative symbol used in some older and American linguistic literature is ⟨ž⟩, a z with a caron. In some transcriptions of alphabets such as the Cyrillic, the sound is represented by the digraph zh.
Although present in English, the sound is not represented by a specific letter or digraph, but is formed by yod-coalescence of [z] and [j] in words such as measure. It also appears in some loanwords, mainly from French (thus written with ⟨g⟩ and ⟨j⟩).
The sound occurs in many languages and, as in English and French, may have simultaneous lip rounding ([ʒʷ]), although this is rarely indicated in transcription.
Features
Features of the voiced palato-alveolar fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | жакӀэ | 'beard' | |||
| Albanian | zhurmë | [ʒuɾm] | 'noise' | ||
| Arabic | Maghrebi[2] | زوج | [zuʒ] | 'husband' | See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern[3] | ժամ | 'hour' | ||
| Avar | жакъа | [ˈʒaqʼːa] | 'today' | ||
| Azerbaijani | jalüz | [ʒalyz] | 'blinds' | ||
| Berta | [ŋɔ̀nʒɔ̀ʔ] | 'honey' | |||
| Bulgarian | мъжът | [mɐˈʒɤ̞t̪] | 'the man' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan | Eastern catalan | gel | [ˈʒel] | 'ice' | |
| Chechen | жий / ƶiy | [ʒiː] | 'sheep' | ||
| Chinese | Quzhou dialect | 床 | [ʒɑ̃] | 'bed' | |
| Corsican | ghjesgia | [ˈjeːʒa] | 'church' | Also in Gallurese | |
| Czech | muži | [ˈmuʒɪ] | 'men' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dutch | garage | [ɣäˈräːʒə] | 'garage' | See Dutch phonology | |
| Emilian | Bolognese | chèṡ | [ˈkɛːð̠] | 'case' | Apical; not labialized; may be [z̺ʲ] or [ʐ] instead. |
| English | vision | 'vision' | See English phonology | ||
| Esperanto | manĝaĵo | [maɲˈd͡ʒaʒo̞] | 'food' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| French[4] | Jour | [ʒuʁ] | 'day' | See French phonology | |
| German | Standard[5] | Garage | [ɡaˈʁaːʒʷə] | 'garage' | Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[5] Some speakers may merge it with /ʃ/. See Standard German phonology |
| Georgian[6] | ჟურნალი | [ʒuɾnali] | 'magazine' | ||
| Goemai | zhiem | [ʒiem] | 'sickle' | ||
| Greek | Cypriot | γαλάζ̌ο | [ɣ̞ɐˈlɐʒːo̞] | 'sky blue' | |
| Gwich’in | zhòh | [ʒôh] | 'wolf' | ||
| Hän | zhùr | [ʒûr] | 'wolf' | ||
| Hebrew | ז׳אנר | [ʒaneʁ] | 'genre' | Phoneme present in loanwords only. See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindi | अझ़दहा | [əʒd̪əhaː] | 'dragon' | See Hindi–Urdu phonology | |
| Hungarian | rózsa | [ˈr̪oːʒɒ] | 'rose' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Ingush | жий/žii | [ʒiː] | 'sheep' | ||
| Italian | Tuscan | pigiare | [piˈʒäːre] | 'press' | See Italian phonology |
| Judaeo-Spanish | mujer | [muˈʒɛr] | 'woman' | ||
| Juǀ'hoan | ju | [ʒu] | 'person' | ||
| Kabardian | жыг | [ʒəɣʲ] | 'tree' | ||
| Kabyle | jeddi | [ʒəddi] | 'my grandfather' | ||
| Kashubian[7] | kòżdi rôz | [kʷʒdi rɞz] | 'constantly' | ||
| Kazakh | жеті/jeti | [ʒeti] | 'seven' | ||
| Latvian | žāvēt | [ˈʒäːveːt̪] | 'to dry' | See Latvian phonology | |
| Ligurian | lüxe | ['ly:ʒe] | 'light' | ||
| Limburgish | Maastrichtian[8] | zjuweleer | [ʒy̠β̞əˈleːʀ̝̊] | 'jeweller' | Laminal post-alveolar with an unclear amount of palatalization.[9] |
| Lithuanian | žmona | [ʒmoːˈn̪ɐ] | 'wife' | See Lithuanian phonology | |
| Livonian | kūž | [kuːʒ] | 'six' | ||
| Lombard | Western | resgiôra | [reˈʒu(ː)ra] | 'matriarch' | |
| Macedonian | жaбa | [ˈʒaba] | 'toad' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Megrelian | ჟირი | [ʒiɾi] | 'two' | ||
| Navajo | łizh | [ɬiʒ] | 'urine' | ||
| Neapolitan | sbattere | [ˈʒbαttərə] | 'to slam' | ||
| Ngas | zhaam | [ʒaːm] | 'chin' | ||
| Ngwe | Mmockngie dialect | [ʒíá] | 'to split' | ||
| Occitan | Auvergnat | argent | [aʀʒẽ] | 'money' | Southern dialects |
| Gascon | [arʒen] | ||||
| Pashto | ژوول | [ʒowul] | 'chew' | ||
| Persian | مژه | [moʒe] | 'eyelash' | See Persian phonology | |
| Polish | Gmina Istebna | zielony | [ʒɛˈlɔn̪ɘ] | 'green' | /ʐ/ and /ʑ/ merge into [ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex sibilant. |
| Lubawa dialect[10] | |||||
| Malbork dialect[10] | |||||
| Ostróda dialect[10] | |||||
| Warmia dialect[10] | |||||
| Portuguese[11][12] | loja | [ˈlɔʒɐ] | 'shop' | Also described as alveolo-palatal [ʑ].[13][14][15] See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romanian | jar | [ʒär] | 'embers' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | жут / žut | [ʒûːt̪] | 'yellow' | May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Silesian | Gmina Istebna[16] | [example needed] | These dialects merge /ʐ/ and /ʑ/ into [ʒ]. | ||
| Jablunkov[16] | [example needed] | ||||
| Sioux | Lakota | waŋži | [wãˈʒi] | 'one' | |
| Slovenian | žito | [ˈʒìːtɔ] | 'cereal' | See Slovene phonology | |
| Spanish | Rioplatense, Ecuadorian (lleísta dialect)[17][18] | yo (Rioplatense), ellos (Ecuadorian, Rioplatense) | [ʒo̞][eʒos] | 'I', 'they' | Some dialects.[17] See Spanish phonology and yeísmo |
| Tadaksahak | [ˈʒɐwɐb] | 'to answer' | |||
| Tagish | [ʒé] | 'what' | |||
| Turkish | jale | [ʒäːˈlɛ] | 'dew' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Turkmen | žiraf | [ʒiraf] | 'giraffe' | ||
| Tutchone | Northern | zhi | [ʒi] | 'what' | |
| Southern | zhǜr | [ʒɨ̂r] | 'berry' | ||
| Ukrainian | жaбa | [ˈʒɑbɐ] | 'frog' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Urdu | اژدہا | [əʒd̪ahaː] | 'dragon' | See Hindi–Urdu phonology | |
| Veps | vīž | [viːʒ] | 'five' | ||
| Welayta | [aʒa] | 'bush' | |||
| West Frisian | bagaazje | [bɑˈɡaʒə] | 'luggage' | See West Frisian phonology | |
| Yiddish | אָראַנזש | [ɔʀanʒ] | 'orange' | See Yiddish phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[19] | llan | [ʒaŋ] | 'anger' | |
The sound in Russian denoted by ⟨ж⟩ is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative.
Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
| Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative | |
|---|---|
| ɹ̠˔ | |
| ɹ̝˗ | |
| IPA number | 151 414 429 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | r\_-_r |
The voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the post-alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that aren't palatalized), this sound is usually transcribed ⟨ɹ̠˔⟩ (retracted constricted [ɹ]). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\_-_r.
Features
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch[20] | meer | [meːɹ̠˔] | 'lake' | A rare post-vocalic allophone of /r/.[21] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology | |
| Thai | Krungthep | ยี | [ɹ̠˔īː][citation needed] | 'to crush, to mash' | Contrast with Ayutthaya accent (Standard accent) which use [j] instead. |
| Mandarin | Tainan | 肉 | [ɹ̠˔ôʊ] | 'meat' | Contrast with Taipei Mandarin (Standard accent) which use [ɹ̠] instead. |
| Manx | mooar | [muːɹ̠˔] | 'lake' | In free variation with other coda allophones of /r/.[22] | |
See also
Notes
- ^ "IPA i-charts (2018)". International Phonetic Association. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
- ^ Watson (2002:16)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:18)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ a b Mangold (2005:51)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-11-02. Retrieved 2013-11-18.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 156.
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:156). The authors state that /ʒ/ is "pre-palatal, articulated with the blade of the tongue against the post-alveolar place of articulation". This makes it unclear whether this sound is palato-alveolar (somewhat palatalized post-alveolar) or alveolo-palatal (strongly palatalized post-alveolar).
- ^ a b c d Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Medina (2010)
- ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000)
- ^ Silva (2003:32)
- ^ Guimarães (2004)
- ^ a b Dąbrowska (2004:?)
- ^ a b Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
- ^ Argüello, Fanny M. (1980-03-10). "El rehilamiento en el español hablado en la región andina del Ecuador". Lexis (in Spanish). 4 (2): 151–155. ISSN 0254-9239.
- ^ Merrill (2008:108)
- ^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:94–98 and 101–102)
- ^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:95–97 and 102)
- ^ Broderick (1986:17–8)
References
- Broderick, George (1986), A Handbook of Late Spoken Manx, vol. 3, Tübingen: Niemeyer, ISBN 3-484-42903-8
- Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, ISBN 83-7384-063-X
- Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995), Dialekty i gwary polskie, Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-2140989-X
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (2001), "Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects", in van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.), 'r-atics, Brussels: Etudes & Travaux, pp. 91–112, ISSN 0777-3692
- Guimarães, Daniela (2004), Seqüências de (Sibilante + Africada Alveopalatal) no Português Falado em Belo Horizonte (PDF), Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
- Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000), The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823581-X
- Medina, Flávio (2010), Análise Acústica de Sequências de Fricativas Seguidas de [i][[Category:Pages with plain IPA]] Produzidas por Japoneses Aprendizes de Português Brasileiro (PDF), Anais do IX Encontro do CELSUL Palhoça, SC, Palhoça: Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina
{{citation}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Silva, Thaïs Cristófaro (2003), Fonética e Fonologia do Português: Roteiro de Estudos e Guia de Exercícios (7th ed.), São Paulo: Contexto, ISBN 85-7244-102-6
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
