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Yemen vilayet

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Vilayet of Yemen
Template:Lang-ar
Template:Lang-ota
Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire
1872–1918
Flag of Yemen Vilayet
Flag

The Yemen Vilayet in 1900
CapitalSana'a[1]
DemonymYemeni
Area 
• c. 1900[2]
200,000 km2 (77,000 sq mi)
History 
• Established
1872
1918
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Yemen Eyalet
Aden Protectorate
Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen
Idrisid Emirate of Asir
Today part ofYemen
Saudi Arabia

Yemen Vilayet (Template:Lang-ar; Template:Lang-ota) was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire. At the beginning of the 20th century it reportedly had an area of 200,000 square kilometres (77,200 sq mi).[2] The population for the vilayet is given by the 1885 Ottoman census as 2,500,000.[2]

Broadly speaking, the vilayet was bounded by the 20th parallel north to the north, the Aden protectorate to the south, the Red Sea to the west and the 45th meridian east to the east. The southern border was demarcated by the Anglo-Turkish Boundary Commission of 1902–1905, while the limit of the eastern border was left vague.[3]

History

See also: Yemeni–Ottoman Conflicts

Since the Ottoman conquest of Yemen in 1517, it had been known as the Yemen Eyalet. After the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire, Yemen Vilayet was established from most of the former Eyalet in 1872.[4] In the 1830s, aided by the collapse of the Zaidi Imamate due to internal division and the adoption of modern weaponry after the Crimean War, the Ottomans moved into northern Yemen, eventually taking San'a and making it the capital of the Yemen Vilayet in 1872. Even then, Ottoman control was largely confined to cities, and the Zaidi imam's rule over Upper Yemen was formally recognized.

Starting in 1872, after the Sana'a region was firmly under control, Ahmed Muhtar Pasha set about restructuring the administration of the Yemen vilayet, dividing it into four sanjaks, with San'a' city serving as capital of the vilayet.[5] Asir became a sanjak of Yemen in 1872.[6]

Turkish officers with Yemeni soldiers and militiamen prior to World War I

In the late 19th century, the Zaidis rebelled against the Turks, and Imam Mohammed ibn Yahya laid the foundation of a hereditary dynasty.[7] When he died in 1904, his successor Imam Yahya ibn Mohammed led the revolt against the Turks in 1904–1905, and forced them to grant important concessions to the Zaidis.[7] The Ottoman agreed to withdraw the civil code and restore sharia in Yemen.[7]

In 1906, the Idrisi leaders of Asir rebelled against the Ottomans. By 1910 they controlled most of Asir, but they were ultimately defeated by Turkish and Hejazi forces.[6]

Ahmet İzzet Pasha concluded a treaty with Imam Yahya in October 1911, by which he was recognised as temporal and spiritual head of the Zaidis, was given the right to appoint officials over them, and collect taxes from them. The Ottomans maintained their system of government in the Sunni-majority parts of Yemen.[7]

In March 1914, the Anglo-Turkish Treaty delimited the border between Yemen and the Aden Protectorate.[7] When World War I broke out, Imam Yahya remained nominally loyal to the Sultan, but tried to negotiate with Britain at the same time. The Asir, on the other hand, joined Britain as soon as the war began.[7] The Arab Revolt in Hejaz cut off Yemen from the rest of the Ottoman Empire, and the imam took the opportunity to establish his power over all of Yemen.[7]

Turkish forces withdrew in 1918, and Imam Yahya strengthened his control over northern Yemen creating the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen.

Governors

Huseyin Hilmi Pasha, Governor of Yemen Vilayet before Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire

Governors of the Yemen Vilayet:[8]

Administrative divisions

Sanjaks, circa 1876:[9]

  1. Sanjak of Sana'a
  2. Sanjak of Hudeyde
  3. Sanjak of Asir[10]
  4. Sanjak of Ta'izz

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yemen Vilayet.

References

  1. ^ Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2009-01-01). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 603. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. Retrieved 2013-05-24.
  2. ^ a b c Asia by A. H. Keane, page 459
  3. ^ George Bury (December 2004). Arabia Infelix Or the Turks in Yamen. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 19–. ISBN 978-1-4179-7518-1. Retrieved 2013-05-24.
  4. ^ Bruce Masters (2013-04-29). The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire, 1516–1918: A Social and Cultural History. Cambridge University Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-107-03363-4. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
  5. ^ Caesar E. Farah (2002-06-29). The Sultan's Yemen: 19th-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule. I.B.Tauris. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-86064-767-3. Retrieved 2013-05-24.
  6. ^ a b James Minahan (2002-01-01). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations. 1. A – C. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-313-32109-2. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Nikshoy C. Chatterji (1973). Muddle of the Middle East. Abhinav Publications. pp. 195–197. ISBN 978-0-391-00304-0. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
  8. ^ World Statesmen — Yemen
  9. ^ Pavet de Courteille, Abel (1876). État présent de l'empire ottoman (in French). J. Dumaine. pp. 91–96.
  10. ^ Joshua Teitelbaum (2001). The Rise and Fall of the Hashemite Kingdom of Arabia. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-85065-460-5. Retrieved 2013-05-24.

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