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Roystonea

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For other uses, see Royal Palm (disambiguation).

Roystonea
Temporal range: Miocene–Recent
Roystonea regia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Arecales
Family: Arecaceae
Subfamily: Arecoideae
Tribe: Roystoneae
J.Dransf., N.W.Uhl, Asmussen, W.J.Baker, M.M.Harley & C.Lewis [2]
Genus: Roystonea
O.F.Cook [1]
Type species
Roystonea regia
Synonyms[3]
  • Gorgasia O.F.Cook

Roystonea is a genus of eleven species of monoecious palms, native to the Neotropics, in the Caribbean, the adjacent coasts of Florida in the United States, Mexico, Central America and northern South America.[3][4][5] Commonly known as the royal palms, the genus was named after Roy Stone, a U.S. Army engineer. It contains some of the most recognizable and commonly cultivated palms of tropical and subtropical regions.

Description

Detail of the base of the stem of Roystonea dunlapiana showing columnar stem and leaf scars

Roystonea is a genus of large, unarmed, single-stemmed palms with pinnate leaves. The large stature and striking appearance of a Roystonea palm makes it a notable aspect of the landscape. The stems, which were compared to stone columns by Louis and Elizabeth Agassiz in 1868, are smooth and columnar, although the trunks of R. altissima and R. maisiana are more slender than those of typical royal palms. Stems often are swollen and bulging along portions of their length, which may reflect years where growing conditions were better or worse than average. Leaf scars are often prominent along the stem, especially in young, rapidly growing individuals. Stem color ranges from gray-white to gray-brown except in R. violacea, which have violet-brown or mauve stems. Royal palm, R. oleracea, reaches heights of 42 metres (138 ft), but most species are in the 15 to 20 m (49 to 66 ft) range.[6] The largest Royal palm is located in Floresta Estadual Edmundo Navarro de Andrade in Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil with 42.4 m and was discovered by Vincent Ferh and Mauro Galetti

Close up of crown of Roystonea regia showing smooth tapering leaf sheath and fresh leaf scars, Kolkata, India

Roystonea leaves consist of a sheathing leaf base, a petiole, and a rachis. The leaf base forms a distinctive green sheath around the uppermost portion of the trunk. Known as the crownshaft, this sheath extends 1.4–2 metres (4 ft 7 in – 6 ft 7 in) down the trunk. The petiole connects the lead base with the rachis. Zona only reported petiole lengths for three of the 10 species, ranging from 20 to 100 centimetres (8 to 39 in). The rachis is pinnately divided and ranges from 3.2 to 5.8 m (10 to 19 ft) long. The leaf segments themselves range in length from 60 to 79 cm (24 to 31 in) in R. altissima up to as much as 132 cm (52 in) in R. lenis. They are arranged in two or three planes along the rachis. Many authors have reported that the leaves R. oleracea are arranged in a single plane, but American botanist Scott Zona reported that this is not the case.[6]

These plants have the ability to easily release their leaves in strong winds, a supposed adaption serving to prevent toppling during hurricanes. Inflorescences occur beneath the crownshaft, emerging from a narrow, horn-shaped bract. The flowers on the branched panicles are usually white, unisexual, and contain both sexes. The fruit is an oblong or globose drupe 1–2 centimetres (0.39–0.79 in) long and deep purple when ripe.[7] Some species so closely resemble one another that scientific differentiation is by inflorescence detail; flower size, colour, etc.

Taxonomy

Roystonea is placed in the subfamily Arecoideae and the tribe Roystoneae,[8] which only contains Roystonea.[9] The placement of Roystonea within the Arecoideae is uncertain; a phylogeny based on plastid DNA failed to resolve the position of the genus within the Arecoideae.[10] As of 2008, there appear to be no molecular phylogenetic studies of Roystonea.[8] One species is known only from two fossilized flowers preserved in Dominican amber which were described in 2002.[11]

Species

Accepted species:[3][12]

Image Scientific name Distribution
Roystonea altissima (Mill.) H.E.Moore Jamaica
Roystonea borinquena O.F.Cook Puerto Rico, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Virgin Islands
Roystonea dunlapiana P.H.Allen Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico (Chiapas, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatán Peninsula)
Roystonea lenis León Cuba
Roystonea maisiana (L.H.Bailey) Zona Cuba
Roystonea oleracea (Jacq.) O.F.Cook Venezuela, Colombia, Trinidad, Lesser Antilles; naturalized in Guyana, Mauritius and Réunion
Roystonea princeps (Becc.) Burret Jamaica
Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F.Cook Mexico (Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatán Peninsula), Belize, Honduras, United States (Florida), the Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Hispaniola; naturalized in Puerto Rico, Panama, El Salvador, Leeward Islands
Roystonea violacea León Cuba
† Roystonea palaea Poinar Miocene, Hispaniola
†Roystonea stellata León Cuba, recently extinct

Distribution

Roystonea has a circum-Caribbean distribution which ranges from southern Florida in the north, to southern Mexico, Honduras and Nicaragua in the east and Venezuela and Colombia in the south. Species are found throughout the Caribbean, although only Jamaica and Hispaniola (with two native species) and Cuba (with five native species) have more than one native species. A few species are planted in Tunisia as well.[6]

Uses

Royal palms are widely planted for decorative purposes throughout their native region, and elsewhere in the tropics and subtropics. They are considered by many to be the most beautiful palm in the world. Royal palms are very fond of water and thrive on supplemental irrigation. They also do better in a soil with much humus.

Though mainly a decorative plant, royal palms do have some minor agricultural uses. The heart of the palm is used to make salad in some parts of the Caribbean, and its seeds can be used as substitutes for coffee beans.[13] Royal palm seeds were widely used in Cuba to feed pigs at least up to the 1940s and 1950s. The meat of pigs raised with royal palm seeds was said to be the very best. The lard obtained from pigs fattened or raised with royal palm seeds was said to exhibit a grainy texture, and by inference, to have been the best lard to consume. The seeds generally were obtained by men who specialized in climbing the royal palms using a set of two ropes looped around the stem, with two loops around the climber's legs to support himself. Once the climber reached the seed clumps, he would tie the clumps that were mature, cut them, and let them down by a rope supported from other seed clumps.

References

  1. ^ O. F. Cook (1900). "The method of types in botanical nomenclature". Science. ser. 2. 12 (300): 475–481. Bibcode:1900Sci....12..475C. doi:10.1126/science.12.300.475. hdl:2027/hvd.32044106398464. JSTOR 1628494. PMID 17750859.
  2. ^ John Dransfield; Natalie W. Uhl; Conny B. Asmussen; William J. Baker; Madeline M. Harley & Carl E. Lewis (2006). "A new phylogenetic classification of the palm family, Arecaceae". Kew Bulletin. 60 (4): 559–569. JSTOR 25070242.
  3. ^ a b c Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  4. ^ Flora of North America, Roystonea O. F. Cook, Science. ser. 2, 12:479. 1900.
  5. ^ Govaerts, R. & Dransfield, J. (2005). World Checklist of Palms: 1-223. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  6. ^ a b c Scott Zona (December 1996). "Roystonea (Arecaceae: Arecoideae)". Flora Neotropica. 71: 1–35. JSTOR 4393871.
  7. ^ Robert L. Riffle & Paul Craft (2003). An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Portland: Timber Press. p. 441. ISBN 978-0-88192-558-6.
  8. ^ a b Julissa Roncal; Scott Zona & Carl E. Lewis (2008). "Molecular phylogenetic studies of Caribbean palms (Arecaceae) and their relationships to biogeography and conservation". The Botanical Review. 74 (1): 78–102. doi:10.1007/s12229-008-9005-9. S2CID 40119059.
  9. ^ Argelia Cuenca; Conny B. Asmussen-Lange & Finn Borchsenius (2008). "A dated phylogeny of the palm tribe Chamaedoreeae supports Eocene dispersal between Africa, North and South America" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 46 (2): 760–775. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.10.010. PMID 18357644.[permanent dead link‍]
  10. ^ Conny B. Asmussen; John Dransfield; Vinnie Deickmann; Anders S. Barfod; Jean-Christophe Pintaud & William J. Baker (2006). "A new subfamily classification of the palm family (Arecaceae): evidence from plastid DNA phylogeny" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 151 (1): 15–38. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00521.x.
  11. ^ George Poinar Jr. (2002). "Fossil palm flowers in Dominican and Baltic amber". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 139 (4): 361–367. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00052.x.
  12. ^ Carnevali, G., J. L. Tapia-Muñoz, R. Duno de Stefano & I. M. Ramírez Morillo. 2010. Flora Ilustrada de la Peninsula Yucatán: Listado Florístico 1–326
  13. ^ Hugh Thomas (1971). Cuba: the Pursuit of Freedom. New York: Harper & Row. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-06-014259-9.
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